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"Kanker kepala dan leher KKL merupakan penyakit yang berhubungan dengan malnutrisi Massa tumor perubahan metabolik dan efek samping terapi dapat menyebabkan berkurangnya asupan sehingga pasien jatuh pada kondisi malnutrisi Efek samping radiasi dapat berupa mual muntah mukositis xerostomia dan disfagia Tatalaksana nutrisi pada pasien KKL yang menjalani radioterapi bertujuan untuk meningkatkan mempertahankan status gizi mencegah terputusnya terapi meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien dan meningkatkan angka harapan hidup Tatalaksana nutrisi meliputi pemenuhan kebutuhan makronutrien mikronutrien nutrien spesifik disertai konseling dan edukasi Serial kasus ini membahas tatalaksana nutrisi pada empat kasus KKL stadium IV yang menjalani radioterapi Keempat pasien menjalani skrining metoda malnutrition screening tool MST dengan nilai ge 2 kemudian mendapatkan tatalaksana nutrisi yang sesuai dengan kondisi pasien Kebutuhan basal masing masing pasien dihitung menggunakan rumus Harris Benedict dan kebutuhan total dihitung dengan cara mengalikan kebutuhan basal dengan faktor stres yang sesuai dengan kondisi klinik pasien Kebutuhan protein 1 5 2 5 g kgBB hari dan lemak sebesar 25 30 kebutuhan total sesuai kondisi pasien Pemantauan yang dilakukan mencakup keluhan subjektif klinis dan tanda vital gejala efek samping antropometri dan kapasitas fungsional Berdasarkan hasil pemantauan pada keempat pasien tatalaksana nutrisi yang diberikan dapat meningkatkan jumlah asupan dan meningkatkan berat badan pada pasien 1 2 dan 3 sedangkan pada pasien 4 dapat meminimalkan penurunan berat badan Tatalaksana nutrisi pada keempat pasien juga dapat meningkatkan kapasitas fungsional dan menunjang kelangsungan terapi Sebagai kesimplan tatalaksana nutrisi pada pasien KKL stadium IV yang menjalani radioterapi bersifat individual disesuaikan dengan kondisi metabolik dan efek samping terapi disertai dengan konseling dan edukasi untuk pasien dan keluarga Tatalaksana nutrisi yang baik dapat menunjang kelangsungan terapi pasien sehingga membantu memperpanjang angka harapan hidup pasien

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Head and neck cancer HNC is a malnutrition related disease Tumor mass metabolic alterations and radiation side effects like nausea vomiting mucositis xerostomia and dysphagia can decrease nutrition intake and leads to malnutrition The aim of nutritional management on HNC patients undergoing radiotherapy is to improve and maintain nutritional status prevent therapy interruption improve and increase patient's quality of life and life expectancy The nutritional management contains of macronutrient micronutrient and nutrition specific along with counceling and education This case series discusses the nutritional management in four cases of stage IV HNC undergoing radiotherapy The patients were screened by malnutrition screening tool MST with score ge 2 then given the provision nutritional management Patients'needs were calculated using the Harris Benedict formula by multiplying basal energy requirement with stress factor according to the patient's condition Protein need were 1 5 2 5 g kgBW and fat 25 30 of total energy requirement matched with metabolic conditions Monitoring includes subjective complaints clinical and vital signs symptoms of treatment's side effects antropometry and functional capacity Based on the monitoring results nutritional management of these four patients could increase dietary intake promote weight loss in patients 1 2 and 3 and minimize weight loss in patient 4 The treatment also could improve the patients'functional capacity and support continuation of radiotherapy Nutritional management of stage IV HNC patients undergoing radiotherapy is individualized tailored to the metabolic conditions and treatment's side effects along with counseling and education to patients and families With an adequate nutritional management it can support the continuity of therapy thus improving the patients'life expectancy"

