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"This study investigates the relationship between the growing electric vehicle (EV) market, nickel mining, and Indonesia’s national economy. The global transition toward sustainable transportation and the increasing demand for EVs have positioned Indonesia, as the world’s largest nickel producer, at the forefront of this shift. Nickel plays a crucial role in lithium-ion battery production, making it a critical resource in the EV supply chain. The research aims to analyze how nickel production and EV sales impact Indonesia’s economic growth, focusing on employment rate and human development index. Using a quantitative approach, the study employs correlation test to explore the associations between key variables, including nickel production volume, EV sales growth, GDP per capita, employment rate, and the Human Development Index (HDI). The findings reveal that nickel production positively correlates with GDP per capita, while the EV market shows potential economic contributions. However, structural inefficiencies in Indonesia’s labor market and a time lag in human development investments impact economic outcomes. The study concludes that Indonesia’s strategic position in the global EV market presents significant opportunities for sustainable economic development. Recommendations include policy reforms to enhance nickel sector value addition, accelerate EV market growth, and address workforce productivity challenges.

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Penelitian ini mempelajari hubungan antara pertumbuhan pasar kendaraan listrik (EV), pertambangan nikel, dan perekonomian nasional Indonesia. Transisi global menuju transportasi berkelanjutan dan meningkatnya permintaan kendaraan listrik telah menempatkan Indonesia, sebagai produsen nikel terbesar di dunia, di garis depan perubahan ini. Nikel memainkan peran penting dalam produksi baterai lithium-ion, menjadikannya sumber daya yang krusial dalam rantai pasok kendaraan listrik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana produksi nikel dan penjualan kendaraan listrik memengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia, dengan fokus pada tingkat ketenagakerjaan dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM). Menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, penelitian ini menerapkan uji korelasi untuk mengeksplorasi hubungan antara variabel-variabel utama, termasuk volume produksi nikel, pertumbuhan penjualan kendaraan listrik, PDB per kapita, tingkat ketenagakerjaan, dan IPM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produksi nikel memiliki korelasi positif dengan PDB per kapita, sementara pasar kendaraan listrik menunjukkan potensi kontribusi ekonomi. Namun, inefisiensi struktural dalam pasar tenaga kerja Indonesia dan keterlambatan dalam investasi pembangunan manusia memengaruhi hasil ekonomi. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa posisi strategis Indonesia dalam pasar kendaraan listrik global memberikan peluang signifikan untuk pembangunan ekonomi berkelanjutan. Rekomendasi yang diberikan mencakup reformasi kebijakan untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah sektor nikel, mempercepat pertumbuhan pasar kendaraan listrik, dan mengatasi tantangan produktivitas tenaga kerja.

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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis implementasi kebijakan pajak atas hilirisasi industri pertambangan nikel serta untuk mencari alternatif kebijakan yang tepat untuk diterapkan dalam proses hilirisasi industri ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif untuk memperoleh pemahaman mengenai permasalahan yang diangkat Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa kebijakan pajak yang diterapkan dalam proses hilirisasi industri pertambangan nikel saat ini belum bisa mengakomodir keperluan industri. Beberapa alternatif kebijakan yang direkomendasikan antara lain: revisi kebijakan tax holiday, tarif bea keluar yang disesuaikan dengan kondisi harga pasar di periode tertentu, tax free existence, serta subsidi.

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The purposes of this research is to analyze the implementation of tax policy for downstream in nickel mining industry and to find an alternative policy that relevant to be applied in this industrial downstream. This research is using qualitative approach to gain a comprehensive understanding of this topic.

The result of this research shows that the tax incentive policy which applied in the downstream of nickel mining industry at the moment can not fulfilled the needs of industry. Some of alternatives policy that recommended are: the revised of tax holiday policy, export duty tariff which determined with the condition of market price value in certain period, tax free existence incentive, and subsidies."

