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Kanker kolorektal (KKR) merupakan kanker terbanyak ke-3 dengan mortalitas terbesar ke-2 di dunia. Penelitian menunjukkan KKR dapat terjadi melalui jalur inflamasi/colitis associated cancer (CAC). Zat antiinflamasi, seperti aspirin untuk mencegah CAC telah digunakan. Namun, efek samping yang timbul mendorong pencarian zat antiinflamasi alternatif, salah satunya adalah minyak ikan dengan kandungan omega-3. Penelitian Kusmardi, menunjukkan minyak ikan hasil limbah memiliki kandungan omega-3 yang cukup tinggi sebagai antiinflamasi. Penelitian menggunakan materi biologi tersimpan dari 30 ekor mencit Swiss Webster jantan yang dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok yang terdiri atas 1 kelompok normal/N dan 5 kelompok induksi KKR dengan AOM/DSS: kontrol positif/KP (aspirin), kontrol negatif/KN (salin fisiologis), dosis satu/D1 (minyak ikan 6mg/kgBB), dosis dua/D2 (minyak ikan 3mg/kgBB), dan kontrol pelarut/Kpel (minyak jagung). Mencit diterminasi setelah minggu ke-6 dan jaringan kolon diwarnai dengan imunohistokimia anti IL-6. Sepuluh lapang pandang untuk masing-masing spesimen diambil menggunakan mikroskop cahaya (400x) dan dianalisis menggunakan ImageJ® untuk mendapatkan persentase ekspresi IL-6. Data dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan SPSS 24.0. Ekspresi IL-6 tidak berdistribusi normal (p<0,05). Uji Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan hasil signifikan (p<0,05). Uji Mann-Whitney menunjukkan hasil signifikan antara KN dengan KP, N, dan D1 (p<0,05). Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan antara KP dengan kelompok N (p=0,15). Efek terapi minyak ikan 6mg/kgBB serupa dengan aspirin (p=0,69). Sementara itu, kelompok D2 (p=0,016) dan Kpel (p=0,008) berbeda signifikan dengan kelompok D1. Minyak ikan produk limbah dalam dosis 6mg/kgBB dapat menurunkan ekspresi IL-6 pada jaringan kolon mencit yang diinduksi KKR.

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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the world’s third most and second deadliest cancer. Studies show that CRC can result from inflammation, known as colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Anti-inflammation substances, such as aspirin are being used as CAC chemoprevention. However, its adverse effects lead to the searching for alternative anti-inflammation agents. One of them is omega-3 containing fish oil. Kusmardi and Tedjo studied that omega-3 level of industrial waste fish oil can be used as anti-inflammation agent. This experimental preclinical study was done using preserve mice colon tissue. Thirty male Swiss Webster mice are grouped into six different treatments consist of  one normal group/N and five AOM/DSS induced CRC group: positive control/PC (aspirin), negative control/NC (physiological saline), higher dose/D1 (fish oil 6mg/kgBW), lower dose/D2 (fish oil 3mg/kgBW), dan solvent control/SC (corn oil). Termination was done following six weeks of treatment and colon tissue was stained using anti IL-6. Ten colon’s histological images were taken by microscope (400x) and analysed for the IL-6 expression by ImageJ®. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 24.0. Data are not normally distributed (p<0,05). Kruskal-Wallis test is significant (p<0,05) in addition to Mann-Whitney test shows N, PC, and D1 group has significant difference compare to NC group (p=0,008). No difference between PC and N group (p=0.15). Fish oil in 6mg/kgBW dosage is comparable to aspirin (p=0.69). In addition, lower dose (p=0,016) dan and solvent control (p=0,008) differs significantly to D1. Industrial waste fish oil in dosage of 6mg/kgBW can lower IL-6 expression in mice colon tissue induced CRC.