"Latar belakang: Kanker kepala dan leher KKL di Indonesia prevalensinya cukup tinggi mencapai 4,7 per 100.000 penduduk. Ada penelitian melaporkan ERCC6 G399A sebagai hal baru polimorfisme nukleotida tunggal yang berkaitan dengan kanker rongga mulut. ERCC6 Excision Repair Cross Complementing 6 memiliki peran dalam transkripsi dan perbaikan eksisi nukleotida Nucleotide Excision Repair.Tujuan: Mendeteksi pola polimorfisme gen ERCC6 G399A pada penderita KKL yang dibandingkan dengan individu sehat kontrol.Metode: Studi deskriptif yang dianalisa menggunakan metode PCR-RFLP dengan sample 50 penderita KKL dan 50 individu sehat.Hasil: Presentase polimorfisme pada sampel KKL 78 dan pada kontrol 84.Kesimpulan: Terlihat adanya pola polimorfisme ERCC6 G399A pada penderita KKL namun tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara distribusi polimorfisme dengan KKL.

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Background Pevalence of head and neck cancer in Indonesia quite high around 4.7 100,000. A study reported ERCC6 G399A as novel single nucleotide polymorphism associated with oral cancer. ERCC6 Excision Repair Cross Complementing 6 plays a role in transcription and nucleotide excision repair NER.Objective Detect ERCC6 G399A polymorphism in patients with head and neck cancer HNC compared with healthy individuals control.Methods This descriptive study analysed with PCR RFLP method with sample of 50 HNC patients and 50 control patients.Results The precentage of polymorphism in HNC was 78 , and in healthy control was 84 .Conclusion There are ERCC6 G399A polymorphism in HNC but no significant difference between ERCC6 G399A polymorphism and HNC."

"Radiotherapy is one of treatment's modalities for head and neck malignancies. Its successful rate in curing cancer is undeniable. However, the patient will suffer several side effects or oral complications due to the treatment. If this condition is not properly managed, it can lead to the decline of patient's quality of life. There are 4 aspects that can be used as indicators of quality of life for the case of head and neck that must be aware of which are: (1) disturbing pain, (2) problem in chewing and swallowing, (3) problem in oral communication, (4) patient's emotion. In order to maintain patient's quality of life, patients must have the willingness to recover and follow all instructions suggested by the medical staffs in charge and receive full support of the family and health personnel which include oncology radiotherapist, dentists, and all the paramedics involved."

"Latar Belakang: Gen E-cadherin CDH1 berperan dalam komunikasi sel untuk memelihara hubungan antar sel. Kehilangan fungsi dari gen CDH1 dapat mempengaruhi perkembangan kanker. Polimorfisme genetik CDH1 -160C>A terdeteksi memiliki hubungan dengan penyakit kanker kepala leher KKL. Tujuan: Mendeteksi polimorfisme genetik CDH1 -160C>A pada penderita KKL dan individu sehat populasi Indonesia. Metode: Sampel DNA tersimpan dari 50 individu sehat dan 50 penderita KKL dianalisis dengan metode PCR-RFLP menggunakan enzim restriksi HincII dan divisualisasi dengan elektroforesis. Hasil: Polimorfisme genetik CDH1 -160C>A terdeteksi pada penderita KKL sebesar 78 dan pada individu sehat sebesar 68. Simpulan: Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa polimorfisme genetik CDH1 -160C>A meningkatkan risiko KKL pada populasi Indonesia.

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Background: E cadherin CDH1 gene plays a role in cell communication to maintain the relationship between cells. Loss of function of CDH1 gene affects the development of cancer. CDH1 160C A polymorphisms have been detected to have a relationship with head and neck cancer HNC.

Objective: To detect CDH1 160C A polymorphisms in HNC patients and healthy subjects of Indonesian population.

Methods: Stored DNA samples of 50 healthy subjects and 50 HNC patients were analyzed by PCR RFLP using HincII restriction enzyme and were visualized by electrophoresis.

Results: Genetic polymorphisms of CDHI 160C A were detected both in HNC patients 78 and in healthy subjects 68.

