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"ABSTRAKLATAR BELAKANG. Memori kerja merupakan ranah kognisi yang bertanggungjawabterhadap sebagian besar masalah kognisi yang dialami seorangusia lanjut.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui manfaat mengisiSudoku terhadap fungsi memori kerja dan fungsi kognisi global usia lanjut. METODE. Desain studi adalah uji klinis tidak tersamar. Subjek merupakanwarga Panti Sosial TresnaWerda I dan III DKI Jakarta yang diambil secarakonsekutif kemudian dibagi acak menjadi dua kelompok, perlakuan dan kontrol.Kelompok perlakuan melakukan latihan Sudoku 3x/minggu selama 12 minggu.Memori kerja dinilai dengan Trail Making Test part B (TMT-B), fungsi kognisiglobal dinilai dengan Montreal Cognitive Assesment versi bahasa Indonesia(MoCA-Ina). HASIL. Terdapat 24 subjek pada kelompok perlakuan dan 27 subjek padakelompok kontrol. Terdapat 13 subjek yang memberikan kesan positif terhadaplatihan Sudoku. Penurunan waktu penyelesaian TMT-B sebesar 11,1 detik padakelompok perlakuan dan 18,8 detik pada kelompok kontrol, meskipun tidakdidapatkan perbedaan bermakna antar kedua kelompok (p = 0,816). Terdapat 8subjek (33,3%) dari kelompok perlakuan dan 11 subjek (40,7%) dari kelompokkontrol yang mengalami peningkatan nilaiMoCA-Ina (p = 0,530). KESIMPULAN. Sudoku belum terbukti dapat meningkatkan fungsi memorikerja dan fungsi kognisi global pada usia lanjut sehat, namun peningkatan fungsimemori kerja yang terlihat pada kedua kelompok menandakan adanya plastisitasneural pada usia lanjut yang bermanfaat untuk pemeliharaan fungsi kognitif.