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"Ikan Lemuru (Sardinella sp) adalah salah satu kelompok ikan yang memiliki kandunganprotein tinggi dan kandungan minyak ikan yang banyak, tersebar luas di perairan JawaTimur, terutama di Banyuwangi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk pengayaan omega-3minyak ikan Lemuru melalui reaksi enzimatik, sehingga akan meningkatkan nilaiekonomi dari minyak ikan lemuru yang selama ini di Muncar (sentra produksi minyakikan) dimanfaatkan sebagai campuran pakan ternak dan ikan. Minyak ikan Lemurudilakukan pemurnian dengan menggunakan bentonit dan karbon aktif. Minyak ikansebelum pemurnian dan sesudah pemurnian ditentukan kualitasnya dengan cara analisaangka asam lemak bebas, angka asam, angka peroksida dan angka iodnyamenggunakan metode titrimetri, sedangkan pemucatan warna (bleaching) ditentukanmenggunakan nilai absorbansinya menggunakan spektofotometer. Pengayaan omega 3minyak ikan cara hidrolisis dengan bantuan enzim lipase komersial dilakukan sebanyak1 gram minyak ikan menggunakan tabung reaksi dan 160 gram menggunakan reaktor 1L. Reaksi enzimatis dilakukan dengan variasi suhu (45-55), waktu (6-24 jam),konsentrasi enzim (500, 1000, 1500 dan 2000 unit) dan agitasi (50-150 rpm).Kandungan asam lemak omega 3 dari minyak ikan yang telah dihidrolisis dengan enzimlipase ditentukan menggunakan Gas Chromatography (GC). Hasil pemurnianmenggunakan karbon 3% dapat menurunkan angka peroksida sampai nol danmenurunkan nilai absorbansi yang sebelumnya 0,883 menjadi 0,559 pada λ 440 nm.Hasil GC menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum untuk reaksi enzimatis adalah waktureaksi 24 jam, konsentrasi enzim 1000 unit dan temperatur optimum 50oC. Reaksienzimatik menggunakan lipase komersial dapat meningkatkan kadar omega-3 minyakikan Lemuru yang sebelum reaksi enzimatis ALA 0,110, EPA 0.089 dan DHA 0.01 %setelah reaksi enzimatis berturut turut menjadi menjadi 1,059 (12 kali), 1,61 (18 kalilebih) dan 0.352 % (35 kali lebih). Reaksi enzimtais minyak ikan Lemuru dengan cararancangan RSM-Box Behnken mendekati sebenarnya sampai lebih dari 95%, dengankondisi optimum rancangan temperature, waktu dan agitasi berturut-turut 45oC, 24 jamdan 150 rpm.

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Lemuru fish (Sardinella sp.) is a group of fish that has a high protein and oil content. It

is widespread in East Java waters, especially in Banyuwangi. The present study was

aimed to enrich the omega-3 lemuru fish oil through enzymatic reactions so that it

would increase the economic value of lemuru fish oil, which has been used as the

mixture of animal and fish feed in Muncar (fish oil production center). Lemuru fish oil

was refined using bentonite and activated carbon. The quality of fish oil before and after

purification was determined by analyzing the free fatty acid number, acid value,

peroxide value and iodine value using the titrimetric method, while bleaching analysis

was determined by absorbance value using a spectrophotometer. The enrichment of

omega-3 from fish oil by enzymatic hydrolysis using commercial lipase enzymes was

carried out in the amount of 1 gram of fish oil using a test tube and 160 grams using a 1

L reactor. Enzymatic reactions were carried out with variations in temperature (45-

55°C), time (6-24 hours), concentration enzymes (500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 units),

and agitation (50-150 rpm). The omega-3 fatty acid content of fish oil that has been

hydrolyzed with lipase was determined using gas chromatography (GC). The result of

purification using 3% carbon could reduce the peroxide value to zero and the

absorbance value from 0.883 to 0.559 at λ 440 nm. The GC result showed that the

optimum conditions for the enzymatic reaction were 24 hours, 1000 units of enzyme

concentration, and 50°C. The enzymatic reaction using commercial lipases could

increase the omega-3 levels of lemuru fish oil. It was found that before enzymatic

hydrolysis, the concentration of ALA, EPA, and DHA were 0.110%, 0.089%, and

0.01%, respectively. After the enzymatic reaction, the level of ALA, EPA, and DHA

became 1.059% (12 fold), 1.61% (18 fold), and 0.352% (35 fold), respectively. The

enzymatic hydrolysis of lemuru fish oil by using Behnken RSM-Box design approach

was true to more than 95%, with the optimum design conditions of temperature, time,

and agitation were 45°C, 24 hours and 150 rpm, respectively."

