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"An introduced macroalgae is a species macroalgae that has been introduced beyond its native range through human activities and has become successfully established in the new locale. Introduced macroalgae have an impact on ecology and evolution, i.e. direct and indirect competitions with native biota (space monopolization and change in community composition), effects on higher trophic levels (herbivores, associated fauna, toxicity), habitat change (changed structure, sediment accumulation), change of ecosystem processes (alteration of trophic structure) and genetic effects. Introduced macroalgae also have an impact on economy and social, i.e. costs of loss of ecosystem functions or values, impacts on environmental amenity, impacts on human health, management costs (government/non government), costs of research into introduced species, costs for eradication and control measures and costs for education/extension campaigns. Management of impact and research are needed to minimize the impact of introduced macroalgae."

"Penelitian mikroplastik pada produsen utama di laut seperti makroalga  dan lamun menjadi perhatian selama beberapa tahun terakhir karena kemampuannya untuk masuk ke dalam jejaring makanan di laut. Namun, penelitian mengenai ekstraksi mikroplastik pada makroalga belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pengadukan terhadap pengurangan kelimpahan mikroplastik pada Padina minor (Yamada 1925). Mikroplastik pada permukaan makroalga diluruhkan dengan magnetic stirrer pada waktu 0, 5, 10, dan 15 menit. Mikroplastik yang tersisa setelah perlakuan pengadukan dihitungan dengan melarutkan jaringan makroalga dengan menggunakan basa kuat Natrium Hidroksida (NaOH 6M). Pengurangan kelimpahan mikroplastik terjadi pada pengadukan selama 5 menit sebesar 46,36±5,22%, pengadukan selama 10 menit sebesar 56,70±5,34%, dan pengadukan selama 15 menit sebesar 73,81±4,55%. Mikroplastik yang masih melekat pada pengadukan selama 5 menit sebesar 53,62±5,22%, pengadukan selama 10 menit sebesar 43,29±5,34%, dan pengadukan selama 15 menit sebesar 26,18±4,55. Mikroplastik jenis fiber, fragmen, dan film ditemukan pada makroalga P. minor. Warna mikroplastik yang ditemukan meliputi biru, hitam, dan transparan. Berdasarkan ukurannya, mikroplastik yang ditemukan berkisar antara 19-3492,09 μm. Rata-rata ukuran mikroplastik terpanjang diperoleh oleh jenis fiber diikuti dengan film, dan fragmen. Kelimpahan mikroplastik berkurang seiring dengan bertambahnya waktu pengadukan. Waktu pengadukan selama 15 menit memberikan hasil pengurangan kelimpahan mikroplastik tertinggi dibandingkan waktu pengadukan lainnya.

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Research on microplastics in major marine producers such as macroalgae and seagrasses has received considerable attention in recent years because of their ability to enter the marine food web. However, research on the extraction of microplastics in macroalgae has not been widely carried out. This study aims to determine the effect of stirring on reducing the abundance of microplastics in Padina minor (Yamada 1925). Microplastics on the surface of macroalgae were removed with a magnetic stirrer at 0, 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Microplastic remaining after stirring treatment was calculated by dissolving macroalgae tissue using a strong base of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH 6M). Microplastics reduction occurred from stirring for minutes by 46.36±5.22%, stirring for 10 minutes by 56.70±5.34%, and stirring for 15 minutes by 73.81±4.55%. The microplastics that were still attached to 5 minutes of stirring were 53.62±5.22%, 43.29±5.34% stirring for 10 minutes, and 26.18±4.55% stirring for 15 minutes. Microplastic fibers, fragments, and films were found in P. minor macroalgae. The colors of the microplastics found included blue, black, and transparent. Based on their size, the microplastics found ranged from 19-3492.09 μm. The average size of the longest microplastic was obtained by the type of fiber followed by film, and fragments. The abundance of microplastics decreased with increasing stirring time. The stirring time for 15 minutes gave the highest reduction in microplastic abundance compared to other stirring times."