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ABSTRACTBACKGROUND. Working memory deficit is responsible for most of thecognitive problem experienced by older adults.The aim of the present study was todetermine whether Sudoku training might improves these deficits and if so,whether such changes might be transferred to other cognitive domains.METHODS. This was non-blinding randomized controlled trial. Subjects wereconsecutively taken from Panti Sosial TresnaWerda I dan III DKI Jakarta afterseries of screening. All subjects were assessed with Indonesian version ofMontreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-Ina) for cognitive function and TrailMaking Test part B (TMT-B) for working memory. The experimental group wasgiven 12 weeks of cognitive alternate-day training based on Sudoku exercises.RESULTS. There are 24 subjects in experimental group and 27 subjects incontrol group. Nine subjects from each group showed improvement in the TMT-Bcompletion time, although this difference were not statistically significant(experimental group 11.1s Vs control group 18.8s; p = 0.816). There were 8subjects (33.3 %) on experimental group and 11 subjects (40.7 %) on controlgroup had increment in MoCA-Ina scores (p = 0.530). Thirteen subjects reportedimprovements in memory, attention and concentration span.CONCLUSIONS. The use of Sudoku as one of the cognitive training tools on elderly still need further study and discussion regarding limitation of this presentstudy. But the improvement of working memory function as seen in resultprovides potential brain plasticity for maintaining cognitive function in elderly. ;BACKGROUND. Working memory deficit is responsible for most of thecognitive problem experienced by older adults.The aim of the present study was todetermine whether Sudoku training might improves these deficits and if so,whether such changes might be transferred to other cognitive domains.METHODS. This was non-blinding randomized controlled trial. Subjects wereconsecutively taken from Panti Sosial TresnaWerda I dan III DKI Jakarta afterseries of screening. All subjects were assessed with Indonesian version ofMontreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-Ina) for cognitive function and TrailMaking Test part B (TMT-B) for working memory. The experimental group wasgiven 12 weeks of cognitive alternate-day training based on Sudoku exercises.RESULTS. There are 24 subjects in experimental group and 27 subjects incontrol group. Nine subjects from each group showed improvement in the TMT-Bcompletion time, although this difference were not statistically significant(experimental group 11.1s Vs control group 18.8s; p = 0.816). There were 8subjects (33.3 %) on experimental group and 11 subjects (40.7 %) on controlgroup had increment in MoCA-Ina scores (p = 0.530). Thirteen subjects reportedimprovements in memory, attention and concentration span.CONCLUSIONS. The use of Sudoku as one of the cognitive training tools on elderly still need further study and discussion regarding limitation of this presentstudy. But the improvement of working memory function as seen in resultprovides potential brain plasticity for maintaining cognitive function in elderly. ;BACKGROUND. Working memory deficit is responsible for most of thecognitive problem experienced by older adults.The aim of the present study was todetermine whether Sudoku training might improves these deficits and if so,whether such changes might be transferred to other cognitive domains.METHODS. This was non-blinding randomized controlled trial. Subjects wereconsecutively taken from Panti Sosial TresnaWerda I dan III DKI Jakarta afterseries of screening. All subjects were assessed with Indonesian version ofMontreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-Ina) for cognitive function and TrailMaking Test part B (TMT-B) for working memory. The experimental group wasgiven 12 weeks of cognitive alternate-day training based on Sudoku exercises.RESULTS. There are 24 subjects in experimental group and 27 subjects incontrol group. Nine subjects from each group showed improvement in the TMT-Bcompletion time, although this difference were not statistically significant(experimental group 11.1s Vs control group 18.8s; p = 0.816). There were 8subjects (33.3 %) on experimental group and 11 subjects (40.7 %) on controlgroup had increment in MoCA-Ina scores (p = 0.530). Thirteen subjects reportedimprovements in memory, attention and concentration span.CONCLUSIONS. The use of Sudoku as one of the cognitive training tools on elderly still need further study and discussion regarding limitation of this presentstudy. But the improvement of working memory function as seen in resultprovides potential brain plasticity for maintaining cognitive function in elderly. ;BACKGROUND. Working memory deficit is responsible for most of thecognitive problem experienced by older adults.The aim of the present study was todetermine whether Sudoku training might improves these deficits and if so,whether such changes might be transferred to other cognitive domains.METHODS. This was non-blinding randomized controlled trial. Subjects wereconsecutively taken from Panti Sosial TresnaWerda I dan III DKI Jakarta afterseries of screening. All subjects were assessed with Indonesian version ofMontreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-Ina) for cognitive function and TrailMaking Test part B (TMT-B) for working memory. The experimental group wasgiven 12 weeks of cognitive alternate-day training based on Sudoku exercises.RESULTS. There are 24 subjects in experimental group and 27 subjects incontrol group. Nine subjects from each group showed improvement in the TMT-Bcompletion time, although this difference were not statistically significant(experimental group 11.1s Vs control group 18.8s; p = 0.816). There were 8subjects (33.3 %) on experimental group and 11 subjects (40.7 %) on controlgroup had increment in MoCA-Ina scores (p = 0.530). Thirteen subjects reportedimprovements in memory, attention and concentration span.CONCLUSIONS. The use of Sudoku as one of the cognitive training tools on elderly still need further study and discussion regarding limitation of this presentstudy. But the improvement of working memory function as seen in resultprovides potential brain plasticity for maintaining cognitive function in elderly. "

"Gangguan memori kerja merupakan salah satu faktor risiko yang signifikan dalam mempengaruhi kemampuan belajar anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan proporsi anak dengan gangguan memori kerja dan kesulitan belajar serta untuk menelusuri hubungan keduanya. Penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain potong lintang. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 184 siswa/i kelas 1-6 SD di salah satu Sekolah Dasar Negeri Jakarta Pusat. Memori kerja dinilai berdasarkan kuesioner Working Memory Rating Scale (WMRS) versi Bahasa Indonesia yang diisi oleh guru sekolah. Kesulitan belajar ditentukan berdasarkan nilai akademik pada satu semester terakhir yang berada di bawah nilai rerata kelasnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 21 (11,41%) mengalami gangguan memori kerja. Sementara itu, 92 anak (47,30%) mengalami kesulitan belajar Bahasa Indonesia, 96 anak (52,20%) mengalami kesulitan belajar matematika, dan 65 anak (51,58%) mengalami kesulitan belajar Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam. Anak dengan defisit memori kerja berisiko 4,8 kali lebih besar mengalami kesulitan belajar dibandingkan anak tanpa defisit memori kerja, perbedaan ini bermakna secara statistik OR (p<0,05) memori kerja dengan kesulitan belajar pada pelajaran matematika (OR=4,935), dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (OR=3,075) dan bahasa Indonesia (OR=3,373). Kesimpulan: Perlu deteksi dini gangguan memori kerja pada anak sekolah dasar terutama di sekolah dasar untuk menghindari kesulitan belajar dikemudian hari.