"Minyak ikan dikenal sebagai produk yang memiliki khasiat besar karena mengandung PUFA (Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid). Penelitian telah membuktikan bahwa PUFA dapat mencegah penyakit-penyakit berbahaya seperti penyakit kardiovaskular, inflamasi, dan kanker. Ikan sidat (Anguilla sp.) yang digunakan sebagai bahan baku utama memiliki kandungan gizi yang sangat tinggi, baik dari segi protein dan kandungan asam lemaknya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan minyak ikan Sidat dengan melalui tahap ekstraksi, pemurnian, dan karakterisasi. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan adalah rendering basah dan proses purifikasi terdiri dari degumming, netralisasi, dan bleaching. Terdapat dua jenis minyak yang dikarakterisasi yakni minyak ikan kasar dan minyak ikan purifikasi. Hasil akhir minyak ikan kasar memiliki kandungan PUFA sebesar 31,81%, sedangakan minyak ikan purifikasi sebesar 18,44%. Minyak ikan kasar memiliki kualitas yang memadai sebagai produk minyak ikan layak konsumsi dengan spesifikasi bilangan asam (2,5), %asam lemak bebas (1,2%), kandungan air (0,15%), tingkat kejernihan (78%), dan asam lamak tak jenuh omega-3 (5,64%), omega-6 (26,17%), dan omega-9 (35,55%).

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Fish oil is known as a very beneficial product because it contains high PUFA (Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid). Various researchs have proven that PUFA is able to prevent many kind of malignancies such as cardiovascular problem, inflammation, and cancer. Sidat fish (Anguilla sp.) which will be used as main raw material has high amount of nutrients, not only in protein, but also in its fatty acid content. The purposes of this research is to produce Sidat fish oil through extraction, purification, and characterization. Wet rendering extraction method is used purification steps are consisted of degumming, neutralization, and bleaching. There are two kinds of fish oil which will be characterizied, crude fish oil and purified fish oil. The final crude sidat fish oil contain PUFA as much as 31.81%, while purified fish oil has 18.44% PUFA. The crude fish oil is known to have better and proper quality as a consumable fish oil product. It has specification as acid value (2.5), %free fatty acid (1.2%), water content (0.15%), clarity (78%), omega 3 unsaturated fatty acid (5.64%), omega 6 (26,16%), and omega 9 (35.55%)."

"ABSTRAK Kanker kolorektal adalah salah satu penyebab utama kematian akibat kanker di beberapa negara di dunia. Inflamasi telah diketahui sebagai salah satu etiologi kanker kolorektal. Omega-3 diketahui memiliki efek antiinflamasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek antiinflamasi minyak ikan kaya omega-3 pada inflamasi kolon mencit yang diinduksi Azoksimetan AOM dan dextran sodium sulfat DSS dengan cara melihat ekspresi siklooksigenase-2 COX-2 , inducible nitric oxide synthase iNOS , dan -katenin. Pada studi ini 30 ekor mencit Swiss Webster dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok: 1 Kelompok kontrol negatif KN ; 2 Kelompok obat uji minyak ikan kaya asam lemak omega-3 dengan dosis 3 mg/hari Dosis-I ; 3 kelompok obat uji minyak ikan kaya asam lemak omega-3 dengan dosis 1,5 mg/hari Dosis-II ; 4 Kelompok kontrol pelarut minyak jagung KP ; 5 Kelompok kontrol positif aspirin ASP ; 6 Kelompok normal KNO . Kelompok 1-5 diinduksi dengan AOM 10 mg/kgBB intraperitoneal sekali, lalu 1 minggu kemudian diikuti dengan pemberian DSS 2 ad lib dalam air minum selama 7 hari. Setelah masa induksi dilanjutkan waktu perlakuan obat uji sesuai kelompok diatas selama 6 minggu. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah tidak ada perbedaan bermakna pada kelompok obat uji Dosis-I dan Dosis-II P>0.05 terkait ekspresi COX-2, INOS, dan -katenin dibandingkan dengan semua kelompok kontrol negatif. Perbedaan bermakna dalam ekspresi COX-2, INOS, dan -katenin dijumpai dengan membandingkan semua kelompok perlakuan dengan kelompok normal p