"Epibenthic dinoflagellates on macroalgae at penjaliran barat island's reef flat,Jakarta bay : epibenthic dinoflagellates,besides playing an important role as primary producent in the food cycle, may also cause harmfull effect to human health. Presently nearly no data is available on the epibenthic dinoflgellates in Indonesian waters. To obtain data of the epibenthic dinoflagellates,an inventory was made at penjaliran barat islan reef flat on March 2-9 1996.Results show the presence of 7 species belonging to 3 major group.Prorocentroid.Dinophysoid, and Gonyaulacoid of wich 4 species are potentially toxic.Sargassum spp and Padina spp are 2 genera of macroalgae where most of the epibenthic dinoflagellates were found"

"The diversity and community structure of macroalgae at Koh Taen,Haad Khanom-Mu Koh Tale Tai,marine national Park,nakhon Si Thamarat Province,Thailand were investigated from 1st-5th October 2005 (preliminary survey....."

"Kanker kolorektal merupakan suatu tumor ganas yang menyerang kolon dan menjadi penyebab kematian terbanyak kedua di Indonesia. Sementara, hingga saat ini, belum ada pengobatan yang efektif. Makroalga Gracilaria verrucosa merupakan salah satu spesies yang belum banyak diteliti, tetapi diduga memiliki efek sitotoksik dan antioksidan. Penelitian terhadap Gracilaria verrucosa ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek sitotoksik yang dimiliki pada sel line kanker HCT 116. Penelitian dilakukan dengan ekstraksi makroalga menggunakan pelarut etanol, kloroform, etil asetat, dan n-heksana setelah sebelumnya makroalga diuji kandungan metabolit sekundernya melalui uji fitokimia. Kemudian, 20 L dari setiap ekstrak dimasukkan ke sel HCT 116 yang sebelumnya sudah dicampurkan 100 L DMEM dan diinkubasi selama 24 jam. Setiap sampel kemudian diencerkan secara triplo dalam 8 konsentrasi yaitu 1,5625 g/ml; 3,125 g/ml; 6,25 g/ml; 12,5 g/ml; 25 g/ml; 50 g/ml; 100 g/ml; dan 200 g/ml. Selanjutnya, setiap sampel yang sudah diinkubasi selama 24 jam diujikan aktivitas antikankernya sebagai penghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker kolorektal HCT-116 menggunakan metode MTT assay pada panjang gelombang 490 nm. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis untuk menghasilkan nilai IC50. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keempat ekstrak menunjukkan penghambatan terhadap pertumbuhan sel kanker HCT-116 dengan nilai IC50.

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Colorectal cancer is one of malignant tumors that occurs in colon area. This cancer has become the second killer in Indonesia, after lung cancer. Up until now, there is no effective cure. Macroalgae Gracilaria verrucosa is one of Gracilaria species which has been identified, but is supposed to have anti cytotoxic and anti oxidant effect. This experiment uses Gracilaria verrucosa to identify the cytotoxic effect towards HCT 116 cancer cell. The experiment has extracted Gracilaria verrucosa into four different solvents alkocol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n n heksanae. Before extraction, macroalgae was used for phytochemical test in order to identify the secondary metabolit contained in Gracilaria verrucosa. Aftrer extracton, 20 L of the extract then was put into HCT 116 cells which has been mixed with 1 00 L DMEM and incubated for 24 hours. Every sample, afterwards, mixed as triplo in eight concentrations 1,5625 g ml 3,125 g ml 6,25 g ml 12,5 g ml 25 g ml 50 g ml 100 g ml and 200 g ml. Sample extract which has been incubated for 24 hours then was analyzed using MTT assay with 490nm wavelength to identify the anti cancer activity as inhibitor of colorectal cancer HCT 116 cells. Data collected from the experiment would be analyzed so that the researcher can know IC50 value. The result of experiment shows that all of the extract can be used as growth inhibitor of HCT 116 colorectal cancer cells with IC50 value below 100. Meanwhile, the ethanol extract of Gracilaria verrucosa has been proved as the best growth inhibitor due to its lowest IC50 value. From the data, it has been concluded that Gracilaria verrucosa extract has a potential use as a new anti colorectal ancer agent of HCT 116 cells. Keywords phytochemical analysis, Gracilaria verrucosa, cytotoxic effect, colorectal cancer HCT 116 cells "

"The Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) causing microorganisms were observed at the reef flat of Panjaliran Barat Islands and Pramuka Islands District,Seribu Island national Park,North Jakarta , Indonesia...."

