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"ABSTRAKTujuan untuk menilai hubungan antara respons elektrofisiologis makula menggunakan multifocal electroretinogram (MfERG), ketebalan makula sentral (KMS) menggunakan Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) dan tajam penglihatan pasca-injeksi anti-VEGF intravitreal pada pasien edema makula diabetik (EMD). Desain penelitian studi prospektif, intervensi tanpa randomisasi. Total 33 mata dari 16 pasien non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy dan 17 pasien non-high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi mendapatkan injeksi bevacizumab 1,25mg intravitreal, setelah melalui pemeriksaan tajam penglihatan dengan koreksi (TPDK) menggunakan ETDRS chart, pemindaian SD-OCT dan pemeriksaan 61-heksagon MfERG pada baseline, 1 minggu dan 1 bulan pasca-injeksi. Parameter MfERG yang dinilai adalah first-order MfERG (N1,N2 dan P1) pada daerah dua-derajat sentral makula. Hasil Terdapat perbaikan tajam penglihatan sebesar 2LogMar disertai 19% penurunan KMS pada satu bulan pasca-injeksi (p<0.05). Terjadi penurunan amplitudo P1 satu minggu pasca-injeksi (p<0.01) diikuti perbaikan amplitudo P1 satu bulan pasca injeksi (p>0.05). Tampak pemendekan waktu implisit P1 namun secara statistik tidak bermakna. Tidak didapatkan korelasi antara peningkatan TPDK, penurunan KMS, perbaikan amplitudo serta pemendekan waktu implisit gelombang P1 MfERG. Tidak ditemukan efek samping okular maupun sistemik yang berbahaya pasca-injeksi.. Simpulan Dalam jangka pendek, injeksi bevacizumab intravitreal dapat meningkatkan tajam penglihatan, mengurangi ketebalan makula sentral/KMS dan memperbaiki respons MfERG pasien DME namun tidak bermakna secara statistik. Perbaikan TPDK tidak memiliki korelasi dengan penurunan KMS dan respons MfERG secara statistik namun kombinasi penggunaan SD-OCT dan MfERG dapat digunakan untuk mengevaluasi fungsi makula pasien EMD yang mengalami perburukan tajam penglihatan.

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ABSTRACTPurpose To evaluate and investigate any possible correlation between changes of visual acuity (VA), central macular thickness/CMT using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) and electrophysiological responses using multifocal electroretinography (MfERG) in diabetic macular edema (DME) following intravitreal injection of bevacizumab Methods Prospective, non-randomized, interventional case study. Thirty-three eyes of 33 DME patients, consists of 16 non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients and 17 non-high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients, receives intravitreal bevacizumab 1,25mg. All patients underwent complete ophthalmic examination including ETDRS VA testing, Sixty-one scaled hexagon MfERG and SD-OCT scan at baseline, 1-week, and 1-month post-injection. Components of the first order kernel (N1, N2 and P1) in central 2o were measured. Results MfERG showed reduced P1 amplitude (P<0.05) at 1-week after injection followed by increased P1 amplitude (P>0.05) at 1-month after treatment as compared to the baseline in all subjects. Improvement were seen in the implicit time P1 but without statistical significance. There was 19% improvement in CMT and 0.2Logmar VA improvement 1-month post-injection compared to the baseline (P<005). This study showed no serious ocular adverse effects. Conclusion In this study intravitreal injection bevacizumab resulting in improved visual acuity, reduction in CMT and mild improvement in the MfERG amplitude and implicit time. Although VA changes did not correlate with reduced CMT nor with improved responses of MfERG, the combined use of SD-OCT and MfERG may be used to evaluate macular function in DME patient with worsened visual acuity post anti-VEGF injection."

