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"The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern, mean and differences of measurements between men and women on vertical dentocraniofacial cephalometric values of open bite subjects with anterior tongue thrust. There were 27 subjects between ages of 12-28 years, 6 men and 21 women of which thirteen vertical dentocraniofacial variables were obtained from measurements taken from lateral cephalometrics; ANS-Me, N-Me, S-Go, CC-Go, SN-MP, N-ANS, PP-MP, Y-axis, UPDH, LPDH, ANS-UI, LI-MP and overbite. The means of values of ANS-Me, N-Me, S-Go and CC-Go were compared with the norms based on Deouteromalay population and SN-MP, PP-MP, Y-axis, UPDH, LPDH, ANS-UI, LI-MP with the norms based on Caucasian population. The obstacle of this study was the unavailable norms of vertical dentocraniofacial cephalometric for Deuteromalay population. Generally the pattern of vertical dentocraniofacial of open bite subjects with anterior tongue thrust shows the long face syndrome."

"It has been shown that more than 40 percent of the apical radiolucencies are radicular cyst, numerous endodontist claims that from 85 to 90 percent of apical lesions disappear or become reduced in size following conservative endodontic treatment and do not required surgical intervention. Maxillary anterior teeth are more frequently susceptible to trauma and there are numerous morphologic anomalies associated with maxillary incisors especially lateral incisors its call palato-radiocular groove (PRG), its caused non vital have been implicated in formation of periapical lesions. Periapical lesions can be cured by conventional endodontic treatment used Ca(OH)2 as an intracanal medication. One case with radicular cyst on the maxillary lateral incisors because of trauma 2 years ago will be presented. Fifteenth months during treatment showed that the cyst reduced in size and symptomless."

"Successful treatment of the adult patient with an open bite dental or skeletal pattern often presents a difficult challenge. The causes of open bite may be multifactorial in nature, there are spesific diagnostic criteria that may allow for an orthodontic treatment modality incorporating extraction therapy with retraction of incisors.The intent of this article is to describe and demonstrate the extraction treatment of a open bite caused by a hyperdivergent facial pattern."

"Malocclusion is a clinical symptom, in which the teeth of maxilla and mandible are not located at the proper location. If malocclusion left untreated, it can lead to complications in the digestive system, headache, and periodontal disease disorders. Malocclusion problems involving abnormalities of teeth, bones, and muscles around the jaw are obligation of orthodontic specialists to treat them. The treat-ments can be varying based on the type of malocclusion, including tooth extraction and tooth braces. To know certain degree of malocclusion experienced by the patient, an assessment method called Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) Index is usually used by the specialist. To help the works of orthodontic specialists in Indonesia, a new automated calculation system based on 2D image of tooth model for PAR Index is being developed. In this paper, the calculation system for over-jet, open-bite, and teeth segmentation is developed. The result of the developed system is then compared with manual assess-ment done by orthodontic specialist, in order to verify the accuracy of the system.

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Maloklusi adalah gejala klinis dimana gigi pada rahang atas dan rahang bawah tidak terletak pada posisi yang semestinya. Apabila tidak dirawat, maloklusi dapat mengakibatkan komplikasi pada sis-tem pencernaan, sakit kepala, dan gangguan penyakit periodontal. Masalah maloklusi yang melibat-kan kelainan gigi, tulang, dan otot sekitar rahang merupakan kewajiban dokter gigi spesialis ortodonti untuk merawatnya. Perawatan yang dilakukan melingkupi tindakan pencabutan gigi dan perawatan tanpa pencabutan gigi yang biasa dilakukan menggunakan kawat gigi. Untuk mengetahui dengan pasti kasus maloklusi yang dialami oleh pasien, digunakanlah sebuah metode penilaian bernama in-deks PAR (Peer Assessment Rating). Untuk membantu meringankan tugas dokter spesialis ortodonti yang jumlahnya masih terbatas di Indonesia (402 dokter spesialis ortodonti se-Indonesia pada tahun 2010 menurut data dari Asosiasi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi (AFDOGI)), maka dikembangkanlah sistem penghitungan indeks PAR otomatis menggunakan metode computer vision pada citra model gigi 2D. Pada penelitian ini, dikembangkan metode untuk menghitung 2 (dua) buah komponen peni-laian indeks PAR, yaitu Jarak Gigit dan Gigitan Terbuka. Selain itu, dikembangkan pula segmentasi gigi untuk model gigi terbuka yang akan digunakan untuk menghitung 6 (enam) buah komponen penilaian lainnya. Hasil penghitungan menggunakan metode computer vision akan dibandingkan de-ngan penghitungan secara manual oleh dokter spesialis ortodonti untuk mengevaluasi tingkat akurasi perhitungan secara otomatis."