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"Essential elements such as micro and microminerals have and important role in physiological processes in animals,especially for ruminants which which are usually grassing in the field

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"Essential minerals are important for physiological process in biological life, and divided into two groups that are macrominerals and microminerals. Macrominerals are required by a body in gross, consisted of calcium , chlor, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, sodium and sulfur... "

"Perjanjian antara Pemerintah Republik Indonesia dengan perusahaan berbadan hukum Indonesia dalam rangka Penanaman Modal Asing untuk melaksanakan usaha pertambangan bahan galian, tidak termasuk minyak bumi, gas alam, panas bumi, radio aktif dan batubara, dilakukan dalam bentuk Kontrak Karya. Kontrak Karya pertambangan Umum bersifat "Lex Specialis" artinya segala ketentuan-ketentuan yang telah tercantum dalam kontrak karya tidak akan ikut berubah karena terjadinya perubahan atas peraturan Undang-undang yang berlaku umum. Pernyataan Lex Specialis ini dapat dilihat dalam Surat Menteri Keuangan S-1032/MK.04/1998.Dalam pendirian perusahaan kontrak karya ada pengeluaranpengeluaran yang harus dikeluarkan oleh pemegang saham sebelum perusahaan kontrak karya berdiri yang lebih dikenal dengan nama Pre Contract of Work Expenditures (Pre-COW Expenditures). Pre-Cow Expenditures ini dilakukan dalam melaksanakan kegiatan Preliminary Exploration Work, dimana pekerjaan inilah yang nantinya akan menentukan apakah dari hasilnya akan dilanjutkan ke tahap pendirian perusahaan kontrak karya atau bukan.Sehingga jika hasil Preliminary Exploration Work memberikan perhitungan yang tidak memungkinkan untuk dilanjutkan ke tahap pendirian perusahaan kontrak karya maka Pre-COW Expenditures akan menjadi beban calon pemegang saham perusahaan kontrak karya itu dan kalau ternyata dilanjutkan ke tahap pendirian perusahaan kontrak karya maka Pre-COW Expenditures akan dialihkan ke perusahaan kontrak karya untuk dibebankan sebagai unsur biaya dalam perusahaan kontrak karya seperti yang dinyatakan dalam Kontrak Karya Generasi VI Pajak Penghasilan.Dalam Annex H butir butir (6) ini dinyatakan bahwa pengeluaran-pengeluaran sebelum perusahaan didirikan yang telah dikeluarkan oleh para pemegang saham dan langsung berhubungan dengan proyek Kontrak Karya, dapat dikonsolidasikan ke dalam rekening Perusahaan sebagai unsur-unsur biaya. Pengeluaran-pengeluaran tersebut harus diaudit oleh akuntan publik dan disetujui oleh Direktur Jendera Pajak. Dari pernyataan dalam Annex H butir (6) Kontrak Karya ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa syarat Pre-COW Expenditures ini dapat dikonsolidasikan ke perusahaan Kontrak Karya sebagai unsur-unsur biaya pengurang penghasilan (deductible expenses), ada 4 (empat), yaitu pengeluaran itu harus dikeluarkan oleh pemegang saham, harus berhubungan langsung dengan proyek Kontrak Karya, harus diaudit oleh akuntan publik dan terakhir harus diaudit oleh Direktur Jenderal pajak.Umumnya dalam pertambangan di Indonesia dalam mengerjakan pekerjaan yang berhubungan dengan Pre-COW Expenditures, pemegang saham meyerahkan seluruh proses pekerjaan itu kepada perusahaan jasa pertambangan (Mining Service Company) sebagai agent of payment dari pemegang saham, maka semua Pre-COW Expenditures yang dikeluarkan oleh Mining Service Company bukanlah biaya bagi Mining Service Company itu, tetapi adalah harta/property milik pemegang saham.Dari studi atas sengketa pajak pada PT "X", diketahui bahwa sampai saat ini pihak pemerintah terutama pihak Direktorat Jenderal Pajak belum pernah mengeluarkan suatu peraturan atas Pre-COW Expenditures yang mengatur tentang bagaimana prosedur pelaksana atas pernyataan yang terdapat dalam kontrak karya Annex H butir (6), apa itu mengenai kriteria pengeluaran yang berhubungan dengan proyek kontrak karya, bagaimana cara pengalihannya, kapan seharusnya mulai diamortisasi, bagaimana tatacara pemberian persetujuan, apakah melalui permohonan khusus atau melalui penyampaian SPT PPH Badan yang kemudian persetujuannya berupa Surat Ketetapan pajak, apakah proses mendapatkan persetujuan itu harus dilakukan di kantor pusat atau cukup melalui KPP tempat wajib pajak terdaftar.Direktorat Jenderal pajak dalam memberikan suatu persetujuan untuk menerima atau menolak atas pembebanan Pre-COW Expenditures, harus memperhatikan asas pemungutan pajak terutama asas keadilan, asas kepastian hukum dan asas efisiensi sehingga tidak ada pihak-pihak yang merasa dirugikan baik itu pihak wajib pajak maupun pihak Pemerintah atau Direktorat Jenderal pajak.

