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"Dengan perkembangan jaman yang semakin maju, jumlah kendaraan bermotor di dunia mengalami peningkatan yang sangat signifikan baik itu motor maupun mobil dan hal ini membuat semakin banyaknya emisi yang dikeluarkan ke udara. Seperti yang kita tahu emisi yang dikeluarkan dari kendaraan bermotor saat ini mengandung substansi yang sangat berbahaya yaitu Timbal. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan untuk menemukan substansi baru yang tidak berbahaya bagi manusia. Substansi yang akan peneliti coba gunakan adalah grafit. Diharapkan dengan substansi ini emisi yang dihasilkan dari kendaraan bermotor bisa aman bagi manusia.

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The era of modern with the development of more advanced, the number of motor vehicles in the world has increased very significantly both motorcycles and cars, and this makes it more emmision are released in the air. As we know the emission from motor vehicles containing dangerous substance who called the name is timbale. Therefore, the research was conducted with the aim of finding new substances that are not dangerous for humans. Substance to be researchers are trying to use is graphite. Expected to replaced timbale with graphite, the resulting emissions from motor vehicles can be safe for humans."

"Pada dasarnya aki adalah baterai penyimpan energi listrik yang dibentuk dalam sebuah reaksi kimia dan dijadikan solusi penyimpanan energi listrik yang serta disimpan dalam volume yang kecil dengan hasil output yang besar Namun, aki (lead acid battery) memiliki banyak kelemahan: potensi berlebih yang lebih tinggi, dan lebih banyak produk korosi; Oleh karena itu, setidakya harus dicampur sejumlah larutan elektrolit untuk memerambat setidaknya proses korosinya. Oleh karena itu agar sifat korosi bisa berkurang, dalam penelitian ini menggunakan bahan senyawa murni timbal (Pb) yang di uji pada campuran larutan elektrolit pada larutan H2SO4 dan larutan LiNO3 dengan variasi 0.5 g, 1 g, dan 2 g. Metodologi yang digunakan Untuk mendapatkan laju korosi yang disebabkan adanya arus korosi menggunakan metode LSV. sedangkan untuk mengamati struktur kristalnya dengan menggunakan difraksi sinar – X. Dan untuk mengamati morfologi dan fasa menggunakan scanning electron microscope. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bila dibandingkan dengan timbal yang murni, fenomena korosi pada timbal yang dicampurkan dengan larutan H2SO4 dan larutan LiNO3 bisa berkurang atau di netralisir.

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basically a battery is an electrical energy storage battery that is formed in a chemical reaction and used as a storage solution for electrical energy which is stored in a small volume with a large output. However, the lead acid battery has many disadvantages: higher excess potential, and more corrosion products; Therefore, at least a certain amount of electrolyte solution must be mixed to propagate at least the corrosion process. Therefore, in order to reduce corrosion properties, in this study, pure lead (Pb) compounds were used which were tested on a mixture of electrolyte solutions in H2SO4 and LiNO3 solutions with variations of 0.5 g, 1 g, and 2 g. The methodology used to obtain the corrosion rate caused by the corrosion current, the LSV method is used. observe the crystal structure is by using X-ray diffraction. To observe morphology and phase is by usung electron scanning microscope.. The results of this study indicate that when compared with pure lead, the corrosion phenomenon of lead mixed with H2SO4 solution and LiNO3 solution can be reduced or neutralized.

"