Conclusion: This study suggested that CDH1 160C A polymorphisms increased HNC risk in Indonesian population."

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui korelasi antara penilaian risiko malnutrisi menggunakan skor PG-SGA dengan kadar CRP serum sehingga dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi tingkat inflamasi pada pasien kanker kepala dan leher stadium I_IV guna mencegah terjadinya kaheksia. Malnutrisi hingga kaheksia pada kanker terjadi karena interaksi faktor tumor, faktor pejamu dan faktor-faktor lainnya. Faktor tumor berupa sitokin pro-inflamasi akan memicu respons pejamu untuk memproduksi protein fase akut seperti CRP. Protein fase akut memerlukan sejumlah substrat yaitu asam amino yang berasal dari otot rangka. Otot rangka akan mengalami degradasi sehingga menyebabkan wasting otot rangka. Oleh karena itu, CRP selain dapat digunakan sebagai marker inflamasi sistemik juga dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu indikator faktor risiko yang berperan dalam terjadinya malnutrisi dan kaheksia. Efek wasting otot rangka yang ditimbulkan secara tidak langsung oleh CRP dapat dinilai dengan terdapatnya penurunan BB maupun berkurangnya massa otot yang juga merupakan komponen dalam penilaian PG-SGA. Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang dengan menggunakan consecutive sampling yang melibatkan 51 subjek kanker kepala dan leher stadium I_IV yang belum mendapatkan terapi. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rerata usia 46,6 13,9 tahun, sebanyak 76,5 berjenis kelamin laki-laki. Kanker nasofaring merupakan kanker terbanyak 80,4 , dan stadium terbanyak yaitu stadium IVA. Rerata indeks massa tubuh IMT yaitu 20,6 4,0 kg/m2, dan sebanyak 37,3 subjek berada pada IMT normal. Berdasarkan skor PG-SGA sebanyak 64,7 subjek berisiko tinggi malnutrisi dengan rerata skor PG-SGA 11,7 6,2. Nilai median CRP yaitu 6,4 0,4_170,4 . Penelitian ini memperoleh korelasi positif yang signifikan antara skor PG-SGA dengan kadar CRP serum dengan kekuatan korelasi lemah r = 0,372; p = 0,007.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between the malnutrition risk assessment using PG SGA score with serum CRP levels so that it can be used to predict the levels of inflammation in head and neck cancer patients stage I IV to prevent cachexia. Malnutrition and cancer cachexia occurs due to the interaction of tumor factors, host factors and other factors. Tumor factors such as pro inflammatory cytokines will trigger a response of the host to produce acute phase proteins such as CRP. Acute phase protein which require a number of amino acids derived from skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscles will be degraded, causing skeletal muscle wasting. Therefore, CRP can be used as a marker of systemic inflammation and can be used as one indicator of the risk factors also that contribute to malnutrition and cachexia. Effect of skeletal muscle wasting which caused indirectly by the CRP can be assessed by the weight loss and reduced muscle mass which is a component in the assessment of PG SGA also. This study is a cross sectional study using consecutive sampling, 51 subjects head and neck cancer stage I IV who had not received treatment participated in this study. Data showed the mean age of subjects was 46.6 13,9 years, and 76 were male. Most cancer sites were as nasopharyngeal 80,4, and mostly in stage IVA. The mean body mass index BMI is 20,6 40 kg m2, with most of the BMI is normal 37,3. Based on PG SGA score 64,7 of the subjects at high risk of malnutrition, and the PG SGA mean score is 11,7 6,2. The median value of CRP is 6,4 0,4 170,4. The result of this study showed a significant positive correlation between PG SGA score with serum CRP levels with the strength of correlation is weak r 0,372 p 0,007. "

