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"ABSTRAK Setelah perang kemerdekaan dari Prancis (1954 ? 1962), Aljazairmengalami perang saudara pada tahun 1990an antara agama dan pemerintah yangmenyebabkan perempuan menjadi korban dengan pembatasan aktivitas mereka.Beberapa perempuan tidak menerima keadaan tersebut dan melakukanemansipasi, salah satunya dengan menulis. Salah satu penulis perempuan feminisAljazair adalah Maïssa Bey dengan karya pertamanya, yaitu Au commencementétait la mer. Di dalam novel ini, Bey mendeskripsikan diskriminasi gender yangdialami oleh perempuan Aljazair pada masa tersebut serta perlawanan terhadapdiskriminasi yang dilakukan oleh perempuan dan laki-laki. Melalui analisis unsurintrinsik yang menggunakan teori struktural Roland Barthes mengenai hubungansintagmatik dan paradigmatik dan teori sekuen M. P. Schmitt dan Alain Viala,ditemukan tiga bentuk diskriminasi gender dalam novel ini, yaitu stereotip,marginalisasi, dan subordinasi. Selain itu, diketahui pula bahwa laki-laki ataupunperempuan dapat menjadi pelaku ataupun penentang diskriminasi. Perlawananyang dilakukan terhadap diskriminasi gender berupa penggugatan stereotip sertadukungan terhadap emansipasi perempuan untuk menghilangkan marginalisasi,sedangkan subordinasi masih belum dapat dihindari karena berkaitan denganbudaya patriarkal yang dianut oleh masyarakat. Kepala keluarga memiliki peran penting dalam diskriminasi gender ini.ABSTRACT After the war of independence from France (1954 ? 1962), Algeriaexperienced a civil war in the 1990s between religion and the government that ledto women becoming victims to restrictions on their activities. Some women didnot accept this situation and did the emancipation, by writing. One of Algerianfeminist writers is Maïssa Bey with her first work, named Au commencement étaitla mer. In this novel, Bey describes gender discrimination experienced byAlgerian women in the era as well as the fight against it done by women and men.Through analysis of the intrinsic unsure which use the structural theory of RolandBarthes syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations and M. P. Schmitt and AlainViala theory of sequences, found three forms of gender discrimination in thisnovel, such as stereotypes, marginalization, and subordination. In addition, alsoknown that men and women could be perpetrators or opposing discrimination.The resistance to gender discriminations could be criticizing stereotypes as well assupporting the women emancipation to eliminate marginalization, whereassubordination still cannot be avoided because it is associated with patriarchalculture embraced by the community. The head of family has an important role in this gender discrimination.;After the war of independence from France (1954 ? 1962), Algeriaexperienced a civil war in the 1990s between religion and the government that ledto women becoming victims to restrictions on their activities. Some women didnot accept this situation and did the emancipation, by writing. One of Algerianfeminist writers is Maïssa Bey with her first work, named Au commencement étaitla mer. In this novel, Bey describes gender discrimination experienced byAlgerian women in the era as well as the fight against it done by women and men.Through analysis of the intrinsic unsure which use the structural theory of RolandBarthes syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations and M. P. Schmitt and AlainViala theory of sequences, found three forms of gender discrimination in thisnovel, such as stereotypes, marginalization, and subordination. In addition, alsoknown that men and women could be perpetrators or opposing discrimination.The resistance to gender discriminations could be criticizing stereotypes as well assupporting the women emancipation to eliminate marginalization, whereassubordination still cannot be avoided because it is associated with patriarchalculture embraced by the community. The head of family has an important role in this gender discrimination.;After the war of independence from France (1954 ? 1962), Algeriaexperienced a civil war in the 1990s between religion and the government that ledto women becoming victims to restrictions on their activities. Some women didnot accept this situation and did the emancipation, by writing. One of Algerianfeminist writers is Maïssa Bey with her first work, named Au commencement étaitla mer. In this novel, Bey describes gender discrimination experienced byAlgerian women in the era as well as the fight against it done by women and men.Through analysis of the intrinsic unsure which use the structural theory of RolandBarthes syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations and M. P. Schmitt and AlainViala theory of sequences, found three forms of gender discrimination in thisnovel, such as stereotypes, marginalization, and subordination. In addition, alsoknown that men and women could be perpetrators or opposing discrimination.The resistance to gender discriminations could be criticizing stereotypes as well assupporting the women emancipation to eliminate marginalization, whereassubordination still cannot be avoided because it is associated with patriarchalculture embraced by the community. The head of family has an important role in this gender discrimination."

"Spider Boys, written by Ming Cher, sets in colonial Singapore and shows a conflict between generations and a life of sub cultural group with the growth and development of the main characters, Yeow and Kwang, from schoolboys to teenagers. It touches the colonial and post-colonial history of Singapore. Cher examines the purpose of sub cultural group and its spider game in social and historical context.In Spider Boys one is made aware of the conflict generated by the transition from childhood to young adult and by being caught between the sub cultural group's life of street kids in its relation with their parents culture as well as the dominant culture of the British government. Being the member of the Spider Boys is only the beginning of their life as street kids subculture.Spider Boys shows pessimism and identity crisis undergo by a group of young Chinese immigrant in Singapore. They have such a sub cultural life within the community of adult Chinese immigrant. This sub cultural group constructs its own identities, among others through language and their way of interaction. These identities are taken as an adaptation to some of their parents' culture.Not only the in heritage culture of their parents was adopted; some of them are also resisted. They select this parent?s culture in such a way that gives them the most convenience and confidence in their group.Meanwhile, they also adopt the dominant culture of the British government to give a way for their sub cultural style. On the other hand, they resist the political culture of the British government insisting (Standard) English usage at school. As a result, some of them are incapable in communicating Standard English. Their resistance gives a way to the emergence of new variant of English, known as Singlish. The uniqueness of Singlish shows the combination of both dominant culture and that of their parents' culture. Their English does not pay any attention to the rule of Standard English. This absence of rule in their English, both in dialogue and in narration, enrich the atmosphere of the street kids life. As a group's identity, Singlish becomes their symbol of identification."

"Teks yang dipilih sebagal bahan analisa struktural adalah karya sastra berbentuk novel dengan judul tarot karangan Yasawidagdo, diterbitkan oleh Balai Pustaka. No_vel ini ditulis dengan huruf Java, berbahasa Jawa krama, terdiri dari dua jilid. Jilid T (81 halaman) diterbitkan oleh Balai Pustaka Weltevreden 1922, sedang jilid II (107 halaman) diterbitkan oleh Balai Pustaka Betawi Sentrem 1931. Sebetulnya novel Jarot ini tidak banyak dikenal orang. Walaupun begitu masih ada satu dua orang sarjana . yang mau menyinggungaya barang sedikit dalam buku-buku karangannya seperti J.J. Ras clan Suripan Sadi Hutorno. J.J. Ras (1979, halaman 14), menyinggung tentang novel Jarot sebagai berikut:"