"Kendaraan mesin pembakaran dalam di Indonesia masih menggunakan baterai lead-acid sebagai sumber penyimpanan listrik (akumulator), baik sebagai unit starter, maupun untuk memenuhi kebutuhan listrik pada instrument kendaraan. Akan tetapi baterai lead acid memiliki kelemahan yaitu mengandung material yang sangat toksik yaitu lead (timbal), juga pendeknya usia pakai yang berkisar 1-2 tahun penggunaan. Salah satu alternatif yang dapat ditawarkan adalah dengan konversi akumulator kendaraan mesin pembakaran dalam dengan baterai LiFePO₄ yang memberikan keuntungan usia pakai yang dapat mencapai 8 tahun, tidak memerlukan perawatan, dan juga lebih ramah lingkungan karena dapat didaur ulang. Rangkaian baterai dirancang dengan susunan 4S8P untuk mendapatkan kapasitas nominal 48 Ah. Sel baterai LiFePO₄ diujikan profil tegangan terhadap kapasitas dan stabilitasnya melalui metode HPCC, serta pengujian dan analisis performa pengisian dan pengosongan melalui metode pengujian constant current. Rangkaian baterai 4S8P dilakukan pengujian pemutusan, pengujian stabilitas dan tahanan melalui metode HPPC, serta dianalisis profil pengisian dan pengosongan susunan rangkaian baterai 4S8P pada suhu ruang dan 60°C untuk mewakili kondisi pada ruang mesin. Hasil yang didaptkan baterai masih bekerja pada suhu 60°C dan hal ini bisa dijadikan rujukan baterai LiFePO₄ bisa digunakan sebagai akumulator pada kendaraan mesin pembakaran dalam.

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Internal combustion engine vehicles in Indonesia use lead-acid batteries as a source of electricity storage (accumulator), either as a starter unit or to supply the electricity demand from vehicle instruments. However, lead acid batteries have the disadvantage which is contain toxic material, lead, and it has a short service life for around 1-2 years. One of alternatives that can be offered is the conversion of internal combustion engine vehicle accumulators to LiFePO₄ batteries, which provides the advantage of a service life up to 8 years, it does not require maintenance, and it is more environmentally friendly due to able to be recycled. The battery series is designed with a 4S8P circuit arrangement to obtain a nominal capacity of 48 Ah. LiFePO₄ battery cells are tested for voltage profiles for stability using the HPCC method, and it tested and analyzed the charging and discharging performance using the constant current testing method. Then The 4S8P battery circuit was subjected to be tested for stability and resistance testing using the HPPC method, and the charging and discharging profile of the 4S8P battery circuit was analyzed at room temperature and 60°C to represent conditions in the engine room. The results obtained that the battery can be performed at 60°C thus it can be concluded as reference that LiFePO₄ batteries can be used as accumulators in internal combustion engine vehicles."

"Baterai adalah media untuk menyimpan energi listrik. Baterai mengubah energi kimia yang terkandung dalam bahan aktif menjadi energi listrik yang disebabkan oleh reaksi reduksi oksidasi elektrokimia. Baterai dapat diterapkan untuk berbagai jenis kebutuhan manusia, seperti UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply), sel surya, dll. Salah satu jenis baterai yang banyak digunakan saat ini adalah baterai timbal-asam. Agar baterai bekerja optimal dan memiliki usia yang sesuai, kondisi baterai harus dipertimbangkan dengan benar. Salah satu faktor yang harus diperhatikan adalah suhu sekitar dan arus keluaran. Suhu lingkungan dapat memengaruhi parameter baterai seperti tegangan, kapasitas, dan masa pakai baterai. Arus pelepasan baterai dipengaruhi oleh beban yang terkait dengan baterai, oleh karena itu beban yang digunakan perlu disesuaikan dengan kapasitas baterai yang akan digunakan sehingga arus pelepasan yang dihasilkan oleh baterai sesuai dengan peringkat penggunaannya karena aliran pelepasan yang dihasilkan oleh baterai dapat mempengaruhi kapasitas baterai. Oleh karena itu, menguji pengaruh suhu lingkungan dan debit saat ini pada baterai timbal-asam dengan metode deep-discharge diperlukan untuk melihat karakteristik debit baterai pada suhu ambien dan debit yang berbeda. Dari pengujian yang telah dilakukan, rasio kapasitas berbanding lurus dengan suhu sekitar dan berbanding terbalik dengan arus pelepasan baterai. Misalnya, pada pengujian 30o Celcius, kapasitas baterai masing-masing 2 Ohms, 3 Ohms dan 4 Ohms masing-masing adalah 57.783 Watt-jam, 58.74 Watt-jam dan 60.467 Watt-jam. Contoh lain adalah pada beban 2 Ohm, kapasitas baterai pada 30o Celcius, 40o Celcius dan 50o Celcius masing-masing adalah 57.783 Watt-jam, 58.175 Watt-jam dan 58.213 Watt-jam.