"Latar belakang: Risiko kaheksia pada pasien kanker kepala dan leher KKL meningkat akibat tumor itu sendiri, letak tumor, dan pemberian terapi medis. Penurunan berat badan akibat efek samping radioterapi atau kemoradioterapi dapat menurunkan angka kesintasan dan kualitas hidup, serta meningkatkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas. Terapi medik gizi klinik bertujuan mencegah malnutrisi bertambah berat, memperbaiki kualitas hidup, dan mendukung outcome terapi yang baik. Terapi medik gizi klinik berupa konsultasi individu, meliputi pemberian nutrisi adekuat sesuai kebutuhan energi, makronutrien, mikronutrien, dan nutrien spesifik, serta terapi medikamentosa dan edukasi.Metode: Pasien pada serial kasus ini berjumlah empat orang, berusia 32 ndash;53 tahun. Satu orang pasien dengan diagnosis karsinoma lidah dan 3 orang dengan kanker nasofaring. Dua dari 4 pasien menjalani kemoradioterapi. Semua terdiagnosis kaheksia pada awal pemeriksaan. Kebutuhan energi total dihitung menggunakan persamaan Harris-Benedict untuk kebutuhan basal dikalikan faktor stres 1,5. Pemantauan meliputi keluhan subjektif dan pemeriksaan objektif tanda vital, kondisi klinis, antropometrik, massa otot, massa lemak, kekuatan genggam tangan, Karnofsky Performance Status, analisis asupan, dan laboratorium . Pemantauan dilakukan secara berkala setiap minggu untuk menilai pencapaian target pemberian nutrisi.Hasil: Terapi medik gizi klinik pada keempat pasien meningkatkan asupan energi, protein, dan nutrien spesifik asam amino rantai cabang dan eicosapentaenoic acid . Penurunan BB, massa otot, dan kapasitas fungsional yang terjadi pada pasien hanya minimal.Kesimpulan: Terapi medik gizi klinik pada pasien KKL dengan kaheksia dalam radioterapi atau kemoradioterapi dapat meningkatkan asupan nutrisi dan meminimalkan penurunan status gizi pasien lebih lanjut.

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Introduction: The risk of cachexia of head and neck cancer HNC is increased because of the tumor itself, site of the tumor, and side effects of cancer treatment. Weight loss during radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy will decrease the survival rates and quality of life, and increase morbidity and mortality rates. The purpose of medical therapy in clinical nutrition is to prevent further malnutrition during therapy, improve quality of life, and support the good outcome of cancer treatment. Individual medical therapy in clinical nutrition include adequate energy, macro and micronutrient, and specific nutrients requirements, pharmacotherapy and education.

Methods: Four HNC patients in this case series aged between 32 and 53. One patient diagnosed squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and 3 patients with nasopharyngeal cancer. Two of four patients received chemoradiotherapy. Total energy requirement was calculated using Harris Benedict equation for basal energy need multipled by stress factor of 1,5. Monitoring include subjective complaints and objective examination vital sign, physical examination, anthropometric, muscle mass, fat mass, handgrip strength, Karnofsky Performance Status, dietary analysis, and laboratory. Monitoring was performed routinely every week to assess achievement of the nutrition therapy target.

Results: Medical therapy in clinical nutrition to four patients can increase the intake of energy, protein, and specific nutrients branched chain amino acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. The decreased of weight, muscle mass, and functional capacity during radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy were only minimal.

Conclusion: Medical therapy in clinical nutrition for HNC patients with cachexia on radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy can increase nutrition intake and minimalized further malnutrition."

"Latar Belakang: Kanker kepala dan leher terdapat 10 dari keseluruhan kasus kanker di seluruh tubuh. Efek samping akibat terapi kanker berdampak signifikan pada kualitas hidup pasien. Instrumen yang sering digunakan untuk menilai kualitas hidup pasien kanker kepala dan leher salah satunya adalah University of Washington Quality of Life UW-QOL. Hingga saat ini belum pernah dilakukan adaptasi kuesioner UW-QOL ke bahasa Indonesia. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan instrumen UW-QOL adaptasi bahasa Indonesia yang valid dan reliabel untuk menilai kualitas hidup pasien kanker kepala dan leher. Metodologi: Penelitian ini berdesain potong lintang, dilakukan di poliklinik THT FKUI/RSCM dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo terhadap pasien kanker kepala dan leher usia dewasa. Hasil: Uji validitas menggunakan uji korelasi Spearman dengan korelasi bermakna pada seluruh butir pertanyaan di tingkat signifikansi p

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Background: Head and neck cancer accounts for 10 of all cancer cases throughout the body.. Side effects due to cancer therapy have a significant impact on patient quality of life. The University of Washington Quality of Life UW QOL is the most frequent intruments used to assess the quality of life of head and neck cancer patients. At present, the Indonesian version of UW QOL questionnaire is not available.

