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"Ruminants are herbivorous mammals that have special digestive tract, rumen, where digestion of cellulose and polysaccharides can be carried out by rumen microorganisms. Methanogenic bacteria in the rumen using H2 compounds results from anaerobic fermentation of carbohydrates to form methane. Methane production in the rumen is an energetically wasteful process, since the feed intake will be converted to methane and eructated as gas (Bunthoen, 2007). Rumen protozoa have a potential role in the process of digestion and breakdown of organic material. Hydrogen (H2) as one of the protozoa fermentation products are used by methanogenic bacteria to form methane. This causing methanogenic bacteria often found living attached to the surface of protozoa to keep a constant supply of hydrogen. The purpose of this study is to enumerate the number of methanogenic bacteria and protozoa with different diet and after the addition of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum TSD-10 in vitro. This report consist of two parts, which are (1) Effect of Feeding Composition on Total Methanogenic Bacteria and Protozoa Rumen, and (2) Influence of Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum TSD-10 on Total Methanogenic Bacteria and Protozoa In Vitro. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Research Centre of Biotechnology? Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong Bogor, from September 2008 ? May 2009. The treatment are diet A with ratio of grass : concentrate (30 : 70) and diet B with ratio of grass : concentrate (70 : 30). The probiotic L. plantarum TSD-10 dose are 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% v/v. The number of methanogenic bacteria obtained from diet A ranges between (0,74 ? 0,89) x 107 cfu/ml, whereas in diet B ranged from (1,71 ? 2,58) x 107 cfu/ml. Methanogenic bacteria average on feed B ((2,19 ± 0,44) x 107 cfu/ml) higher than the feed A ((0,82 ± 0,07) x 107 cfu/ml). Based on the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), different composition of diet A and B, significantly affect the number of methanogenic bacteria ( 5%), with the best diet composition in suppressing the growth of methanogenic bacteria is diet A. The number of methanogenic bacteria in diet B are higher since the value of a more alkaline pH (8). According to Mirzaei-Aghsaghali et al. (2008), methanogenic bacteria are sensitive to changes in pH. Decrease in pH value will decrease the number of methanogenic bacteria and cause less methane gas produced. The low number of methanogenic bacteria on diet A, can also be caused by the ratio of acetate : propionate obtained lower than in diet B, and it also causes a lower pH of the diet A (Lana et al., 1998). The ANOVA showed the methanogenic bacteria average between diet A and B in the morning and afternoon sampling significantly different between treatments ( 5%), with the best treatment in suppressing methanogenic bacteria from each sampling were diet A. Increased methanogenic bacteria after feeding may be associated with the presence of protozoa in the rumen cilliata that serves as a producer of hydrogen and bacterial attachment to methanogen. Composition diet B low in fiber and high in starch are preferred by the protozoan (Leedle and Greening, 1988). The number of protozoa obtained from the diet A ranges between (1,93 ? 3,95) x 105 cells/ml, whereas the diet B ranged from (2,81 ? 4,35) x 105 cells/ ml. Protozoa average on diet B ((3,76 ± 0,83) x 105 cells/ml) higher than the diet A ((3,08 ± 1,04) x 105 cells/ml). Based on the ANOVA, differences composition diet A and B, not significantly different between treatments (5%). Diet B with a higher pH value causes no influential ration of protozoa, which does not cause a decrease in the number of protozoa. The ANOVA indicate that the average range of protozoa between diet A and B are significantly different (5%) in the morning sampling, with the best treatment in suppressing the number of protozoa are diet A. The afternoon sampling, ANOVA showed that the treatment was not significantly different (5%). Protozoa observed in treatment diet A and B are families of, Ophryoscolecidae, Isotrichidae and Blepharocorythidae. Most number obtained from each diet is Ophryoscolecidae, while the less is Blepharocorythidae. This is due to Ophryoscolecidae a part of the Order Entodiniomorphida who compiled most of rumen cilliata. In the contrary, Family Isotrichidae and Blepharocorythidae are part of the order Trichostomatida which is rarely found in rumen (Ogimoto and Imai, 1981). Decreasing in the number of methanogenic bacteria in the diet B (56,8%) higher than diet A (29,8%), while the decrease in the number of protozoa in the diet B (64,9%) higher than diet A (62,7% ). Diet B with a higher concentrate composition can provide a change in the pattern of rumen fermentation. These changes make the environment less suitable for methanogenic bacterial growth. One of the unfavorable change is a reduction of rumen pH values (Moss et al., 2000). On the addition of probiotics in vitro, the ANOVA showed the range of the number of methanogenic bacteria was not significantly different ( 5%) on the variations of diet A and B but significantly different (5%) on the number of protozoa, with the best in suppressing the growth of protozoa are diet A. Variations doses of probiotic significantly different (5%) on the number of methanogenic bacteria and protozoa, with the best dose 5% v/v to suppress methanogenic bacteria and 15% v/v to suppress protozoa in vitro. Feed Digestibility Coefficient (FDC) shows the FDC from 27,99 ? 31,95%, while the diet B ranged from 25,85 to 31,3%. In diet A, the value FDC obtained tended to increase (8,5%) along with increasing concentration of probiotic L. plantarum TSD-10. Increasing FDC value expected to suppress the growth of methanogenic bacteria by altering the rumen fermentation pattern which results in volatile fatty acids produced. Diet A shows the value of higher acetate than propionate, because diet A high on fiber that will support the growth of the acetate-producing bacteria species, diet B rich in starch that supports the growth of propionic-producing bacteria species, and marked by increasing propionate than acetate (France and Dijkstra, 2005)."