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The battery is a medium for storing electrical energy. Batteries convert chemical energy contained in active ingredients into electrical energy caused by electrochemical oxidation reduction reactions. Batteries can be applied to various types of human needs, such as UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply), solar cells, etc. One type of battery that is widely used today is lead-acid batteries. For the battery to work optimally and have an appropriate age, the condition of the battery must be considered properly. One factor to consider is ambient temperature and output current. Ambient temperature can affect battery parameters such as voltage, capacity, and battery life. The battery discharge current is affected by the load associated with the battery, therefore the load used needs to be adjusted according to the capacity of the battery to be used so that the discharge current generated by the battery matches its usage rating because the discharge flow generated by the battery can affect the capacity of the battery. Therefore, testing the effect of ambient temperature and current discharge on lead-acid batteries with the deep-discharge method is needed to see the characteristics of battery discharge at different ambient and discharge temperatures. From the tests that have been done, the capacity ratio is directly proportional to the ambient temperature and inversely proportional to the battery discharge current. For example, in the 30o Celsius test, the battery capacity of 2 Ohms, 3 Ohms and 4 Ohms respectively was 57,783 Watt-hours, 58.74 Watt-hours and 60,467 Watt-hours, respectively. Another example is the load of 2 Ohms, the battery capacity at 30o Celsius, 40o Celsius and 50o Celsius are 57,783 Watt-hours, 58,175 Watt-hours and 58,213 Watt-hours, respectively."

"Energi listrik menjadi energi yang paling sering digunakan karena proses pembangkitannya yang mudah, dapat dikonversi menjadi bentuk energi lain serta dapat dengan mudah disimpan. Salah satu metode penyimpanan energi listrik yang paling terkenal saat ini adalah baterai. Baterai memiliki keunikan selain dapat menyimpan energi, baterai juga dapat menghasilkan energi melalui proses kimia di dalamnya. Dalam pemilihan baterai ada beberapa faktor yang perlu disesuaikan dengan spesifikasi desain yaitu harga, usia, berat, volume, temperatur, sensitivitas dan akses pemeliharaan. Ada 2 tipe baterai yang biasa digunakan yaitu lithium ion dan lead acid. lithium ion memiliki spesifikasi lebih baik dari pada lead acid, namun dengan biaya yang lebih mahal. Lead acid cocok digunakan untuk aplikasi permanen on site dan aplikasi yang tidak mementingkan effiensi. Baterai memerlukan sistem kontrol supaya mampu bekerja dengan baik dan handal yang disebut (Battery Management System) BMS. Salah satu aspek BMS adalah pemantauan (State of Charge) SOC. Salah satu metode estimasi SOC adalah internal resistance. Penelitian dimulai dengan mengidentifikasi faktor yang mempengaruhi State of Charge, membuat desain rangkaian, simulasi rangkaian. realisasi printed circuit board hasil simulasi, pengukuran tegangan dan arus dan validasi hasil pengukuran dengan membandingkannya dengan hasil pengukuran dari modul NI 9206