Objective: This study aims to obtain a valid and reliable Indonesian adaptation of UW QOL to assess the quality of life of head and neck cancer patients.

Method: Cross sectional study was conducted in ORL HNS Department outpatient clinic dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital towards 41 adult patients with head and neck cancer.

Result: The validity test using Spearman correlation test with significant correlation in all questions items at the level of significance p"

"Pasien kanker kepala leher rentan mengalami malnutrisi akibat penurunan sensitivitas indera pengecap yang sudah terjadi sejak awal diagnosis dan akan diperberat oleh terapi. Seng merupakan salah satu zat gizi yang berperan dalam proses metabolisme utama seperti regulasi siklus sel dan pembelahan sel, sintesis protein dan penyembuhan luka termasuk di antaranya sel-sel taste bud pada indera pengecap. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara asupan seng dengan kepekaan indera pengecap pada pasien kanker kepala leher sebelum menjalani kemoradiasi. Penelitian menggunakan desain potong lintang pada subyek dewasa dengan kanker kepala leher sebelum kemoradiasi di RSCM. Asupan seng dinilai menggunakan FFQ semi kuantitatif. Kepekaan indera pengecap dinilai dengan menggunakan 3-stimulus drop technique yang dikembangkan oleh Mossman dan Henkin untuk 4 kualitas rasa (asin, manis, asam, dan pahit). Sebanyak 85 subyek penelitian dengan median usia 54 tahun, mayoritas laki-laki, terdiagnosis kanker nasofaring dengan jenis karsinoma sel skuamosa dan stadium IV. Rerata subyek memiliki status gizi normal, dengan median asupan energi 28 (15-58) kkal/kgBB dan protein 1 (0-3) g/kgBB. Median asupan seng pada subyek sebesar 8 (3-24) gram dengan FFQ semi kuantitatif. Kepekaan indera pengecap subyek didapatkan paling tinggi berturut-turut adalah untuk rasa asam, pahit, asin, dan manis. Dilakukan uji korelasi antara asupan seng dengan kepekaan indera pengecap. Tidak ditemukan adanya korelasi bermakna antara asupan seng dengan kepekaan indera pengecap pada pasien kanker kepala leher praradiasi baik rasa manis (r= -0,170, p= 0,120), asin (r= -0,085, p= 0,442), asam (r= 0,080, p= 0,467), ataupun pahit (r= -0,131, p= 0,233).