"Iskemia makula merupakan penyebab penurunan penglihatan pada retinopati yang berhubungan dengan progresi retinopati diabetik dan dapat terjadi sebelum mikroaneurisma terlihat secara klinis. Fovea avascular zone (FAZ) merupakan area di makula yang mencerminkan kondisi mikrokapiler makula dan sensitif terhadap iskemia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan parameter area dan sirkularitas FAZ pleksus kapiler superfisial (PKS) dan pleksus kapiler dalam (PKD) yang diukur menggunakan Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) pada pasien diabetes melitus (DM) dengan dan tanpa retinopati diabetik. Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan pada 90 mata pasien diabetes yang terbagi menjadi lima kelompok yaitu DM tanpa retinopati diabetik , non proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) ringan, NPDR sedang, NPDR berat, dan proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Area dan sirkularitas FAZ PKS dan PKD pada OCTA makula 3x3 mm diukur menggunakan ImageJ. Area FAZ PKS pada NPDR ringan, NPDR berat, dan PDR secara bermakna lebih lebar dibandingkan dengan DM tanpa retinopati diabetik (p=0,026). Sirkularitas FAZ PKD secara bermakna lebih rendah pada kelompok NPDR sedang dan berat dibandingkan dengan NPDR ringan (p=0,003). Pelebaran dan perubahan bentuk FAZ PKS dan PKD pada retinopati diabetik dapat dideteksi dengan OCTA. Pelebaran FAZ PKS dan penurunan sirkulasi FAZ PKD terjadi mulai dari retinopati derajad awal.

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Macular ischemia is cause of decreased vision in diabetic retinopathy (DR) associated with the progression of retinopathy and can occur before microaneurysms are detected clinically. Fovea avascular zone (FAZ) is an area in macula that reflects the condition of macular microcapillaries and sensitive to ischemia. This study aims to compare area and circularity of superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) FAZ as measured using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) in diabetic patient with and without DR. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 90 eyes of diabetic patients divided into five groups, namely DM with no DR, mild non-proliferative DR (NPDR), moderate NPDR, severe NPDR, and proliferative DR (PDR). Area and circularity of SCP and DCP FAZ in 3×3 mm macular OCTA was measured using ImageJ. The SCP FAZ area was significantly larger in mild NPDR, severe NPDR, and PDR compared to no DR (p=0.026). DCP FAZ circularity was significantly lower in moderate and severe NPDR compared to the mild NPDR (p=0.003). Enlargement and irregularity of SCP and DCP FAZ in DR can be detected by OCTA. Enlargement of SCP FAZ area and decrease in DCP FAZ circularity occurs from early degree of DR.

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"Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dengan menggunakan desain potong lintang (comparative cross sectional) yang bertujuan untuk menilai dan membandingkan ketebalan lapisan serabut saraf retina/retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) peripapil antara kelompok normal dan kelompok glaukoma dengan cup disk ratio (CDR) vertikal 0,4 sampai dengan 0,7 di poliklinik mata Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) kirana. Sebanyak 40 mata kelompok normal dan 34 mata kelompok glaukoma mengikuti pemeriksaan Humphrey field analyzer dan Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Kemudian ketebalan RNFL peripapil kelompok normal dan glaukoma dianalisis untuk mendapatkan perbandingan ketebalan RNFL peripapil antara kelompok normal dan glaukoma. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan hasil tidak ada perbedaan perubahan ketebalan lapisan serabut saraf retina peripapil seiring dengan penambahan CDR vertikal namun secara klinis ketebalan RNFL peripapil pada kelompok glaukoma lebih tipis dibandingkan kelompok normal dengan CDR vertikal yang sama kecuali pada kuadran temporal.