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Electrical energy is the energy that is most often used because the generation process is easy, can be converted into other energy and can be stored easily. One of the most popular methods of storing electrical energy today is the battery. Batteries are unique in addition to being able to store energy, batteries can also produce energy through chemical processes in them. In selecting a battery there are several factors that need to be adjusted to the design specifications, namely price, age, weight, volume, temperature, sensitivity and access to maintenance. There are 2 types of batteries commonly used, namely lithium ion and lead acid. lithium ion has better specifications than lead acid, but at a higher cost. Lead acid is suitable for permanent on-site and non-efficiency applications. Batteries require a control system to be able to work properly and reliably called (Battery Management System) BMS. One aspect of BMS is (State of Charge) SOC Supervision. One method of estimating SOC is internal resistance. The research begins by identifying the factors that affect the State of Charge, making circuit designs, circuit simulations. realization of printed circuit board simulation results, measurement of voltage and current and validation of measurement results by comparing them with measurement results from INI 9206 module."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh sonikasi dengan media air terhadap serbuk timbal sebagai material aktif elektroda positif (PAM) dan hubunganya terhadap kapasitas baterai lead acid. Serbuk timbal yang dipakai merupakan standar pabrik yang di produksi dengan metode ball mill (Shimadzu). Serbuk timbal hasil sonikasi kemudian dianalisa dengan Partikel Size Analizer (PSA), X-ray diffraction ( XRD), GSAS, SEM/EDS dan Gravimetric Free Lead Test. Aglomerasi serbuk timbal terjadi pada awal proses sonikasi. Telah didapat serbuk timbal dengan ukuran nano (92 nm) pada sonikasi 600 menit. Serbuk timbal hasil sonikasi digunakan sebagai elektroda positif yang dipasangkan dengan elektroda negarif dari standar pabrik. Kapasitas mula yang dihasilkan ternyata lebih kecil dari kapasitas standar pabrik hal ini karena hilangnya komponen free lead pada serbuk timbal hasil sonikasi. Semakin kecil free lead yang terkandung dalam serbuk timbal hasil sonikasi dengan media air, PAM secara mekanik tidak stabil, proses formasi sulit dan kapasitas baterai yang dihasilkan semakin kecil. Ditemukan pula bahwa semakin besar ukuran partikel serbuk timbal sebagai bahan material aktif positif maka umur pakai baterai semakin baik.

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ABSTRACTOur goal in this research was to determine the effect of sonication leady oxide with distilled water as positive active material (PAM) and relation to the lead acid batteries capacity. Industrial product leady oxide (ball mill method) was used as raw material in this research. The prepared leady oxide was characterized and analyzed by particle size analyzer (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), GSAS, SEM/EDS and Gravimetric Free Lead Test. Agglomeration occurs at the beginning of sonication. Been obtained the nanostructure leady oxide with particle size 92 nm at 600 minutes sonication. It?s sonication results are used as positive electrode which coupled with industrial negatives plates. The resulting initial capacity is smaller than Industrial product because loss of free lead components on leady oxide sonication results. The lack of free lead components in leady oxide as a result of water solvent sonication, cause PAM is mechanically unstable and difficult to form, and hence the plates have lower capacity. It was also obtained that larger particle size of leady-oxide , the life cycle of the battery is getting better;Our goal in this research was to determine the effect of sonication leady oxide with distilled water as positive active material (PAM) and relation to the lead acid batteries capacity. Industrial product leady oxide (ball mill method) was used as raw material in this research. The prepared leady oxide was characterized and analyzed by particle size analyzer (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), GSAS, SEM/EDS and Gravimetric Free Lead Test. Agglomeration occurs at the beginning of sonication. Been obtained the nanostructure leady oxide with particle size 92 nm at 600 minutes sonication. It?s sonication results are used as positive electrode which coupled with industrial negatives plates. The resulting initial capacity is smaller than Industrial product because loss of free lead components on leady oxide sonication results. The lack of free lead components in leady oxide as a result of water solvent sonication, cause PAM is mechanically unstable and difficult to form, and hence the plates have lower capacity. It was also obtained that larger particle size of leady-oxide , the life cycle of the battery is getting better;Our goal in this research was to determine the effect of sonication leady oxide with distilled water as positive active material (PAM) and relation to the lead acid batteries capacity. Industrial product leady oxide (ball mill method) was used as raw material in this research. The prepared leady oxide was characterized and analyzed by particle size analyzer (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), GSAS, SEM/EDS and Gravimetric Free Lead Test. Agglomeration occurs at the beginning of sonication. Been obtained the nanostructure leady oxide with particle size 92 nm at 600 minutes sonication. It’s sonication results are used as positive electrode which coupled with industrial negatives plates. The resulting initial capacity is smaller than Industrial product because loss of free lead components on leady oxide sonication results. The lack of free lead components in leady oxide as a result of water solvent sonication, cause PAM is mechanically unstable and difficult to form, and hence the plates have lower capacity. It was also obtained that larger particle size of leady-oxide , the life cycle of the battery is getting better;Our goal in this research was to determine the effect of sonication leady oxide with distilled water as positive active material (PAM) and relation to the lead acid batteries capacity. Industrial product leady oxide (ball mill method) was used as raw material in this research. The prepared leady oxide was characterized and analyzed by particle size analyzer (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), GSAS, SEM/EDS and Gravimetric Free Lead Test. Agglomeration occurs at the beginning of sonication. Been obtained the nanostructure leady oxide with particle size 92 nm at 600 minutes sonication. It’s sonication results are used as positive electrode which coupled with industrial negatives plates. The resulting initial capacity is smaller than Industrial product because loss of free lead components on leady oxide sonication results. The lack of free lead components in leady oxide as a result of water solvent sonication, cause PAM is mechanically unstable and difficult to form, and hence the plates have lower capacity. It was also obtained that larger particle size of leady-oxide , the life cycle of the battery is getting better, Our goal in this research was to determine the effect of sonication leady oxide with distilled water as positive active material (PAM) and relation to the lead acid batteries capacity. Industrial product leady oxide (ball mill method) was used as raw material in this research. The prepared leady oxide was characterized and analyzed by particle size analyzer (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), GSAS, SEM/EDS and Gravimetric Free Lead Test. Agglomeration occurs at the beginning of sonication. Been obtained the nanostructure leady oxide with particle size 92 nm at 600 minutes sonication. It’s sonication results are used as positive electrode which coupled with industrial negatives plates. The resulting initial capacity is smaller than Industrial product because loss of free lead components on leady oxide sonication results. The lack of free lead components in leady oxide as a result of water solvent sonication, cause PAM is mechanically unstable and difficult to form, and hence the plates have lower capacity. It was also obtained that larger particle size of leady-oxide , the life cycle of the battery is getting better]"

