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"ABSTRAKSelain melalui modal sendiri serta modal penyertaan, koperasi juga ditentukan untuk dapat memupuk modalnya melalui modal pinjaman. Pengaturan mengenai perkoperasian di Indonesia, termasuk pengaturan mengenai modal pinjaman koperasi haruslah selaras dengan ketentuan yang terdapat di dalam UUD 1945. UUD 1945 melalui Pasal 33-nya, menentukan prinsip-prinsip ekonomi yang menjadi dasar hukum penyelenggaraan perekonomian di Indonesia, yang di antaranya adalah prinsip usaha bersama berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan dan prinsip kemandirian. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai peran dan kedudukan modal di dalam koperasi, pengaturan mengenai modal pinjaman pada koperasi di Indonesia, serta selaras atau tidaknya pengaturan mengenai modal pinjaman pada koperasi dengan prinsip-prinsip ekonomi pada Pasal 33 UUD 1945. Adapun metode penelitian yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan, dengan data yang berasal dari data sekunder.

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ABSTRACTAside from equity capital and participation capital, cooperative can also collects fund from debt capital. The regulation towards cooperatives in Indonesia, including regulation towards cooperative debt capital must be consistent with the provisions of UUD 1945. UUD 1945 through Article 33, stipulated the principles of economics that become the legal basis of economic conduct in Indonesia, among others are the principle of mutual cooperation based on brotherhood and the principle of independent. This research will examine the capital rsquo s role and position in cooperative, cooperative debt capital regulation in Indonesia, and the consistency or inconsistency of debt capital regulation on cooperative with the principles of economics in Article 33 of UUD 1945. Besides that, this research uses document research as its research methods, with data that originated from secondary data."

"This dissertation is a report of the result of a research on Restructuring State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs/ BUMN): An Option between Privatization or Corporatization? The aim of this research is to answer the following academic question: Could article 33 of the 1945. Constitution as the legal foundation of the national economic system absorb aspirations of the dynamics of economic globalization? Particularly in this case, could this be achieved by the restructuring process? Is it necessary to change the 1945 constitution in order to meet the demands of globalization? What are the problems relating to article 33 of the 1945. Constitution regarding such a change? Could the liberal economic system be applied in the national economic system based on the Pancasila, the State ideology (The Five Principles)? Which restructuring model would be in accordance with the state constitution? Are there guidelines for this restructuring?This research is based on literature on secondary data such as Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution, State regulations, textbooks, journals, encyclopedias and other written materials. Fieldwork was also conducted to gather some primary data. The fieldwork consisted of interviews and observations. This research is descriptive, historical and comparative. Here, Pancasila is used as a method and a way of life. Also, Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution are the foundations of thought. Among the theories implemented in this research are "the judicial philisophy" (rechtsidee) and the legal system theory. The legal system theory consists of substance, structure and legal culture.The result of this research proved that article 33 of the 1945 Constitution could in principle afford to absorb the dynamics of economic globalization, although there are some weaknesses which need to be improved. There are two options about the 1945 Constitution regarding the dynamics and the spirit of economic globalization: first, it is not necessary to change the Constitution especially Article 33, and second, it is necessary to amend it, especially article 33. According to article 37 of the constitution, an amandment is possible. However, this would involve a great number of obstacles and risks from the constitutional, polotical, psychological and juridical technical aspects. Regarding the constitutional aspect: the 1945 Constitutions is considered to be the integrating factor of the nation and is an integral part of the August 17, 1945 Declaration of Independence, therefore it cannot be changed. The main problem of Article 33 lies in its interpretation. What is needed is the character and attitude of government employees with responsibility and integrity. Such characteristics particularly must be possessed by the management of State-Owned Enterprises. What is needed is legal control by the people, in this case, The Peoples Representative Council (DPR) and the People Consultative Assembly (MPR). Therefore, the recruitment system for members of DPR and MPR should be changed. A legal culture which acknowledges the supremacy of law is a basic factor for good governance and for the realization of justice in the management of the national economic system. A liberal economic system could be applied in Indonesia based on Pancasila and the Constitution. As the model for restructuring State-Owned Enterprises, both privatization and corporatization could be implemented in Indonesia, since they are not contrary to Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Therefore, to face economic glabalization, it is necessary to develop national economic regulation which would interpret the principles and the purpose of article 33 of the 1945 Constitution, without altering or amending it. In order to develop good governance we need to develop criteria to select members of DPR and MPR. The same applies to the system of recruitment of The Board of Directors and the management SOEs. There must ce clear guidelines in order for the restructuring of the SOEs to be transparent and to meet the demands of the people for social justice. What is also of the greatest importance is capable leaders with idealism and vision, integrity and dedication."