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This was a comparative cross-sectional study. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness between the normal and glaucoma eyes with vertical cup disc ratio (CDR) 0.4 to 0.7 in eye clinic Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) Kirana. A total of 40 eyes of normal group and 34 eyes of glaucoma following Humphrey field analyzer examination and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Peripapillary RNFL thickness between normal and glaucoma eyes were analysed and compared each other. The result of this study was no difference in changes of peripapillary RNFL along with the progression of vertical CDR but clinically, peripapillary RFNL thickness in glaucoma group is thinner than that of normal group with the same vertical CDR except in temporal quadr."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adakah kesamaan pemeriksaan CDR oleh dokter dibandingkan dengan menggunakan optical coherence tomography OCT . Studi ini menggunakan desain studi cross-sectional yang dilakukan pada pasien yang melakukan pengobatan di RSCM Kirana pada Januari-Juni 2016. Data yang digunakan adalah data dari rekam medis pasien. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, didapatkan jumlah bola mata yang diolah sebanyak 89 bola mata yang dilakukan pemeriksaan oleh dokter PPDS mata dan OCT. Setelah data diolah, didapatkan bola mata dengan selisih v-CDR le; 0.1 sebanyak 55 bola mata, selisih v-CDR > 0.1 sebanyak 34 bola mata. Tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara selisih v-CDR dengan jenis kelamin pasien, usia pasien, bola mata, dan jenis glaukoma, tekanan intraocular, kelainan refraksi sferis, kelainan refraksi silinder, jenis kelamin dokter, dan tahapan dokter PPDS mata. Didapatkan jumlah selisih v-CDR > 0.1 yang cukup besar sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian yang berfokus pada dokter PPDS mata yaitu pada pengalaman dalam melakukan pemeriksaan cup-disc ratio dan kemampuan dokter PPDS saat menjalani program studi dokter umum, serta mengurangi bias pemeriksa dengan melakukan blinding. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan masih terdapat perbedaan hasil pemeriksaan yaitu sebanyak 34 bola mata.

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This research is aimed to evaluate the differences in cup disc ratio examination by doctor compared to optical coherence tomography OCT . Cross sectional study was conducted on patient that went to RSCM Kirana on January June 2016. Data obtained from patient rsquo s medical record. After processing the data collected, there was 89 eyeballs that was processed and evaluated by doctor and OCT. After processing the data about the evaluation on the eyeballs, there are differences in v CDR le 0.1 on 55 eyeballs, differences in v CDR 0.1 on 34 eyeballs. There are no significant correlation between differences in v CDR with patient rsquo s gender, patient rsquo s age, eyeball, and type of glaucoma, intraocular pressure, spherical refractive error, cylindrical refractive error, doctor rsquo s gender, and residency rsquo s stage. There are differences in evaluating v CDR 0.1 which is considered many therefore there should be research focusing in assessing ophthalmology resident performance such as experience in evaluating cup disc ratio and skills when studying for general medical doctors, and reducing doctors confounding factor by using blinding technique. The result for this research is there are differences in cup disc ratio examination in 34 eye balls used in this research."

"Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration merupakan degenerasi makula yang terjadi pada usia 50 tahun dengan karakteristik terbentuknya drusen, disfungsi epitel pigmen retina, degenerasi fotoreseptor yang mengakibatkan penurunan fungsi penglihatan dan kualitas hidup pasien. Optical coherence tomography merupakan suatu pemeriksaan untuk melihat gambaran perubahan lapisan retina dan gambaran drusen. Skor kuisioner NEI-VFQ 25merupakan instrumen yang banyak digunakan dalam menilai kualitas hidup pasien. Rekomendasi AREDS merupakan pilihan terapi pada dry AMD, namun terapi tersebut masih belum efektif dan masih terjadi progesifitas. Terapi akupunktur secara signifikan dapat menurunkan ketebalan makula sentral dan peningkatan fungsi penglihatan dengan memperbaiki perubahan fisiologis pada fotoreseptor, sel epitel pigmen retina, membran bruchs, dan koroidal. Elektroakupunktur adalah stimulasi listrik di titik akupuntur melalui penusukan jarum akupunktur. Dibandingkan dengan akupunktur manual, elektroakupunktur memiliki berbagai kelebihan seperti stimulasi yang dihasilkan lebih intensif, stabil, konstan dan terukur. Penelitian ini menilai efek elektroakupunktur terhadap perubahan gambaran OCT makula dan skor kuisioner NEI-VFQ 25 pada pasien dry AMD. Tiga puluh empat pasien dibagi secara acak menjadi dua kelompok, kelompok elektroakupunktur (n = 17) dan kelompok elektroakupunktur sham (n = 17). Kedua kelompok menerima sesi elektroakupunktur yang sama, 2 kali/minggu selama 6 minggu. Pemeriksaan OCT dan penilaian skor kuisioner NEI-VFQ 25 dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah sesi terapi. Hasil menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada gambaran OCT makula (p=0,001, CI 95%) dan skor kuisioner NEI-VFQ 25 (p=0,000, CI 95%) antara kelompok elektroakupunktur dengan kelompok elektroakupunktur em>sham. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa elektroakupunktur memberikan efek yang baik terhadap gambaran OCT makula dan kualitas hidup pasien dry AMD. Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration is macular degeneration that occurs at the age of over 50 years with the characteristics of drusen formation, retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction, photoreceptor degeneration which results in decreased visual function and quality of life in patients. Optical coherence tomography is an examination to see an imaging of retinal layers changes and drusen description. The NEI-VFQ 25 questionnaire is an instrument that is widely used in evaluating the quality of life of patients. AREDSs recommendations are a therapeutic choice for dry AMD, but the therapy is still not effective and progressivity still occurs. Acupuncture therapy can significantly reduce central macular thickness and increase visual function by improving physiological changes in photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium cells, bruchs membrane, and chorid. Electroacupuncture is electrical stimulation at the acupuncture point through needle puncture. Compared to manual acupuncture, electroacupuncture has various advantages such as stimulation that is produced more intensive, stable, constant and measurable. This study assessed the effect of electroacupuncture on changes in imaging of macular OCT and NEI-VFQ 25 questionnaire scores in dry AMD patients. Thirty-four patients were divided randomly into two groups, the electroacupuncture group (n = 17) and the sham electroacupuncture group (n = 17). Both groups received the same electroacupuncture session, 2 times/week for 6 weeks. OCT examination and NEI-VFQ 25 questionnaire score were assessed before and after the treatment course. The result shows there is a statiscally significant difference on imaging of macular OCT (p = 0.001, CI 95%) and NEI-VFQ 25 questionnaire score (p = 0,000, CI 95%) between the electroacupuncture group and the sham electroacupuncture group. These findings suggest that electroacupuncture has good effect on imaging of macular OCT and the quality of life in dry AMD patients."

"Latar Belakang: Silicone oil (SO) merupakan salah satu substitusi vitreus yang digunakan pasca vitrektomi pars plana (VPP) dalam manajemen ablasio retina rhegmatogen. Beberapa komplikasi penggunaan SO meliputi katarak, peningkatan tekanan bola mata, emulsifikasi, keratopati hingga menurunnya ketebalan dan densitas vaskular makula. Tujuan: Mengetahui perubahan ketebalan makula sentral serta densitas vaskular pleksus superfisial pada pasien ablasio retina rhegmatogen pasca VPP dengan tamponade SO. Metode: 41 pasien ablasio dianalisis dalam studi ini yang menggunakan dua desain: observasional prospektif tanpa pembanding untuk membandingkan efek tamponade SO minggu-1 dengan minggu-4 dan potong lintang untuk membandingkan mata kontralateral dengan minggu-1 pasca tamponade SO. Hasil: Central subfield thickness (CST), superficial vascular density (SVD) serta superficial perfusion density (SPD) pada minggu-1 lebih rendah dibandingkan mata kontralateral (p<0,001). Pada minggu-4 pasca tamponade SO ditemukan peningkatan CST, SVD, SPD dibandingkan minggu-1 meskipun tidak signifikan secara statistik. Pada analisis tambahan, didapatkan usia diatas 50 tahun mengalami kecenderungan penurunan SVD (p 0,033) dan SPD (0,011) dibandingkan kelompok usia muda. Kesimpulan: Tidak didapatkan penurunan ketebalan makula sentral dan densitas vaskular pleksus kapiler superfisial makula di minggu-4 pasca PPV dengan SO. Didapatkan ketebalan makula sentral dan densitas vaskular pleksus kapiler superfisial makula yang lebih rendah di minggu-1 pasca tamponade SO dibandingkan mata kontralateral