"ABSTRACTPhotovoltaic cell is one of renewable energy technology which converts sunlight into electrical energy. However it has a limitation where it only can yield energy ouput during day, meanwhile the peak load for residential use mostly occurs on evening, therefore to reduce energy consumption from grid during peak load hours a PV system need to be equipped with battery as energy storage. The software used in this research, System Advisor Model SAM provides various types of Lead Acid and Lithium ion batteries to model the energy storage in a PV system simulation.The performance parameters compared between Lead Acid and Lithium ion batteries in this simulation include battery efficiency and battery life. From the efficiency aspect, Lithium ion has higher efficiency compared to Lead Acid with difference of 6.96 . Meanwhile from battery life aspect, Lithium ion lasts for 5500 cycles in 16 years before being replaced and Lead Acid only lasts for 1180 cycles in around 3 years. The total cumulative cost of both batteries including their replacement costs are also presented in this research.

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ABSTRAKSel fotovoltaik merupakan salah satu teknologi energi terbarukan yang mengubah energi sinar matahari menjadi energi listrik. Namun teknologi ini memiliki keterbatasan dimana sel PV hanya mampu menghasilkan energi pada siang hari, sementara puncak beban rumahan lebih sering terjadi pada malam hari, oleh karena itu sistem PV rumahan perlu dilengkapi baterai sebagai penyimpanan energi untuk mengurangi konsumsi listrik dari grid pada saat waktu beban puncak. Software yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini, System Advisor Model SAM menyediakan berbagai jenis baterai Lead Acid dan Lithium-ion untuk memodelkan sistem penyimpanan energi dalam simulasi sistem PV.Parameter performa yang dibandingkan pada baterai Lead Acid dan Lithium-ion pada simulasi ini diantaranya adalah efisiensi baterai dan masa hidup baterai. Dari sisi efisiensi, Lithium-ion memiliki efisiensi lebih tinggi dibanding Lead Acid dengan selisih 6.96 . Sementara dari aspek masa hidup baterai, Lithium-ion bertahan untuk 5500 siklus dalam 16 tahun sebelum digantikan, dan Lead Acid bertahan untuk 1180 Siklus dalam 3 tahun. Total biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk baterai termasuk penggantiannya juga dipaparkan dalam penelitian ini."