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ABSTRACT

Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in some countries of the world. Inflammation has been recognized as one of the etiologies of colorectal cancer. Omega 3 is known to have anti inflammatory properties. The aim of this tudy was to investigate the anti inflammatory effect of omega 3 enriched fish oil on inflammation of mice rsquo s colon by induction of azoxymethane AOM and dextran sodium sulfate DSS by analyzing the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 COX 2 , inducible nitric oxide synthase iNOS , and katenin. In this study we use 30 Swiss Webster mice divided into 6 groups 1 Negative control group KN 2 test group of fish oil with a dose of 1.5 mg day Dosis I 3 test group of fish oil with a dose of 3 mg day Dosis II 4 solvent control group of corn oil KP 5 Positive control group of aspirin ASP 6 Normal group KNO . Group 1 5 was induced with AOM 10 mg kgBB intraperitoneally once, then 1 week later followed by administering 2 ad lib DSS in drinking water for 7 days. After the induction period, continued treatment time based on group above for 6 weeks. There were no significant diffenrence in the test group Dosis I dan Dosis II p 0.05 related to COX 2, INOS, and catenin expression compared with all control groups. Significant differences in the expression of COX 2, INOS, and catenin were found by comparing all treatment groups with the normal group p "

"[ABSTRAKMinyak ikan dikenal sebagai sumber polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) yang baik dan digunakan untuk tujuan farmasetika dan suplemen pangan secara luas. Dalam penelitian ini, bahan baku ikan sidat (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) dikarakterisasi dan minyak ikan diekstraksi dari tulang ikan sidat dengan metode Bligh & Dyer dan wet rendering. Komposisi asam lemak dari minyaknya dianalisa dan dikuantifikasi menggunakan kromatografi gas. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan, total by-product pengolahan ikan sidat (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) mencapai 26,38%, kandungan lemak tulang ikan sidat 17,33 ± 0,58 g/100 g. Rendemen minyak ikan sidat yang diekstraksi dengan metode Bligh dan Dyer adalah 17,12%. Berdasarkan hasil analisis asam lemak minyak ikan sidat, diperoleh kandungan SFA 19,87%, MUFA 25,84%, PUFA 13,84%. Komposisi asam lemak utama minyak ikan sidat adalah asam palmitat 13,58%, asam oleat 20,94%, asam linoleat 4,01%, EPA 1,57% dan DHA 4,84%. Rendemen tertinggi ekstraksi minyak ikan dari tulang ikan sidat menggunakan metode wet rendering adalah sebesar 6,95% yang didapat pada pada suhu 80ºC, waktu perebusan 60 menit. Penambahan waktu perebusan menjadi 90 menit pada suhu yang sama, tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap persentase rendemen. Kondisi ekstraksi metode wet rendering terbaik berdasarkan persentase rendemen dan nilai hasil uji mutu dari minyak ikan adalah suhu perebusan 60°C, waktu perebusan 60 menit dengan persentase rendemen sebesar 5,53%, asam lemak bebas 0,47% , bilangan asam 9.277,55 mg KOH/kg, bilangan peroksida 38,35 meq/kg, bilangan anisidin 25,84 meq/kg dan total oksidasi 102,55 meq/kg. Hanya kandungan asam lemak bebas saja yang mempunyai nilai sesuai standar yang diperbolehkan.