"Studi ini bertujuan untuk menemukan bukti empirik kebijakan larangan ekspor bijih nikel pada tahun 2014 – 2016 dan pembangunan smelter tahun 2009 – 2021 terhadap PDRB per kapita dan konsumsi rumah tangga per kapita. Meski kajian atas dampak hilirisasi terhadap perekonomian telah banyak dilakukan. Namun metode yang digunakan belum bersifat inferensi kausal dan belum pada cakupan kabupaten/kota. Menggunakan metode analisis Difference-in-Difference (DiD) dan spasial durbin model (SDM) spasial regresi. Hasil estimasi terhadap kebijakan larangan ekspor menunjukkan tidak ada dampak pada kedua variabel dependen. Larangan ekspor membuat smelter yang beroperasi, tidak mampu menyerap seluruh produksi bijih. Menyebabkan pembangunan smelter menghasilkan dampak negatif terhadap PDRB per kapita. Hasil spasial regresi, menunjukkan pembangunan smelter memberikan efek limpahan positif terhadap PDRB per kapita dan efek limpahan negatif pada konsumsi rumah tangga per kapita pada daerah non-smelter.

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This study aims to find empirical evidence of the nickel ore export ban policy in 2014 - 2016 and smelter construction in 2009 - 2021 on GRDP per capita and household consumption per capita. Although there have been many studies on the impact of downstreaming on the economy. However, the methods used have not been inferential and have not been at district/city coverage. Using Difference-in-Difference (DiD) analysis method and spatial durbin model (SDM) spatial regression. The estimation results of the export ban policy show no impact on the two dependent variables. The export ban makes existing smelters unable to absorb all ore production. Causing smelter development to produce a negative impact on GRDP per capita. The spatial regression results show that smelter development has a positive spillover effect on GRDP per capita and a negative spillover effect on household consumption per capita in non-smelter areas."

"[Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 merupakan undang-undang yang dapat dikatakan cukup kontroversial bagi pertambangan mineral logam, karena merubah alur industri pertambangan logam tanah air menjadi tidak hanya mencakup kegiatan pertambangan semata, akan tetapi juga diwajibkan untuk perusahaan-perusahaan pertambangan melakukan kegiatan pengolahan dan pemurnian di dalam negeri dalam kurun waktu hanya 5 (lima) tahun saja. Keterbatasan infrastruktur di daerah-daerah, ketidaktersediaan listrik, serta kompleksnya birokrasi yang melingkupi perluasan bidang usaha lintas sektor antara pertambangan (hulu) dengan pemurnian (hilir) membuat hal tersebut menjadi terlalu sulit diwujudkan, ditambah lagi dengan inkonsistensi Pemerintah yang menetapkan kewajiban divestasi saham bagi Perusahaan Pertambangan Penanaman Modal Asing, dari 20% (dua puluh persen) di tahun 2010, menjadi 51% (lima puluh satu persen) di tahun 2012. Selain kedua hal tersebut, pada tahun ketiga sejak Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 diberlakukan, Pemerintah telah melarang kegiatan ekspor mineral mentah, akan tetapi mencabutnya kembali dan menetapkan ketentuan ekspor dengan tambahan birokrasi yang semakin panjang, sehingga menyebabkan investor pertambangan penanaman modal asing kehilangan waktu dan sulit dalam merealisasikan amanah Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 tersebut. Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk menampilkan fakta kesulitan-kesulitan yang dialami oleh PT. X selaku perusahaan penanaman modal asing dalam bidang pertambangan mineral nikel oleh karena kebijakan pertambangan yang tidak cukup berimbang.