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Working memory deficit is one of the significant risk factors that affect children's learning ability. This study aims to obtain the proportion of children with working memory deficit and learning difficulties as well as for tracing the relationship between both of them . Quantitative research with cross sectional design. Subjects of this study were 184 students of 1st-6th grade in A State Elementary School at Central Jakarta. Working memory was assessed based on Indonesian version of Working Memory Rating Scale questionnaire (WMRS) filled by their hometeacher. Learning difficulty determined based on student's last semester academic achievement that below class average. The results showed 21 (11.41%) students had working memory deficit. Meanwhile, 92 (47.30%) students had Indonesian language learning difficulty, 96 (52.20%) students had mathematics learning difficulty, and 65 (51.58%) students had science learning difficulty. Children with working memory deficit have 4.8 times greater risk of learning difficulties than children without working memory deficit, this difference is also statistically significant OR (p <0.05) in working memory deficit status with learning difficulty in mathematics (OR = 4,935), and science (OR = 3.075) and Indonesian language subject (OR = 3,373). Conclusions: It is needed early detection of working memory deficit in primary school students especially in inclusion primary school to avoid future learning difficulties."

"Studi terbaru menunjukkan bahwa paparan anestesi sevoflurane pada 3 tahun awal kehidupan dapat mempengaruhi fungsi kognitif beberapa tahun setelah paparan pertama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi efek paparan sevoflurane yang berkepanjangan dan berulang selama masa penyapihan dan apakah pemberian propolis Sulawesi; senyawa alami yang diketahui memiliki efek anti inflamasi; memiliki efek menguntungkan pada neuroinflamasi dan penanda sinaptik di area korteks prefrontal, dan selanjutnya mempengaruhi fungsi memori kerja spasial. Tikus Sprague Dawley (P21) berumur 21 hari yang dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok yaitu kontrol, sevoflurane, dan sevoflurane+propolis. Pemaparan sevoflurane 3% selama 2 jam dilakukan sebanyak 3 kali pada P21, P23 dan P25. Pemberian propolis 200mg/kgBB diberikan secara oral sejak pertama paparan sevoflurane P21 hingga tikus didekapitasi pada P25 dan P51. Analisis kadar IL-6, TNFa, IL-10, dan PSD95 menggunakan ELISA pada P25 dan P51. Memori kerja spasial diukur menggunakan Spontaneous Y-Maze pada P51. Hasil penelitian paparan sevoflurane pada masa penyapihan tidak memberikan perubahan signifikan terhadap kadar IL6, TNF⍺, IL-10 dan PSD95 korteks prefrontal yang sejalan dengan fungsi memori kerja. Pemberian propolis juga tidak memberikan efek signifikan pada semua parameter. Sehingga disimpulkan paparan sevoflurane 3% selama 2 jam dalam masa penyapihan tidak menimbulkan kondisi neuroinflamasi yang akan mempengaruhi penanda sinaptik dan fungsi memori kerja spasial. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengetahui dosis sevoflurane yang menyebabkan efek buruk pada fungsi memori dan mengeksplorasi efek menguntungkan propolis pada kondisi ini.

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Recent studies suggest that exposure to sevoflurane anesthesia in the early 3 years of life may affect cognitive function several years after the first exposure. This study aimed to explore the effects of prolonged and repeated exposure to sevoflurane during the weaning period and whether administration of Sulawesi propolis; a natural compound known to have anti-inflammatory effects; has beneficial effects on neuroinflammatory and synaptic markers in prefrontal cortex areas, and subsequently affects spatial working memory function. Experimental animals were 21-day-old Sprague Dawley rats (P21) which were divided into three groups, namely control, sevoflurane, and sevoflurane+propolis. Exposure to sevoflurane 3% for 2 hours was carried out 3 times at P21, P23 and P25. Propolis was given orally from the first exposure to sevoflurane P21 until the mice were decapitated at P25 and P51. Analysis of IL-6, TNFa, IL-10, and PSD95 levels using ELISA at P25 and P51. Spatial working memory was measured using the Spontaneous Y-Maze at P51. The results of research on sevoflurane exposure during the weaning period did not provide significant changes to the levels of IL6, TNF⍺, IL-10 and PSD95 in the prefrontal cortex which is in line with working memory function. Propolis administration also did not have a significant effect on all parameters. So it was concluded that exposure to 3% sevoflurane for 2 hours during the weaning period was not to cause a neuroinflammatory condition that would affect synaptic markers and spatial working memory function. Further research is needed to determine which doses of sevoflurane cause adverse effects on memory function and explore the beneficial effects of propolis on this condition."

