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"Offering a comprehensive source of information on metallographic techniques and their application to the study of metals, ceramics, and polymers, this work is available once again from ASM. It contains an extensive collection of micro- and macrographs. This proven reference for metallographers, engineers, technicians has also been found useful by students studying physical metallurgy, metallography and materials science."

"A text considering the various aspects of the application of image analysis to materials science problems, most especially engineering problems. A guide for applying image analysis to evaluate microstructural features in a variety of materials. Inlcudes bright, detailed color photographs and illustrations, as well as a wealth of black and white images. DLC: Metallography."

"Provides a solid overview of the important metallurgical concepts related to microstructures of irons and steels, and it provides detailed guidelines for the proper metallographic techniques used to reveal, capture, and understand microstructures."

"Detailed discussions and over 250 graphs and charts describe the effects of microstructure on the properties of carburized stees. In-depth coverage clarifies the causes, interpretation, prevention, and consequences of various microstructural variations and defects in carburized parts. Also covered are the effects of post-hardening heat treatments, surface grinding, and shot peening. Contents: Internal Oxidation Decarburization Carbides Retained Austinite Grain size, Microsegregation, and Microcracking Core Properties and Case Depth Post Hardening Heat Treatments Post Carburizing Mechanical Treatments."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan jenis dan faktor-faktor penyebab terjadinya kerusakan pada baut pengikat motor traksi dari sebuah rangkaian kereta rel listrik (KRL). Jenis-jenis pengujian yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini meliputi uji komposisi kimia, metalografi, fraktografi, dan uji sifat mekanis seperti uji tarik dan kekerasan. Hasit penelitian menunjukkan bahwa baut tersebut mengalami patah lelah (fatigue) akibat beban lentur bolak-balik (reverse bending) yang cukup besar. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa baut yang patah tersebut ternyata memenuhi persyaratan spesifikasi yang direncanakan, disamping pada baut tersebut tidak dijumpai adanya cacat yang berarti.

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The aim of this investigation was to determine the type and factors causing failure on fastening bolts of traction motor of an electric train. In this investigation various tests were carried out including chemical composition analysis, metallographic and fractographic examinations, and mechanical property tests such as tensile and hardness measurements. The results show that the bolts experienced fatigue failure due to an excessive loading of reverse bending. In addition, the results also show that the failed bolts met the intended specification, and no significant defects were found in the bolts."

"ABSTRAK

Tujuan dari karya ilmiah ini adalah untuk mempelajari dan menganalisa faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kegagalan dini pada core pin yang digunakan untuk membuat silinder blok. Core pin mengalami kegagalan sebelum memenuhi waktu pakai yang dihitung oleh para teknisi dan ada beberapa factor yang mempengaruhi hal tersebut. Dari beberapa faktor yang bisa mempengaruhi waktu kegagalan tersebut, penulis akan menganalisa dan mencari tahu penyebab utama yang menyebabkan kegagalan pada core pin. Tes yang akan dilaksanakan meliputi pengamatan mikrostruktur, analisa komposisi kimia pada molten metal dan juga core pin itu sendiri apakah telah memenuhi standar yang telah ditentukan, dan juga uji kekerasan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa dan menemukan penyebab kegagalan dini yang terjadi pada core pin. Penelitian ini mengindikasikan bahwa factor utama yang mempengaruhi kegagalan dini pada core pin adalah desain core pin yang tidak dalam bentuk yang optimal. Kata Kunci: Analisa kegagalan, core pin, molten metal, metallography, sifat mekanikal

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ABSTRACT

The purposes of this research are to study and analyse the factor that affecting the premature failure that happen in the core pin used to make a cylinder block. The core pin was failed before the time prediction from the engineer and there are several factor that affecting the failure. From the several factors that can affect the failure time, the author would like to analyse and find out the main factor which causing the failure. The test conduct including microstructure observation, chemical composition test of the molten metal that have contact with the core pin and also the core pin itself whether the composition is already match with the standard, and hardness test. This research aims to analyse and figure out the causes of the premature failure happen in the core pin. The research suggest that the main factors that contributed to the premature failure of the core pin is the design which is not in the optimum shape. Keyword: Failure Analysis, core pin, molten metal, metallography, mechanical properties

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"This book summarizes the results of experimental work on the development of technologies for the manufacture of sour service line pipe steels. It presents the latest theories on the mechanisms of cracking and factors affecting fracture resistance in H2S-containing media of low-alloy pipe steels. The authors propose methods for improving the quality of continuously cast slabs and show the effect of the chemical composition on the microstructure and properties of rolled plates for pipes. Considerable attention is paid to the metallurgical aspects of microstructure formation and its mechanical properties, as well as the enhancement and cracking resistance of sour service sheets under thermomechanical rolling with accelerated cooling. In brief, the book presents a cutting-edge overview of sour service sheet and pipe production."

"Primary reformer merupakan salah satu proses dalam menghasilkan pupuk amonia yang berasal dari minyak bumi. Produk yang dihasilkan dalam proses ini adalah gas hidrogen. Salah satu pipa reformer mengalami kegagalan sebelum waktunya, yang ditunjukkan dengan adanya retakan pada bagian permukaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari penyebab kegagalan pipa tersebut. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah observasi struktur mikro, uji kekerasan, uji creep, uji komposisi, dan uji elektrokimia. Perhitungan sisa umur dari pipa reformer menunjukkan sisa umur yang kurang dari umur desain kerja perawatan yaitu 16 tahun. Hal ini disebabkan oleh pemuluran (creep) yang dialami oleh material pada suhu tinggi selama beroperasi 10 tahun. Hasil observasi struktur mikro dengan mikroskop optik dan SEM menunjukkan adanya pori dan retakan pada penampang pipa. Pori dan retakan kemungkinan terbentuk akibat creep yang dialami oleh material. Uji komposisi dengan EDS dan XRF menunjukkan kandungan unsur kromium (Cr) yang tinggi, selain itu terdeteksi unsur oksigen (O), dan karbon (C). Hal ini menunjukkan terjadinya oksidasi di permukaan material yang menghasilkan lapisan kromium oksida. Nilai laju korosi pipa paling tinggi ditunjukkan oleh pipa bagian luar kemudian menurun di bagian tengah dan laju korosi terendah diperoleh di pipa bagian dalam. Rentang nilai laju korosinya adalah 2,59x10-3 mmpy hingga 5,77236x10-5 mmpy.

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A primary reformer is one of the processes in producing ammonia fertilizer from petroleum. The product produced in this process is hydrogen gas. One of the reformer pipes prematurely failed, indicated by a crack in the surface. This study aims to determine the causes of pipe failure. The analytical method used is the observation of microstructure, hardness test, creep test, composition test, and electrochemical test. The calculation of the remaining life of the reformer pipe shows that the residual life is less than the working life of the maintenance design, which is 16 years. This is due to the creep that the material has experienced at high temperatures during its 10 years of operation. The results of microstructure observations with optical microscopy and SEM showed the presence of pores and cracks in the pipe section. Pores and cracks can form due to creep in the material. Composition tests with EDS and XRF showed the presence of high chromium (Cr) elements, and oxygen (O) and carbon (C) were also detected. This shows the occurrence of oxidation on the surface of the material which produces a layer of chromium oxide. The outer pipe shows the highest pipe corrosion rate value then decreases in the middle, and the lowest corrosion rate is obtained for the inner pipe. The corrosion rate ranges from 2.59x10-3 mmpy to 5.77236x10-5 mmpy.

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