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Agreements between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and Indonesian legal entity-based business companies for the purpose of Foreign Investment in the mining of minerals, exclusive of petroleum, natural gas, geo-thermal energy, radio active and coal, are entered into in the form Contracts of Work. The Contract of Work on General Mining Operations is "Lex Specialis," which means that all legal provisions contained in the contract of work will not be subject to change in case of amendment to any of the prevailing laws and regulations. This 'lex specialis' statement appears in the Letter of the Minister of Finance under Number S-1032/MK.04/1998.Incorporation of a contract of work - based business enterprise involves pre-establishment expenses by the shareholders better known as the Pre-contract-of-Work Expenditures (Pre-COW Expenditures). These Pre-COW Expenditures form part of the Preliminary Exploration Work. It is this work that will determine whether or not the results will proceed to the phase of incorporating a contrac-of-work-based business company.If the results of the Preliminary Exploration Work generate a calculation making impossible to proceed to the phase of incorporating a contrac-of-workbased business company, the Pre-COW Expenditures will be to the cost of the prospective shareholders of the contrac-of-work-based company. If the results, as it turns out, do to the phase of incorporation, the Pre-COW Expenditures will be transferred to the the contrac-of-work-based company for debiting as a cost element therein, as specified in the Generation VI Contract of Work of General Mining in Annex H, point (6) on the Rule on Income Tax Calculation.Annex H point (6) provides that any preincorporation expenses, spent by the shareholders and immediately associated with the contrac-of-work-based projects, are capable of consolidation into the Company?s account as a cost element. Such expenses are subject to audit by an public accountant and to the approval of the Director General of Taxation. From the statement in Annex H, point (6) of the Contract of Work a conclusion can be drawn that the Pre-COW Expenditures can be consolidated into the contrac-of-work-based company as deductible expenses, under 4 (four) conditions: expenses are to be spent by the shareholders; are in direct relation to the the contrac-of-workbased projects; are to be audited by a public accountant, and, lastly, are to approved the Director General of Taxation.In general, in the mining sector in Indonesia, in jobs relative to the Pre-COW Expenditures, the shareholders pass the entire process to a Mining Service Company as their agent of payment. All such Pre-COW Expenditures spent by the Mining Service Company are not so to the Mining Service Company, but the property of the shareholders.The study of a tax dispute facing PT "X", has led to the discovery that the Government, in this case, the Directorate General of Taxation, has not as yet issued issued any regulation on the Pre-COW Expenditures governing the procedure for implementation of the statement in the contract of work in Annex H, point (6), concerning the criteria for expenditure associated with the contract-of-work-based projects, for transfer, when should amortization commence; for approval, whether through a special application or submission of the Business Entity-related Annual Income Tax Return further approved in the form of the Tax Assessment Notice; whether the process of obtaining the approval is to proceed at the head office only at the Tax Service Office with which the taxpayer has been registered.The Directorate General of Taxation in the issuance of the approval/acceptance or of the rejection of the debiting of the Pre-COW Expenditures, must take note of the principles of tax collection, mainly relative to fairness, legal certainty, and efficiency so that not a single party feels having been put at a disadvantage, whether it is the taxpayer, Government, or Directorate General of Taxation."

"Mineral lempung merupakan filosilikat aluminium hidrat yang berdasarkan struktur kristalnya dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok utama, yaitu kaolinit, smektit, illit, dan klorit. Masing-masing kelompok mineral ini memiliki properti fisika & kimia tertentu yang berpotensi mempengaruhi kegiatan eksplorasi & eksploitasi minyak & gas bumi, seperti potensi penyempitan lubang bor, pelebaran lubang bor, dan lainnya. Untuk menghindari potensi-potensi tersebut, penelitian ini dilakukan pada Lapangan X di Cekungan Kutai dengan memetakan distribusi dari mineral lempung. Metode yang digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut adalah analisis petrofisika dan pemodelan 2D. Dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa mineral lempung yang ditemukan pada daerah penelitian adalah kaolinit, illit, klorit, & smektit. Dengan mineral kaolinit dan illit ditemukan mendominasi. Kaolinit mendominasi pada kedalaman relatif dangkal (741.5-4032 feet kedalaman vertikal sesungguhnya), sementara illit mendominasi pada kedalaman relatif lebih dalam (4032-6626.3 feet kedalaman vertikal sesungguhnya). Selain itu, ditemukan juga terjadi pengurangan volume kaolinit dan penambahan volume illit seiring bertambahnya kedalaman. Diinterpretasi bahwa keberadaan mineral lempung ini dipengaruhi oleh ketersediaan mineral induk, temperatur, air pori, & lingkungan pengendapan. Dan, distribusinya dipengaruhi oleh batas sekuen & sesar-sesar.