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ABSTRACTFish oils have been recognized as good sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) which are widely used for pharmaceutical purposes and as food supplements. In this study, eels (Angguilla bicolor bicolor) as a raw material was characterized and fish oil from eels bone were extracted using Bligh & Dyer and wet rendering method. The fatty acid composition of the oil was analyzed and quantified using gas chromatography. Results showed that the total yield of by-product of eel reached 26,38 %, the lipid content of eels bone was 17.33 ± 0.58 g/100 g. Yield of eel bone oil extracted by Bligh and Dyer method was 17.12%. In the fatty acid analysis of eel bone oil, it was discovered that SFA was 19.87%, MUFA was 25.84%, and PUFA was 13.84%. The Composition of major fatty acids in the oil from the bone were palmitic acid (13.58%), oleic acid (20.94%), linoleic acid (4.01%), EPA (1.57%), and DHA (4.84%). The highest yield of fish oil from eel bone with wet rendeering exctraction method was 6.95% on temperatur 80ºC and boiling time 60 minutes. At the same temperatur, an additional time to 90 minutes was not significantly different to percentage of yield. The best condition for wet rendering exctraction method is boiling temperature 60°C, boiling time 60 minute with value of yield, free fatty acid, acid value, peroxide value, anisidin value and total oxidation is 5,53%, 0,47%, 9.277,55 mg KOH/kg, 38,35 meq/kg, 25,84 meq/kg and 102,55 meq/kg respectively. Result showed that only free fatty acid value which meet the standar requirement.;Fish oils have been recognized as good sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) which are widely used for pharmaceutical purposes and as food supplements. In this study, eels (Angguilla bicolor bicolor) as a raw material was characterized and fish oil from eels bone were extracted using Bligh & Dyer and wet rendering method. The fatty acid composition of the oil was analyzed and quantified using gas chromatography. Results showed that the total yield of by-product of eel reached 26,38 %, the lipid content of eels bone was 17.33 ± 0.58 g/100 g. Yield of eel bone oil extracted by Bligh and Dyer method was 17.12%. In the fatty acid analysis of eel bone oil, it was discovered that SFA was 19.87%, MUFA was 25.84%, and PUFA was 13.84%. The Composition of major fatty acids in the oil from the bone were palmitic acid (13.58%), oleic acid (20.94%), linoleic acid (4.01%), EPA (1.57%), and DHA (4.84%). The highest yield of fish oil from eel bone with wet rendeering exctraction method was 6.95% on temperatur 80ºC and boiling time 60 minutes. At the same temperatur, an additional time to 90 minutes was not significantly different to percentage of yield. The best condition for wet rendering exctraction method is boiling temperature 60°C, boiling time 60 minute with value of yield, free fatty acid, acid value, peroxide value, anisidin value and total oxidation is 5,53%, 0,47%, 9.277,55 mg KOH/kg, 38,35 meq/kg, 25,84 meq/kg and 102,55 meq/kg respectively. Result showed that only free fatty acid value which meet the standar requirement.;Fish oils have been recognized as good sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) which are widely used for pharmaceutical purposes and as food supplements. In this study, eels (Angguilla bicolor bicolor) as a raw material was characterized and fish oil from eels bone were extracted using Bligh & Dyer and wet rendering method. The fatty acid composition of the oil was analyzed and quantified using gas chromatography. Results showed that the total yield of by-product of eel reached 26,38 %, the lipid content of eels bone was 17.33 ± 0.58 g/100 g. Yield of eel bone oil extracted by Bligh and Dyer method was 17.12%. In the fatty acid analysis of eel bone oil, it was discovered that SFA was 19.87%, MUFA was 25.84%, and PUFA was 13.84%. The Composition of major fatty acids in the oil from the bone were palmitic acid (13.58%), oleic acid (20.94%), linoleic acid (4.01%), EPA (1.57%), and DHA (4.84%). The highest yield of fish oil from eel bone with wet rendeering exctraction method was 6.95% on temperatur 80ºC and boiling time 60 minutes. At the same temperatur, an additional time to 90 minutes was not significantly different to percentage of yield. The best condition for wet rendering exctraction method is boiling temperature 60°C, boiling time 60 minute with value of yield, free fatty acid, acid value, peroxide value, anisidin value and total oxidation is 5,53%, 0,47%, 9.277,55 mg KOH/kg, 38,35 meq/kg, 25,84 meq/kg and 102,55 meq/kg respectively. Result showed that only free fatty acid value which meet the standar requirement., Fish oils have been recognized as good sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) which are widely used for pharmaceutical purposes and as food supplements. In this study, eels (Angguilla bicolor bicolor) as a raw material was characterized and fish oil from eels bone were extracted using Bligh & Dyer and wet rendering method. The fatty acid composition of the oil was analyzed and quantified using gas chromatography. Results showed that the total yield of by-product of eel reached 26,38 %, the lipid content of eels bone was 17.33 ± 0.58 g/100 g. Yield of eel bone oil extracted by Bligh and Dyer method was 17.12%. In the fatty acid analysis of eel bone oil, it was discovered that SFA was 19.87%, MUFA was 25.84%, and PUFA was 13.84%. The Composition of major fatty acids in the oil from the bone were palmitic acid (13.58%), oleic acid (20.94%), linoleic acid (4.01%), EPA (1.57%), and DHA (4.84%). The highest yield of fish oil from eel bone with wet rendeering exctraction method was 6.95% on temperatur 80ºC and boiling time 60 minutes. At the same temperatur, an additional time to 90 minutes was not significantly different to percentage of yield. The best condition for wet rendering exctraction method is boiling temperature 60°C, boiling time 60 minute with value of yield, free fatty acid, acid value, peroxide value, anisidin value and total oxidation is 5,53%, 0,47%, 9.277,55 mg KOH/kg, 38,35 meq/kg, 25,84 meq/kg and 102,55 meq/kg respectively. Result showed that only free fatty acid value which meet the standar requirement.]"