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Head and neck cancer patients are susceptible to malnutrition due to decreased taste sensitivity that has occurred since first diagnosed and worsened by therapy. Zinc is a nutrient that plays a role in major metabolic processes such as regulation of the cell cycle dan cell proliferation, protein synthesis and wound healing, including taste bud cells. This study aims to examine the relationship between zinc intake and taste sensitivity in head and neck cancer patients before undergoing chemoradiation. The study used a cross-sectional design on adult head and neck cancer subjects who have not been undergone chemoradiation at RSCM. Zinc intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Taste sensitivity was assessed using the 3-stimulus drop technique developed by Mossman and Henkin for 4 taste qualities (salty, sweet, sour, and bitter). A total of 85 subjects with a median age of 54 years, most of them are male, diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer and already at stage IV. On average, the subjects had normal nutritional status, median energy intake was 28 (15-58) kcal/kgBW and protein 1 (0-3) g/kgBW. The median zinc intake in subjects was 8 (3-24) grams assessed with a semi-quantitative FFQ. The highest taste sensitivity of the subjects was sour, bitter, salty, and sweet, respectively. A correlation test was conducted between zinc intake and taste sensitivity. There was no significant correlation between zinc intake and taste sensitivity in head and neck cancer patients before chemoradiation, either sweet (r= -0.170, p= 0.120), salty (r= -0.085, p= 0.442), sour (r= 0.080), p= 0.467), or bitter (r= -0.131, p= 0.233)."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang dan tujuan: efek samping radioterapi pada kulit, yang disebut dengan radiodermatitis, merupakan masalah bagi pasien keganasan kepala dan leher yang menjalani radioterapi. Efek samping yang terjadi dapat menurunkan kepatuhan pasien berobat, sehingga dapat meningkatkan angka putus terapi. Dua studi pendahulu telah mempelajari light emitting diode (LED) untuk mengurangi kejadian radiodermatitis dengan hasil yang berlawanan. Penelitian ini ingin mempelajari lebih lanjut mengenai efektivitas LED untuk menurunkan kejadian radiodermatitis.Metode: pada kelompok perlakuan, subjek penelitian (SP) mendapat tambahan fototerapi LED segera setelah radioterapi selesai. Fototerapi LED diberikan selama radioterapi berlangsung. Penilaian derajat radiodermatitis dilakukan oleh peneliti setiap lima kali radioterapi dijalani, menggunakan kriteria menurut Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Event (CTCAE) yang dimodifikasi.Hasil: kejadian radiodermatitis antara kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan hampir sama dan tidak berbeda bermakna secara statistik. Berdasarkan analisis kecenderungan, terlihat bahwa terjadi peningkatan persentase jumlah SP dengan radiodermatitis pada kelompok kontrol sebesar dua kali lipat saat rerata dosis radiasi kumulatif 34 Gy, sedangkan pada kelompok perlakuan baru meningkat saat rerata dosis radiasi kumulatif 44 Gy. Rasa gatal, lesi eritematosa, dan hiperpigmentasi lebih dahulu dialami oleh kelompok kontrol. Pada pemantauan 2 minggu pasca radioterapi terlihat bahwa persentase SP dengan radiodermatitis menurun lebih cepat pada kelompok perlakuan.Kesimpulan: fototerapi LED tidak dapat menurunkan kejadian radiodermatitis pada pasien keganasan kepala dan leher, namun mempunyai kecenderungan untuk menurunkan kejadian radiodermatitis saat rerata dosis radiasi kumulatif 34 Gy hingga mencapai dosis 44 Gy. Fototerapi LED juga dapat menunda terjadinya rasa gatal, lesi eritematosa, dan hiperpigmentasi, serta mempercepat penyembuhan radiodermatitis. Diperlukan studi lebih lanjut untuk membuktikan hipotesis ini dengan memperhitungkan saran dari peneliti.