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Law Number 4 Year 2009 could be considered as a controversy for the metal mineral mining businesses, since it has changed the scheme of domestic metal mineral mining industry to not only contains mining but also obliged the mining companies to conduct mineral smelting and processing domestically within period of only 5 (five) years. The limitation of infrastructure facilities within the counties, unavailability of electrical source, and the complexity of bureaucracies that facilitates such cross borders industrial sectors between the mining (mainstream industries) , and the smelting and processing (downstream industries) has caused such policy too unreasonable to be accomplished, moreover the inconsistency of the Government whom has stipulated the divestment terms for the foreign investing mining company, from 20% (twenty percent) in 2010, and re-stipulated it to became 51% (fifty one) percent within 2012. Apart from those two main issues herein, by the third year since the enactment of Law Number 4 Year 2009, the Government has banned the raw mineral export activities, however revoked such laws and enacted a new regulation of raw mineral export policies with additional/ longer bureaucracy’s mechanism process, therefore it has put the foreign mining investors within difficult circumstances to actualize the mandate of the laws itself. This Thesis intends to display the problematic facts that experienced by PT. X as a foreign investing mining company in nickel mining by the insufficient fairness of mining policies.;Law Number 4 Year 2009 could be considered as a controversy for the metal mineral mining businesses, since it has changed the scheme of domestic metal mineral mining industry to not only contains mining but also obliged the mining companies to conduct mineral smelting and processing domestically within period of only 5 (five) years. The limitation of infrastructure facilities within the counties, unavailability of electrical source, and the complexity of bureaucracies that facilitates such cross borders industrial sectors between the mining (mainstream industries) , and the smelting and processing (downstream industries) has caused such policy too unreasonable to be accomplished, moreover the inconsistency of the Government whom has stipulated the divestment terms for the foreign investing mining company, from 20% (twenty percent) in 2010, and re-stipulated it to became 51% (fifty one) percent within 2012. Apart from those two main issues herein, by the third year since the enactment of Law Number 4 Year 2009, the Government has banned the raw mineral export activities, however revoked such laws and enacted a new regulation of raw mineral export policies with additional/ longer bureaucracy’s mechanism process, therefore it has put the foreign mining investors within difficult circumstances to actualize the mandate of the laws itself. This Thesis intends to display the problematic facts that experienced by PT. X as a foreign investing mining company in nickel mining by the insufficient fairness of mining policies.;Law Number 4 Year 2009 could be considered as a controversy for the metal mineral mining businesses, since it has changed the scheme of domestic metal mineral mining industry to not only contains mining but also obliged the mining companies to conduct mineral smelting and processing domestically within period of only 5 (five) years. The limitation of infrastructure facilities within the counties, unavailability of electrical source, and the complexity of bureaucracies that facilitates such cross borders industrial sectors between the mining (mainstream industries) , and the smelting and processing (downstream industries) has caused such policy too unreasonable to be accomplished, moreover the inconsistency of the Government whom has stipulated the divestment terms for the foreign investing mining company, from 20% (twenty percent) in 2010, and re-stipulated it to became 51% (fifty one) percent within 2012. Apart from those two main issues herein, by the third year since the enactment of Law Number 4 Year 2009, the Government has banned the raw mineral export activities, however revoked such laws and enacted a new regulation of raw mineral export policies with additional/ longer bureaucracy’s mechanism process, therefore it has put the foreign mining investors within difficult circumstances to actualize the mandate of the laws itself. This Thesis intends to display the problematic facts that experienced by PT. X as a foreign investing mining company in nickel mining by the insufficient fairness of mining policies., Law Number 4 Year 2009 could be considered as a controversy for the metal mineral mining businesses, since it has changed the scheme of domestic metal mineral mining industry to not only contains mining but also obliged the mining companies to conduct mineral smelting and processing domestically within period of only 5 (five) years. The limitation of infrastructure facilities within the counties, unavailability of electrical source, and the complexity of bureaucracies that facilitates such cross borders industrial sectors between the mining (mainstream industries) , and the smelting and processing (downstream industries) has caused such policy too unreasonable to be accomplished, moreover the inconsistency of the Government whom has stipulated the divestment terms for the foreign investing mining company, from 20% (twenty percent) in 2010, and re-stipulated it to became 51% (fifty one) percent within 2012. Apart from those two main issues herein, by the third year since the enactment of Law Number 4 Year 2009, the Government has banned the raw mineral export activities, however revoked such laws and enacted a new regulation of raw mineral export policies with additional/ longer bureaucracy’s mechanism process, therefore it has put the foreign mining investors within difficult circumstances to actualize the mandate of the laws itself. This Thesis intends to display the problematic facts that experienced by PT. X as a foreign investing mining company in nickel mining by the insufficient fairness of mining policies.]"