"Motor sinkron magnet permanen yang digunakan pada tesis ini adalah motor sinkron magnet permanen tiga fasa. Sumber tegangan yang digunakan yaitu leadacid battery dengan menserikan 67 baterai karena tegangan yang dibutuhkan adalah 400 volt dan setiap cell memiliki tegangan sebesar 6 volt. Sistem kendali untuk motor sinkron magnet permanen yang diterapkan pada tesis ini adalah pengendali arus menggunakan PI, dibantu dengan dekopling, kemudian pengendali kecepatan menggunakan IP. Proses selanjutnya setelah mengetahui sistem kendali yang digunakan adalah menurunkan rumus seluruh sistem dan kemudian melakukan tahap liniearisasi agar dapat dibentuk dalam ruang keadaan sehingga dapat mengetahui kestabilan sistem. Kestabilan sistem diketahui dengan merubah SoC (State of Charge) , Torsi beban, dan atau atau kecepatan. Dari pengujian tersebut dihasilkan bahwa torsi beban tidak memengaruhi kestabilan sistem, namun, ketika SoC = 100% nilai salah satu pole adalah -0.001375 dan ketika SoC = 20% pole menjadi -0.002081. Perubahan kecepatan dari 1000 rpm menjadi 500 rpm mengakibatkan salah satu pasang pole kembar −0.02±0.09i menjadi −1.28±2.62i , dua pasang pole kembar −1.28±2.62i dan −100.42±418.98i menjadi −0.07±0.17i dan −100.36±209.61i

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The permanent magnet synchronous motor used in this thesis is a three phase permanent magnet synchronous motor. The voltage source used is a lead-acid battery with 67 batteries because the required voltage is 400 volts and each cell has a voltage of 6 volts. The control system for the permanent magnet synchronous motor applied in this thesis is a current controller using PI, assisted by decoupling, then speed control using IP. The next process after knowing the control system used is to derive the formula for the entire system and then perform a linearization stage so that it can be formed in the state space so that it can determine the stability of the system. System stability is known by changing the SoC (State of Charge), load torque, and/or speed. From this test, it is found that the load torque does not affect the stability of the system, but when SoC = 100% one of poles has value -0.001375, when SoC = 20%, the pole has value - 0.002081, and the changing of speed from 1000 rpm to 500 rpm affect one pair of twin poles is −0.02±0.09i to −1.28±2.62i , two pairs of twin poles are −1.28±2.62i and −100.42±418.98i to −0.07±0.17i and −100.36±209.61i"

"Permintaan akan energi, khususnya energi listrik, di Indonesia semakin tinggi dan menjadi bagian tak terpisahkan dari kebutuhan hidup masyarakat dan sektor industri. Namun, ketersediaan bahan bakar fosil yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan listrik semakin terbatas, serta polusi yang dihasilkan oleh proses konversi dari bahan bakar fosil tersebut. Indonesia memiliki potensi energi surya sebesar 207,8 GWp Namun, potensi ini belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal. Oleh karena itu, potensi tersebut dapat dioptimalkan dengan instalasi PLTS atap pada bangunan dengan konsumsi listrik tinggi. Gedung MRPQ Universitas Indonesia dengan konsumsi listrik yang relatif tinggi dijadikan sebagai lokasi studi. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui konfigurasi dan skema paling optimal berdasarkan Net Present Cost (NPC) dan beberapa parameter ekonomi seperti Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), dan Payback Period. Pada HOMER, dilakukan simulasi dengan konfigurasi On-Grid dan Off-Grid. PLTS On-Grid disimulasikan dengan variasi penambahan generator set, sedangkan PLTS Off-Grid disimulasikan dengan variasi jenis baterai Lead Acid dan Lithium Ion. Hasil simulasi HOMER dan analisis menunjukkan bahwa penambahan generator set pada sistem PLTS On-Grid optimal menghasilkan NPC yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan sistem tanpa generator set. Kemudian, penggunaan baterai jenis Lithium Ion pada sistem PLTS Off-Grid optimal menghasilkan NPC yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan baterai jenis Lead Acid. Dengan demikian, PLTS On-Grid tanpa generator set merupakan konfigurasi paling optimal berdasarkan NPC dan layak untuk diimplementasikan berdasarkan NPV, IRR, dan Payback Period.