"ABSTRAKPenurunan frekuensi defekasi PFD memiliki korelasi antara host, diet, dan lingkungan. Gaya hidup sedentary merupakan faktor risiko PFD pekerja pabrik serta kantor, dan sering disertai konsistensi feses keras dan flatulensi. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan probiotik memperbaiki PFD melalui produksi SCFA yang menstimulasi pergerakan kolon melalui berbagai mekanisme. Penelitian ini merupakan studi acak tersamar ganda, terkontrol terhadap pekerja kantor dan pabrik dengan PFD. Secara acak subjek dialokasikan selama 6 minggu untuk suplementasi probiotik kombinasi strain L.plantarum KCTC 10782 BP, S.thermophilus KCTC 11870 BP, B.bifidum KCTC 12199 BP 4x109 CFU/hari dan 1920 mg Fructooligosaccharide/hari atau kelompok kontrol hanya diberikan 1920 mg Fructooligosaccharide/hari. Hasil menunjukkan sebagian besar subjek adalah perempuan, dengan rerata usia 29,6 untuk kelompok intervensi dan 25,2 tahun untuk kelompok kontrol, memiliki status gizi berlebih, kebiasaan olahraga kurang, memiliki konstipasi fungsional, frekuensi defekasi 3 kali/minggu, dan kadar asam butirat feses rendah. Perbedaan rerata perubahan frekuensi defekasi, kadar asam butirat feses, skor flatulensi, dan distribusi skor Bristol tidak berbeda antara kedua kelompok, meskipun dilakukan adjusted terhadap usia dan nilai baseline asupan serat. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa kombinasi probiotik dalam penelitian ini tidak memperbaiki frekuensi buang air besar, kadar asam butirat feses, skor flatulensi, dan distribusi skor Bristol secara signifikan dibandingkan kelompok kontrol.

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ABSTRACTDecreased defecation frequency DDF has a correlation between host, diet, and environment. Sedentary lifestyle is risk factors of DDF in factory and office workers, and often accompanied by hard stool consistency and flatulence. Previous study showed that probiotics improve DDF through SCFA production that stimulates bowel motility through few mechanisms. This is a double blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted among office and labour worker who experienced DDF. They were randomly allocated to receive 6 weeks probiotic supplementation of strain L.plantarum KCTC 10782 BP, S.thermophilus KCTC 11870 BP, B.bifidum KCTC 12199 BP 4x109 CFU day and 1920 mg FOS day or control group with 1920 mg FOS day only. Results showed most subjects in this study were women, with mean age 29.6 and 25.2 years for the intervention group and control group, had excess nutritional status, less exercise habits, had functional constipation, defecation frequency 3 times week, and low levels of butyric acid stool. Mean difference in changes of defecation frequency, butyric acid stool, flatulence score, and Bristol score distribution did not differ between two groups even after adjustment for age and baseline value of fiber intake. It concluded that a mixture of probiotics strain in this study did not significantly improve DDF compared to control"

"Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai uji in vivo campuran bakteri kandidat probiotik terhadap pertumbuhan dan sintasan ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio L.). Uji in vivo dilakukan dengan memberikan campuran Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus sp. 41kF2b, dan Bacillus sp. YAS1 ke dalam pelet pakan ikan komersial yang diberikan sebagai pakan ikan mas. Pemberian pakan tersebut dilakukan selama 20 hari dan dilanjutkan dengan uji tantang terhadap bakteri patogen Aeromonas hydrophila. Uji tantang dilakukan dengan merendam ikan mas pada konsentrasi A. hydrophila 108 CFU/ml selama 10 menit. Ikan mas kemudian dipindahkan dan dipelihara dalam akuarium bersih selama 7 hari dengan diberi pakan tanpa bakteri kandidat probiotik. Pertumbuhan yang lebih cepat dan sintasan yang lebih tinggi dapat dijadikan parameter untuk mengetahui apakah campuran bakteri tersebut dapat berperan sebagai kandidat probiotik. Setelah 20 hari pemberian pakan dengan bakteri kandidat probiotik terdapat pertambahan biomassa ikan mas 5,22% lebih tinggi dibandingkan biomassa ikan mas kontrol. Pemberian bakteri kandidat probiotik pada ikan mas selama 20 hari memberikan pengaruh nyata (P<0,05) terhadap pertambahan biomassa ikan mas. Uji tantang terhadap A. hydrophila menunjukkan sintasan (kelulusan hidup) ikan mas perlakuan sebesar 97,5%, sedangkan kontrol sebesar 60%."