"Salah satu spesies makroalga di perairan Pulau Semak Daun yang berpotensi memiliki akumulasi mikroplastik yang tinggi adalah Halimeda macroloba atau kaktus laut tegak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bentuk, warna, ukuran, dan kelimpahan mikroplastik pada H. macroloba di perairan Pulau Semak Daun, serta pengaruh pengocokan terhadap pengurangan kelimpahan mikroplastik pada H. macroloba Decaisne 1841. Mikroplastik pada permukaan makroalga diluruhkan menggunakan orbital shaker kecepatan 150 rpm dengan variasi waktu 5, 10, dan 15 menit. Mikroplastik yang masih menempel setelah perlakuan pengocokan dihitungan dengan melarutkan jaringan makroalga menggunakan larutan basa kuat natrium hidroksida (NaOH) 6 M. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan mikroplastik bentuk fiber, fragmen, film, dan pellet dalam berbagai ukuran dengan variasi warna biru, hitam, merah, dan hijau pada objek pengamatan. Ukuran partikel mikroplastik yang ditemukan berada dalam kisaran 8,6—4649,12 μm. Bentuk mikroplastik yang mendominasi H. macroloba adalah fiber, dengan total 30,2 partikel/g (64,7%). Warna partikel yang mendominasi H. macroloba adalah warna biru, dengan total 560 partikel (47,2%). Pengurangan kelimpahan mikroplastik terjadi pada pengocokan 5 menit sebesar 50%, pengocokan 10 menit sebesar 75%, dan pengocokan 15 menit sebesar 89%. Sedangkan untuk kelimpahan mikroplastik yang masih melekat setelah dilakukan pengocokan 5 menit sebesar 50%, setelah pengocokan 10 menit sebesar 25%, dan setelah pengocokan 15 menit sebesar 11%. Uji One-Way ANOVA membuktikan bahwa semakin lama waktu pengocokan maka akan semakin tinggi persentase pengurangan mikroplastik. Pengocokan dengan kecepatan 150 rpm selama 15 menit memberikan hasil pengurangan kelimpahan mikroplastik tertinggi dibandingkan dengan variasi waktu pengocokan lainnya.

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One of the macroalgae species in the waters of the Semak Daun Island which has the potential to have a high microplastic accumulation is Halimeda macroloba or an erect sea cactus. This study aims to determine the shape, color, size, and abundance of microplastics in H. macroloba in the waters of Semak Daun Island, also the effect of shaking on reducing the abundance of microplastics in H. macroloba Decaisne 1841. Microplastics on the surface of macroalgae were removed using an orbital shaker at a speed of 150 rpm with time variations of 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Microplastics that are still attached after the shaking treatment are calculated by dissolving the macroalgae tissue using a 6 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) strong base solution. The results of the study showed that found microplastic form of fiber, fragments, films, and pellets in various sizes with variations colour of  blue, black , red, and green on observation objects. The particle size of the microplastics found in the range of 8.6-4649.12 μm. The microplastic form that dominates H. macroloba is fiber, with a total of 30.2 particles/g (64.7%). The dominant particle color of H. macroloba is blue, with a total of 560 particles (47.2%). The reduction on the abundance of microplastics occurred at 50% shaking for 5 minutes, 75% shaking for 10 minutes, and 89% shaking for 15 minutes. As for the abundance of microplastics that are still attached after 5 minutes of shaking it is 50%, after 10 minutes of shaking it is 25%, and after 15 minutes of shaking it is 11%. The One-Way ANOVA test proved that the longer the shaking time, the higher the percentage of microplastic reduction. Shaking at 150 rpm for 15 minutes gave the highest reduction in microplastic abundance compared to other variations of shaking time."