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Clay minerals are hydrous alumina phyllosilicates which based on their crystal structure divided into 4 major groups, that is kaolinite, smectite, illite, and chlorite. Each of these mineral groups has certain physical & chemical properties that have the potential to affect oil & gas exploration & exploitation activities, such as the potential of hole closure, hole enlargement, etc. To avoid this potentials, this research was conducted at Field X in the Kutai Basin by mapping the distribution of clay minerals. The methods used to achieve these goals are petrophysical analysis and 2D modeling. From this research it is known that the clay minerals found in the study area are kaolinite, illite, chlorite, and smectite. With the minerals kaolinite and illite found to dominate. Kaolinite dominates at relatively shallow depths (741.5-4032 feet true vertical depth), while illite dominates at relatively deeper depths (4032-6626.3 feet true vertical depth). In addition, it was also found that there was a decrease in the volume of kaolinite and an increase in the volume of illite with increasing depth. It is interpreted that the presence of this clay mineral is influenced by the availability of parent minerals, temperature, pore water, and the depositional environment. And, the distribution of these minerals is influenced by sequence boundary and faults."

"Telah dilakukan sintesa B4C dengan cara mengubah komposisi asam sitrat dan karbon aktif dari suatu komposisi tertentu yang telah diketahui sebelumnya. Untuk pencampuran digunakan ballmill. Karakterisasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan XRD dan FTIR. Hasil XRD memperlihatkan bahwa dengan penambahan asam sitrat, jumlah B4C yang terbentuk naik dan dengan penambahan karbon aktif, jumlah B4C relatif turun sedikit. Data FTIR menunjukkan bahwa penambahan asam sitrat maupun karbon aktif memperlihtakan adanya ikatan-ikatan B - C. Bila dibandingkan dengan data XRD maupun FTIR dari B4C Aldrich, telah terbentuk dengan baik B4C.

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It has been synthesized B4C by varying citric acid and activated carbon from predetermined composition. Material mixing was done by ballmill. Characterizations of the samples were done by means of XRD and FTIR. XRD diagram showed that B4C increased by increasing citric acid and by increasing activated carbon the number of B4C decreased. FTIR data showed that by increasing citric acid or activated carbon, the bond B - C appeared. By comparing data from B4C Aldrich, the samples showed similarity."

"Analisis fisika batuan adalah salah satu komponen kunci dalam eksplorasi, pengembangan, dan produksi hidrokarbon yang menyediakan hubungan antara parameter reservoar geologi dan sifat seismik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis bagaimana pengaruh kandungan mineral lempung terhadap respon seismik AVO pada reservoar batupasir berdasarkan persamaan Gassmann di pemodelan fisika batuan. Metode yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah pemodelan fisika batuan dari dua data sumur X-19 dan X-15 di Lapangan 'D', Formasi Balikpapan, Cekungan Kutai. Pemodelan yang dilakukan baik pada sumur X-15 dan X-19, hanya dilakukan pada dua zona perwakilan. Zona A dan C untuk sumur X-15 serta zona K dan Q untuk sumur X-19. Proses pemodelan fisika batuan terdiri dari pemodelan mineral, fluida, serta kerangka batuan. Ketiganya dengan persamaan Gassmann akan digunakan untuk menghitung nilai pemodelan Vp, Vs, dan rb. Impedansi akustik dan impedansi elastik kemudian dihitung untuk mendapatkan nilai R q dari pendekatan Zoeppritz, dengan menggunakan persamaan Shuey. Sebagai kesimpulan, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh yang paling terlihat dalam pemodelan adalah pada sumur X-19 di zona Q unsur mineral lempung adalah Smectite dan sumur X-15 di zona C unsur mineral lempung adalah Illite. Baik zona Q dan C terindikasi tersaturasi oleh gas. Smectite yang memiliki nilai modulus onggok dan rigiditas paling rendah diantara tipe lempung lainnya, mampu memperlambat kecepatan yang menjalar pada zona Q. Illlite yang memiliki nilai modulus onggok dan rigiditas yang lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan Kuarsa, mampu mempercepat kecepatan yang menjalar pada zona A. Dan untuk nilai rb pemodelan di kedua zona Q dan C, menjadi lebih kecil bila dibandingkan dengan data riil.