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The demand for energy, especially electrical energy, in Indonesia is increasing and has become an integral part of the needs of society and the industrial sector. However, the availability of fossil fuels used to generate electricity is increasingly limited, as well as the pollution generated by the conversion process of these fossil fuels. Indonesia has a solar energy potential of 207.8 GWp. However, this potential has not been optimally utilized. Therefore, this potential can be optimized by installing rooftop solar power plants (PLTS) on buildings with high electricity consumption. The MRPQ building of the University of Indonesia with relatively high electricity consumption was used as the study site. The research aims to determine the most optimal configuration and scheme based on Net Present Cost (NPC) and several economic parameters such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback Period. In HOMER, simulations were performed with On-Grid and Off-Grid configurations. On-Grid PLTS is simulated with variations in the addition of generator sets, while Off-Grid PLTS is simulated with variations in the types of Lead Acid and Lithium Ion batteries. HOMER simulation results and analysis show that the addition of a generator set to the optimal On-Grid PLTS system results in a higher NPC compared to the system without a generator set. Then, the use of Lithium Ion batteries in the optimal Off-Grid PLTS system results in a lower NPC compared to Lead Acid batteries. In summary, On-Grid PLTS without a generator set is the most optimal configuration based on NPC and feasible to implement based on NPV, IRR, and Payback Period.

"

"Perkembangan teknologi renewable energy dan mobile energy storage menyebabkan peningkatan kebutuhan akan suatu media penyimpan daya dengan kualitas dan kapasitas tinggi. Selain kualitas dari media penyimpan daya, dibutuhkan juga suatu sistem manajemen daya untuk memonitor penggunaan daya baterai. Untuk memonitor penggunaan daya baterai tersebut, diperlukan suatu metoda pembacaan level kapasitas baterai yang akurat dan keandalan tinggi. Hambatan dalam baterai merupakan sebuah sifat resistif dalam baterai yang dapat digunakan untuk menentukan level kapasitas baterai. Dalam penelitian ini akan dibahas tentang korelasi pengukuran hambatan dalam baterai dengan level kapasitas daya tersisa pada baterai, kemudian korelasi antara pengukuran hambatan dalam baterai dengan level kapasitas daya dinyatakan dalam bentuk grafik state of charge vs hambatan dalam baterai, dimana besar nilai hambatan dalam baterai per sel adalah 10 milliOhm ketika SoC 100 dan 330 miliohm ketika SoC 61,5 , grafik korelasi dapat dilihat pada bab 4. Mengacu pada grafik hasil penelitian, ditemukan setiap peningkatan nilai hambatan dalam baterai akan berkorelasi terhadap penurunan level kapasitas daya baterai yang tersisa.

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By the advancement of renewable energies and mobile energy storages, the needs of high quality and high capacity batteries are increasing. Simultaneously, the improvement of battery management systems is inevitable, hence to improve the quality of battery management system, the accuracy of power capacity measurement is required. Battery internal resistance measurement is a new method to measure battery rsquo s power capacity. This thesis will discuss about the correlation of battery internal resistance and the power capacity, also the accuracy of the measurement. The correlation between battery internal resistance and the battery capacity shown in state of charge vs internal resistance line graphic, where the battery rsquo s cell internal resistance measured are 10 milliOhms for SoC 100 and 330 milliOhms for SoC 61,5 , the correlation are shown on the graphic at chapter 4. Based on the experiments, for every increment of battery rsquo s internal resistance correlates with the reduction of Battery rsquo s State of Charge values."