"Latar belakang : Sepak bola merupakan olahraga open motor skill sehingga harus memiliki atensi dan memori kerja yang baik untuk menghadapi lingkungan pertandingan yang dinamis. Pemain yang berpengalaman akan mempunyai level atensi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pemain yang tidak pengalaman. Memori kerja menggambarkan kemampuan seorang atlet dalam mempersepsikan informasi sensoris menjadi sebuah aksi yang bertujuan sehingga akan mempengaruhi performa atlet. Di Indonesia belum ada pemeriksaan objektif mengenai hal ini. Tujuan penelitian mengetahui performa atensi dan memori kerja pada atlet sepak bola berdasarkan pemeriksaan Trail Making Test (TMT) B, Letter Cancellation Test (LCT) dan neurofisiologis event-related potential (ERP) P300.Metode Penelitian : Studi potong lintang yang membandingkan atlet sepak bola liga 3 dengan kelompok non-atlet untuk mengidentifikasi waktu tercepat melakukan tugas TMT B, LCT dan performa P300 seperti latensi, simetrisitas kedua hemisfer, kecepatan reaksi serta tingkat kesalahan berdasarkan omission error dan commission error. Analisa menggunakan uji t test berpasangan, Wilcoxon dan uji FisherHasil : Dari 14 subjek pada masing masing kelompok, waktu pengerjaan LCT pada atlet cenderung lebih cepat namun tidak bermakna (p=0,168), lebih lama pada TMT B (p=615), latensi P300 lebih cepat pada semua sadapan kecuali di FP2 dan bermakna pada daerah temporal (T3, T5,T6), parietal (Pz) dan oksipital (01), latensi P300 yang simetris di semua sadapan dan amplitudonya P300 yang simetris dibandingkan non-atlet yang terdapat frontal asimetris serta tingkat ketelitian yang lebib baik dengan tidak adanya kesalahan pada omission error (0 vs 4subjek ) dan sedikitnya kesalahan pada commission error (2 vs 6 subjek).Kesimpulan : Pemerikaan ERP P300, TMT B dan LCT dapat digunakan sebagai pemeriksaan objektif untuk menilai atensi dan memori kerja pada atlet sepak bola. Latensi yang lebih cepat dan simetris, amplitudo frontal yang simetris, tingkat kesalahan yang sedikit menunjukkan performa atensi dan memori kerja yang cepat dan akurat, namun belum tergambarkan secara fenotip (TMT B dan LCT).

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Background : Football is an open motor skill sport, therefore to compete in a fast-paced atmosphere, you'll need to pay close attention and have an excellent working memory. Players with more experience will pay more attention than inexperienced players. Working memory is the term used to characterize an athlete's capacity to translate sensory information into intentional action that will impact performance. There hasn't been any impartial investigation of this issue in Indonesia. Using the Trail Making Test (TMT) B,

Letter Cancellation Test (LCT), and neurophysiological event related potential (ERP) P300 tests, the study's objective was to assess soccer players' attention and working memory

abilities.

Method : To determine the quickest time to complete TMT B, LCT, and P300 performance tasks, such as latency, symmetry of both hemispheres, reaction time, and error rate based on omission error and commission error, a cross-sectional study compared groups of league 3 soccer players with non-athlete groups in Indonesia. analysis utilizing the

Wilcoxon, paired t tests and Fisher.

Results : Of the 14 subjects in each group, the time for LCT processing in athletes tended to be faster but not significant (p=0.168), longer in TMT B (p=0,615), P300 latency was faster in all leads except in FP2 and significant in the temporal (T3, T5, T6), parietal (Pz) and occipital (01), symmetrical P300 latency in all leads and symmetrical P300 amplitude compared to non-athletes who have frontal asymmetry and a better level of accuracy with no errors in omission error (0 vs 4 subjects) and least error on commission error (2 vs 6 subjects).

Conclusion : Soccer players' attention and working memory can be evaluated objectively by looking at their ERP P300, TMT B, and LCT. Although not yet phenotypically defined (TMT B and LCT), faster latency and symmetrical, symmetrical frontal amplitude, reduced mistake rate, imply rapid and accurate attentional and working memory function."