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ABSTRACTBackground and objectives: radiation dermatitis remains a common problem in patients with head and neck cancer. This side effect causes discomfort, pain, and may lead to treatment delay. Two previous studies using light emitting diode (LED) phototherapy to prevent radiation dermatitis have been reported, with a completely different result. This study sought to further evaluate the effectiveness of LED phototherapy in lessening radiation dermatitis.Method: in the LED treatment group, all subjects with head and neck cancer received LED phototherapy after each radiation treatment. Reactions were evaluated every five treatments by the author, using the modified Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Event (CTCAE) criteria.Results: instances of radiodermatitis amongst the control and the treated group has no clinical or statistical differences. Based on trend analysis, the fourth week of the study (mean cumulative radiation dose 34 Gy) shows a two-fold increase in the number of subject developing radiodermatitis in the control group. On the other hand, the treated group experiences an increase in the number of subject developing radiodermatitis on the fifth week (mean cumulative radiation dose 44 Gy). The control group experiences itching sensation, erythematous and hyperpigmented lesion sooner than the treated group. Two weeks after radiation therapy, the percentage of subject experiencing radiodermatitis decreases faster.Conclusions: LED phototherapy did not reduce the incidence of radiation dermatitis, but there is a patterned trend which show LED phototherapy may reduce radiation dermatitis when the mean cumulative radiation dose 34 Gy until it reaches 44 Gy. LED phototherapy tend to delay development of itching sensation, erythematous and hyperpigmented lesion, also accelerate radiodermatitis healing process. Further study needed to prove this hypothesis.;Background and objectives: radiation dermatitis remains a common problem in patients with head and neck cancer. This side effect causes discomfort, pain, and may lead to treatment delay. Two previous studies using light emitting diode (LED) phototherapy to prevent radiation dermatitis have been reported, with a completely different result. This study sought to further evaluate the effectiveness of LED phototherapy in lessening radiation dermatitis.Method: in the LED treatment group, all subjects with head and neck cancer received LED phototherapy after each radiation treatment. Reactions were evaluated every five treatments by the author, using the modified Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Event (CTCAE) criteria.Results: instances of radiodermatitis amongst the control and the treated group has no clinical or statistical differences. Based on trend analysis, the fourth week of the study (mean cumulative radiation dose 34 Gy) shows a two-fold increase in the number of subject developing radiodermatitis in the control group. On the other hand, the treated group experiences an increase in the number of subject developing radiodermatitis on the fifth week (mean cumulative radiation dose 44 Gy). The control group experiences itching sensation, erythematous and hyperpigmented lesion sooner than the treated group. Two weeks after radiation therapy, the percentage of subject experiencing radiodermatitis decreases faster.Conclusions: LED phototherapy did not reduce the incidence of radiation dermatitis, but there is a patterned trend which show LED phototherapy may reduce radiation dermatitis when the mean cumulative radiation dose 34 Gy until it reaches 44 Gy. LED phototherapy tend to delay development of itching sensation, erythematous and hyperpigmented lesion, also accelerate radiodermatitis healing process. Further study needed to prove this hypothesis., Background and objectives: radiation dermatitis remains a common problem in patients with head and neck cancer. This side effect causes discomfort, pain, and may lead to treatment delay. Two previous studies using light emitting diode (LED) phototherapy to prevent radiation dermatitis have been reported, with a completely different result. This study sought to further evaluate the effectiveness of LED phototherapy in lessening radiation dermatitis.Method: in the LED treatment group, all subjects with head and neck cancer received LED phototherapy after each radiation treatment. Reactions were evaluated every five treatments by the author, using the modified Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Event (CTCAE) criteria.Results: instances of radiodermatitis amongst the control and the treated group has no clinical or statistical differences. Based on trend analysis, the fourth week of the study (mean cumulative radiation dose 34 Gy) shows a two-fold increase in the number of subject developing radiodermatitis in the control group. On the other hand, the treated group experiences an increase in the number of subject developing radiodermatitis on the fifth week (mean cumulative radiation dose 44 Gy). The control group experiences itching sensation, erythematous and hyperpigmented lesion sooner than the treated group. Two weeks after radiation therapy, the percentage of subject experiencing radiodermatitis decreases faster.Conclusions: LED phototherapy did not reduce the incidence of radiation dermatitis, but there is a patterned trend which show LED phototherapy may reduce radiation dermatitis when the mean cumulative radiation dose 34 Gy until it reaches 44 Gy. LED phototherapy tend to delay development of itching sensation, erythematous and hyperpigmented lesion, also accelerate radiodermatitis healing process. Further study needed to prove this hypothesis.]"

"Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, by Drs. Jatin P. Shah Snehal G. Patel, and Bhuvanesh Singh, offers you authoritative, multidisciplinary guidance on the latest diagnostic and multidisciplinary therapeutic approaches for head and neck cancer. With this medical reference book, you'll have all the help you need to offer your patients the best possible prognoses and to optimally preserve and restore form and function. Overcome any challenge in head and neck surgery with comprehensive coverage of the scalp, skull base, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, cervical lymph"