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Background: Silicone oil (SO) is one of the vitreous substitutes used after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) management. Complications arising from SO include cataracts, increased ocular pressure, emulsification, keratopathy, and decreased macular thickness and vascular density. Objective: To determine changes in central macular thickness and superficial vascular density in RRD patients after PPV with SO. Method: 41 patients were included in this study, which comprises two designs: a prospective observational without comparison to compare the effect of SO tamponade week-1 with week-4 and a cross-sectional design to compare the contralateral eye with week-1 after SO tamponade. Results: Central subfield thickness (CST), superficial vascular density (SVD), and superficial perfusion density (SPD) were lower at week 1 after PPV with SO compared to the contralateral eye (p<0.001). At week 4 after PPV with SO, there was an increase in CST, SVD, and SPD compared to week 1, although not statistically significant. In additional analysis, we found that those aged over 50 had tendencies toward decreased SVD (p 0.033) and SPD (0.011) compared to the younger age group. Conclusion: There was no reduction in central macular thickness or superficial vascular density at week 4 after PPV with SO in RRD patients. Central macular thickness and superficial vascular density were lower on week 1 after SO tamponade compared to the contralateral eye."

"Latar belakang: Uveitis merupakan sekelompok penyakit yang ditandai dengan adanya inflamasi intraokular. Derajat inflamasi bilik mata depan yang dinilai secara semi-kuantitatif berdasarkan penghitungan sel dan flare, digunakan untuk menentukan keparahan penyakit, efektivitas terapi serta pemantauan jangka panjang pada uveitis anterior dan panuveitis.Tujuan: Menilai validitas dan reliabilitas optical coherence tomography (OCT) segmen anterior dalam mengukur inflamasi bilik mata depan secara kuantitatif sebagai metode alternatif dari standar baku pengukuran semi-kuantitatif, Kriteria SUN.Metode: Studi ini adalah studi potong lintang, prospektif. Penghitungan jumlah sel menggunakan optical coherence tomography dengan bantuan ImageJ dilakukan oleh dua penilai yang berbeda. Hasil: Sebanyak 30 mata yang berasal dari 24 pasien diikutkan dalam penelitian. Sebanyak 80% pasien menderita panuveitis dengan tuberkulosis sebagai etiologi tersering (50%). Uji kesesuaian Cohen’s kappa pada protokol multiple line scans didapatkan nilai 0,352 (p=0,000) sedangkan protokol single line scan didapatkan nilai -0,218 (p=0,032). Uji korelasi Gamma protokol multiple line scans didapatkan nilai rho=0,595 (p=0,002) sedangkan protokol single line scan didapatkan nilai rho=-0,210 (p=0,313). Nilai inter-rater protokol multiple line scans menunjukkan hasil sangat baik sedangkan protokol single line scan baik (0,986 dan 0,892, p<0,001).Kesimpulan: OCT segmen anterior menghasilkan data kuantitatif sel inflamasi pada bilik mata depan. Jumlah sel bilik mata depan yang dihitung menggunakan OCT segmen anterior protokol multiple line scans menunjukkan korelasi sedang dan kesesuaian minimal dengan Kriteria SUN.

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Background: Uveitis is a group of diseases characterised by intraocular inflammation. The evaluation of anterior chamber inflammation, conducted through a semi-quantitative assessment involving cell counts and flares, plays a pivotal role in determining disease severity, assessing therapeutic effectiveness, and facilitating long-term monitoring in anterior uveitis and panuveitis cases.

Purpose: To evaluate the validity and reliability of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) as a quantitative measurement tool for assessing anterior chamber inflammation. The objective is to explore its potential as an alternative method to the standard semi-quantitative measurement defined by the SUN Criteria.

Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted for this purpose. The anterior chamber cell numbers were quantified using anterior segment optical coherence tomography, assisted by ImageJ, and assessed independently by two raters.

Result: The study included a total of 30 eyes from 24 patients. Panuveitis was observed in 80% of the patients, with tuberculosis identified as the predominant etiology (50%). The Cohen’s kappa test, conducted on the multiple-line scan protocol, yielded a value of 0.352 (p=0.000), while the single-line scan protocol showed a value of -0.218 (p=0.032). The Gamma correlation test for the multiple-line scan protocol demonstrated a value of rho=0.595 (p=0.002), whereas the single-line scan protocol had a value of rho=-0.210 (p=0.313). Inter-rater values for the multiple-line scan protocol indicated excellent agreement (0,986, p<0.001), while the single-line scan protocol showed good agreement (0.892, p<0.001).