"Kerusakan hati pada pasien dengan kanker kolorektal memberikan kontribusi terhadap morbiditas dan mortalitas pada kelompok pasien ini. Minyak ikan kaya omega 3 memiliki efek imunomodulator dan antiinflamasi yang mungkin dapat menekan kerusakan hati pasien kanker kolorektal.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak pemberian minyak ikan kaya omega-3 terhadap kerusakan hati pasien kanker kolorektal dengan menggunakan model mencit yang diinduksi dengan azoksimetan AOM dan dekstran sodium sulfat DSS.Metode: Dua puluh empat ekor mencit balb/c dinduksi dengan AOM dosis 10 mg/kgBB dan larutan DSS 2 intraperitoneal. Mencit kemudian dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok perlakuan: kelompok kontrol; kelompok yang diberi minyak ikan kaya omega-3 dosis rendah 1,5mg/hari ; Kelompok yang diberi minyak ikan kaya omega-3 dosis sedang 3mg/hari ; Kelompok yang diberi minyak ikan kaya omega-3 dosis tinggi 6mg/hari. Mencit dikorbankan setelah 10 minggu. Hati mencit kemudian diwarnai dengan hematoxylin eosin dan dilihat histopatologinya nekrosis, steatosis, inflamasi, displasia, dan obstruksi vena sentral menggunakan mikroskop cahaya.Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan histopatologi yang bermakana kelompok kontrol dengan kelompok yang diberi suplementasi minyak ikan kaya omega-3 pada jumlah fokus nekrosis p=0,029 untuk dosis rendah, p=0,001 untuk dosis sedang

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Background Liver injury in colorectal cancer contributes to not only morbidity but also mortality in these patients. Omega 3 rich fish oil may reduce the liver injury by immune and inflammation modulation, the basis of liver injury in these patients.

The objective of this study is to find the effect of omega 3 rich fish oil supplementation to liver injury in colorectal cancer patient using mice model induced by azoxymethane AOM and dextran sodium sulfate DSS.

Method Twenty four balb c mice induced with AOM dose 10 mg kgBW and DSS 2 solution intraperitoneally. Mice were then divided into 4 group control group mice received low dose of omega 3 rich fish oil 1,5mg day group Mice received medium dose of omega 3 rich fish oil 3mg day group mice received high dose of omega 3 rich fish oil 6mg day group. The mice were sacrificed after 10 weeks. The livers smeared and observed under light microscope with histopathology indicator necrosis, steatosis, inflammation, displasia, and central vein obstruction.

Results There were significant histopathologic difference between control and mice that received omega 3 rich fish oil supplementation on the number of necrosis foci p 0.029 for low dose, p 0.001 for medium dose"