"Kelahiran UU Migas dan perubahan Pasal 33 UUD 1945 penuh dengan perdebatan seputar peran negara dalam sektor perekonomian. Perdebatan ini tidak lepas dari perdebatan seputar signifikansi welfare state dalam bernegara, dan pada akhirnya berlanjut pada perdebatan mengenai bagaimana Hak Menguasai Negara (HMN) dalam sektor minyak bumi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis faktor- faktor yang dipermasalahkan dari minyak bumi di Indonesia, menjelaskan kebijakan pengelolaan minyak bumi di Indonesia pasca reformasi, dan menganalisis implementasi Pasal 33 UUD 1945 dalam sektor minyak bumi di Indonesia pasca reformasi berdasarkan analisis welfare state. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif dengan narasumber dari pengamat migas dan Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan Republik Indonesia. Hasil penelitian adalah Indonesia mengalami masalah ketahanan energi dan tata kelola minyak bumi. Kebijakan sektor minyak bumi pasca reformasi banyak diwarnai liberalisasi karena adanya tekanan dari pihak asing sementara kebijakan energi nasional tidak dilaksanakan dengan konsisten. Indonesia sudah berusaha menerapkan sebagian Pasal 33 UUD 1945 di sektor minyak bumi dalam rangka mewujudkan konsep welfare state, yaitu adaya peran aktif negara dan upaya mewujudkan kemakmuran rakyat. Namun demikian, Indonesia belum menerapkan demokrasi ekonomi sebagaimana semangat awal Pasal 33 UUD 1945. Hal ini terutama karena masuknya paham ekonomi pasar yang berhasil menggeser demokrasi ekonomi. Dengan demikian, pasca reformasi Indonesia belum sepenuhnya melaksanakan konsep welfare state dalam sektor minyak bumi sebagaimana amanat Pasal 33 UUD 1945.

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The establishment of Law on oil and gas which came along with the the amendment of Article 33 on 1945 Constitution has sorrounded with debates about the state’s role in economic sector. These debates related with the significance of welfare state in national development and still continues on State’s Right in petroleum sector. This research aimed to analyze problematic factors of Indonesian oil, to describe management policies on oil sector post-reform, and to analyze implementation Article 33 of 1945 Constitution in Indonesian oil sector post-reform using Welfare State Analysis. This research uses qualitative and descriptive method that interviews oil-gas expert and also Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia. This research founds that Indonesia has problems with energy security and oil management. The Indonesian policy on oil sector after reformation mostly uses liberalization paradigm because of foreign pressure while national energy policy hasn’t been implemented consistently. Indonesia has been trying to implement part of Article 33 of 1945 Constitution in order to implement the welfare state concept, which are the efforts to make society prosperous. However, Indonesia hasn’t implement democratic economy as the initial spirit of Article 33 of 1945 Constitution. Such condition mainly due to market economy spirit influence which shifted the economic democracy. To conclude, after reformation Indonesia hasn’t fully implement welfare state concept in oil sector as stated in Aticle 33 of 1945 Constitution."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang dampak liberalisasi ekonomi terhadap kebijakan privatisasi air dalam analisa putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam judicial review UU No. 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air terhadap Pasal 33 UUD 1945. Penelitian ini bersifat Normatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif untuk menganalisis dampak liberalisasi ekonomi dalam privatisasi sumber daya air di Indonesia pasca terbitnya UU No. 7 Tahun 2004 sekaligus juga mengenalisis putusan MK yang membatalkan berlakunya UU No. 7 Tahun 2004. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan, dampak liberalisasi ekonomi atas sumber daya air sangat terlihat dalam substansi UU No. 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air. Sebagaimana substansi Dublin Principles, air mempunyai fungsi ekonomis, sehingga air menjadi komoditi ekonomi. Fungsi ini diadopsi dalam UU No. 7 Tahun 2004. Pengaturan fungsi air sebagai komoditi ekonomi sangat bertentangan dengan ketentuan Pasal 33 ayat (3) UUD 1945 bahwa bumi dan air dan kekayaan alam yang terkandung di dalamnya dikuasai oleh negara dan dipergunakan untuk sebesar-besarnya kemakmuran rakyat.Atas dasar itulah, Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam judicial review UU No. 7 Tahun 2004 telah membatalkan UU No. 7 Tahun 2004 karena bertentangan dengan ketentuan Hak Menguasai Negara sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 33 ayat (3) UUD 1945 dan Mahkamah menghidupkan kembali berlakunya UU No. 11 Tahun 1974 tentang Pengairan yang mengandug substansi Hak Menguasai Neagra yang kuat karena fungsi air adalah barang sosial untuk sebesar-besarnya kesejahteraan rakyat.

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Thesis explain the impact of economic liberalization on the policy of water privatization in the analysis of the Constitutional Court decision in the judicial review of Law No. 7 of 2004 on Water Resources of Article 33 of the Constitution of 1945. This study is applying the Normative qualitative approach to analyze the impact of economic liberalization in the privatization of water resources in Indonesia after the issuance of Law No. 7 of 2004 as well as evaluating the Court?s verdict that canceled the application of Law No. 7 of 2004.Based on the results of conducted reasearch, the impact of economic liberalization on water resources is very visible in the substance of Law No. 7 of 2004 on Water Resources. As the substance of the Dublin Principles, water plays as economic function, so the water becomes a commodity of the economy. This function is adopted in Law No. 7 Year 2004. The setting function of water as an economic good is contrary to the provisions of Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution that the earth and water and natural resources contained therein shall be controlled by the state and used for the greatest prosperity of the people. For this reason, the Constitutional Court in a judicial review of Law No. 7 of 2004 has canceled the Law 7 of 2004 because of the conflict with the provisions of the State's rights as stipulated in Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution and Supreme revive the application of Law No. 11 of 1974 on the Rights of the substance pertaining abaout the strong Irrigation by The Nation because water plays a social role for the welfare of the people."