Conclusion: OCT yielded quantitative data on anterior chamber inflammatory cells. Quantifying anterior chamber cells through the multiple line scan protocols of anterior segment OCT showed a moderate correlation and minimal agreement with the SUN Criteria."

"Koroid memiliki peran dalam mengatur metabolisme fotoreseptor dan epitel pigmen retina (EPR) serta sumber perdarahan ke lapisan luar retina. Pada miopia terjadi elongasi aksial yang berdampak pada penipisan ketebalan koroid dan memengaruhi prognosis visual. Studi ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan antara ketebalan koroid dengan derajat miopia dan ketebalan fotoreseptor-EPR. Studi ini merupakan studi potong lintang yang dilakukan pada 102 mata. Setiap subjek dikelompokkan menjadi empat kelompok, yaitu emetropia, miopia ringan, sedang, dan berat. Setiap subjek dilakukan pemeriksaan mata menyeluruh dan pemindaian makula menggunakan spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), dengan pengaturan HD-1-Line100x dan enhanced depth imaging (EDI). Gambar pemindaian dinilai secara manual dan dikelompokkan berdasarkan Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grid. Hasil studi menunjukkan ketebalan koroid terbesar ditemukan di subfovea atau lingkar superior bergantung pada kelompok, dan ketebalan terendah ditemukan pada regio nasal setiap kelompok. Terdapat perbedaan signifikan ketebalan koroid dengan derajat miopia pada setiap kelompok. Korelasi signifikan ketebalan koroid dan ketebalan lapisan fotoreseptor-EPR hanya ditemukan pada lingkar inferior dalam (r=0,34; p<0,001). Penelitian ini menunjukkan ketebalan koroid yang beragam dan signifikan tiap derajat miopia, serta korelasi negatif lemah antara ketebalan koroid dan ketebalan lapisan fotoreseptor-EPR pada di regio inferior.

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The choroid is crucial for regulating the metabolism of photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) while supplying blood to the outer retinal layer. Myopia, characterized by axial elongation, is linked to choroidal thinning, impacting visual prognosis. This study investigates the relationship between choroidal thickness (CT), different myopia degrees, and photoreceptor-RPE thickness. In a cross-sectional study of 102 eyes, categorized into emmetropia, mild, moderate, and high myopia groups, comprehensive eye exams and macular scans using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) with HD-1-Line100x settings and enhanced depth imaging (EDI) were conducted. Manual evaluations of scan images based on the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grid revealed varied and significant CT across myopia degrees. The thickest CT found either in the subfovea or superior ring depending on the group, and the thinnest consistently in the nasal region for all groups. A significant correlation between choroidal thickness and photoreceptor-RPE layer thickness was noted in the inner inferior circle (r=0.34; p<0.001). In summary, this study unveils varying and significant CT across myopia degrees, emphasizing weak negative correlations between choroidal thickness and photoreceptor-RPE layer thickness, specifically in the inferior region."

"This book presents the fundamental physics of optical interferometry as applied to biophysical, biological and medical research. Interference is at the core of many types of optical detection and is a powerful probe of cellular and tissue structure in interfererence microscopy and in optical coherence tomography. It is also the root cause of speckle and other imaging artefacts that limit range and resolution. For biosensor applications, the inherent sensitivity of interferometry enables ultrasensitive detection of molecules in biological samples for medical diagnostics. In this book, emphasis is placed on the physics of light scattering, beginning with the molecular origins of refraction as light propagates through matter, and then treating the stochastic nature of random fields that ultimately dominate optical imaging in cells and tissue. The physics of partial coherence plays a central role in the text, with a focus on coherence detection techniques that allow information to be selectively detected out of incoherent and heterogeneous backgrounds.Optical Interferometry for Biology and Medicine is divided into four sections. The first covers fundamental principles, and the next three move up successive scales, beginning with molecular interferometry (biosensors), moving to cellular interferometry (microscopy), and ending with tissue interferometry (biomedical). "