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Rock physics analysis is one of the key components in the exploration, development, and production of hydrocarbons that provide a link between geological reservoir parameters and seismic properties. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of clay mineral content on AVO seismic response on sandstone reservoir based on Gassmann equation in rock physics modeling. The method used in this research was rock physics modeling of two well data X 19 and X 15 in D Field, Balikpapan Formation, Kutai Basin. Modeling performed both on wells X 15 and X 19, was done on two representative zones. Zone A and C for well X 15 and zone K and Q for well X 19. The process of rock physics modeling consists of mineral, fluid, and modeling. All those three will be assembled with Gassmann equation to calculate the modeling of Vp, Vs, and rb. The acoustic impedance and shear impedance were then calculated to obtain the value of R q from Zoeppritz approximation, using the Shuey equation.

The most visible influence showed in modeling on well X 19, zone Q clay mineral element is Smectite and well X 15 in zone C clay mineral element is Illite. Both zone Q and C were indicated saturated by gas. Smectite which has the lowest bulk modulus and rigidity value of the other clay type, capable of slowing the velocity on zone Q. Illlite which has bulk modulus and rigidity value compared by Quartz, able to accelerate the velocity that propagates in zone A. And the value of rb modeling in both zones Q and C, becomes smaller when compared with real data."

"Problems of soil limiting factors affecting crop growth were not fully understood owing to little attention has been given to soil mineralogy and its association to soil chemical properties. The objective of the study was to assess soil mineralogical and chemical properties of seven soils derived from different parentmaterials as an integrated strategic consideration to establish soil management. Field study was carried out in 2009. Soils were sampled from each horizon of profiles. Results showed that primary and secondary minerals had a strong effect on soil chemical properties. The sand fraction of soils derived from basalt, gabbro, mica schist and serpentinite was dominated by resistant minerals (quartz or opaques), leading to very limited, if any, nutrients released from parent materials. The clay fraction was dominated by kaolinite for soils derived frombasalt, mica schist and gabbaro, and by amorphous materials for the soil derived from serpentinite resulting in low soil cation exchange capacity (CEC). For other three soils derived from volcanic tuff, volcanic basaltic andesite and volcanic ash, the easily weatherable minerals (feldspar and ferromagnesian) were dominant, suggesting the high reserved nutrients. The presence of halloysite and smectite minerals in the soil derived from volcanic tuff resulted in high soil CEC, while the dominance of amorphous materials in soils derived from volcanic basaltic andesite and volcanic ash was responsible for the low CEC. Forsoils derived from basalt, serpentinite, mica schist and gabbro, therefore, the strategic management should be directed to restore soil CEC, pH, exchangeable cations and P content. For soils derived from volcanic tuff, volcanic basaltic andesite and volcanic ash, the presence of easily weatherable minerals indicated many reserved nutrients; hence the soil management is directed for replenishment of nutrients removed by crops. "

"A cross sectional study was conducted to investigate magnesium and zinc status in newly diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In addition, macronutrients, magnesium and zinc intakes and WHR were evaluated in relation to the prevalence of NIDDM. Using 1994 WHO criteria for diabetes, sixty three (27 males and 36 females) newly diagnosed NIDDM attending outpatient clinic at general hospital in Semarang were recruited into the study. Data collection was undertaken from October 1997 to February 1998. Seventeen diabetic patients had retinopathy, which was confirmed by ophthalmologist consultation, and twenty-three had history of high blood pressure. Sixty three hospital staffs and the relatives of the diabetics, matching for gender were recruited for control (non diabetics) group.Using structured questionnaire, information about socioeconomic and sociodemographic were obtained. Data of dietary intake were obtained using 2 days repeated 24-hour recall, and anthropometric measurements including: weight, height, waist and hip circumference were performed. Urine and 5 ml venous blood sample were taken from each subject for blood glucose, plasma and urinary minerals analysis.Diabetics had significantly higher waist and WHR compared to non diabetics, and WHR was positively correlated with NIDDM and inversely correlated with age. Retinopath diabetics had lower BILE but had sign fcantly higher WHR compared to nonretinopaths. Higher intake of energy was observed in diabetics which was attributable to higher intake of carbohydrate. Diabetics also had slightly higher magnesium and zinc intakes. However, significantly lower plasma magnesium and hypermagnesuria were detected in diabetic patients. Diabetics also had slightly lower plasma zinc and slightly higher urinary zinc compared to non diabetics.No difference in minerals status was found between retinopaths and non retinopaths. Diabetics who had history of hypertension had lower plasma zinc than those who had not, but no association was found between minerals status and retinopathy."