"Sebanyak enam strain Lactobacillus plantarum diteliti untuk menguji kemampuan antifungi terhadap kapang yang tumbuh pada silase. Suspensi sel L. plantarum strain DSK3, DR162, dan DP142 yang diisolasi dari dadih, strain 1A2 diisolasi dari tapai, strain TSD10 diisolasi dari kotoran sapi dan strain 1BL2 diisolasi dari buah strawberi memiliki kemampuan antifungi terhadap Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp.(1), dan Penicillium sp.(2), namun tidak memiliki kemampuan antifungi terhadap jamur merah dan jamur putih dengan metode double layer agar well diffusion. Supernatan L. plantarum yang diendapkan dengan amonium sulfat 60% pada pengujian paper disc assay menunjukkan kemampuan antifungi pada L. plantarum strain DSK3, 1A2, DR162, TSD10, dan 1BL2 terhadap A. fumigatus, namun tidak menunjukkan kemampuan antifungi terhadap Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp.(1), dan Penicillium sp.(2). Suspensi sel semua strain L. plantarum menghasilkan zona hambat total terhadap A. fumigatus, Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp.(2) dan zona hambat parsial terhadap Penicillium sp.(1). Ekstrak supernatan L. plantarum strain DSK3, 1A2, DR162, TSD10, dan 1BL2 menghasilkan zona hambat parsial terhadap A. fumigatus.

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Six strains of Lactobacillus plantarum were assayed to detect anti-fungi against moulds in silage. Cell suspension of L. plantarum strains DSK3, DR162, and DP142 which were isolated from dadih, strain 1A2 isolated from tapai, strain TSD10 isolated from dung and strain 1BL2 isolated from strawberry showed anti-fungi against A. fumigatus, Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp.(1), Penicillium sp.(2), but there was no anti-fungi against red and white moulds in double layer agar well diffusion method. Supernatant of L.plantarum was precipitated with 60% ammonium sulfate. Supernatant extract of L. plantarum strain DSK3, 1A2, DR162, TSD10, and 1BL2, assayed with paper disc method, showed anti-fungi against A. fumigatus. There was no anti-fungi against Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp.(1) and Penicillium sp.(2). Cell suspension of L. plantarum produced a total inhibition zone of A. fumigatus, Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp.(2) and a partial inhibition zone of Penicillium sp.(1), whereas the supernatant extract of L. plantarum produced partial inhibition zone of A. fumigatus."

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Latar Belakang. Konstipasi fungsional disebabkan oleh banyak faktor, faktor luminal (disbiosis mikrobiota) merupakan salah satu faktor tersebut. Mikrobiota saluran pencernaan memegang peranan penting sebagai dasar aspek kesehatan maupun terjadinya penyakit. 

Metode. Desain penelitian randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial   untuk mengevaluasi suplementasi  susu fermentasi yang mengandung probiotik Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 (1.2x10¹⁰ cfu/hari) dan plasebo pada saluran pencernaan dari 73 perempuan dengan konstipasi fungsional setelah 21 hari suplementasi. Profil fekal mikrobiota dan profil fekal SCFA (asetat, propionat dan butirat), dianalisa dengan menggunakan NGS dan GC-MS. Hasil analisa tersebut akan dikorelasikan dengan score PAC-Sym sebagai parameter  gejala konstipasi fungsional.

Hasil. Data baseline menunjukkan ketidakseimbangan (disbiosis) komposisi mikrobiota, rasio Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes; rasio lebih tinggi ditemukan pada subyek konstipasi. Selain itu  dua parameter konsentrasi SCFA secara bermakna lebih rendah pada subyek konstipasi, asetat (p=0.023) dan propionat (p=0.005). Setelah 21 hari suplementasi ditemukan korelasi negatif yang kuat antara asetat dengan skor PAC-Sym, secara bermakna meningkatkan taksa Lactobacillus sp., dan Lachnospiraceae.other meningkat setelah intervensi yang juga berkorelasi  memperbaiki  gejala konstipasi fungsional  (rho 0.5). Lachnospiraceae.other menekan Roseburia sp., Ruminococacceae.g., Bilophila sp. Penekanan dari Roseburia sp. secara signifikan berkorelasi dengan peningkatan SCFA dan signifikan berkorelasi dengan perbaikan gejala konstipasi fungsional (rho 0.4)

Simpulan. Suplementasi susu fermentasi yang mengandung probiotik  Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 dengan dosis 1.2x10¹⁰ cfu/hari selama 21 hari, terbukti menjaga keseimbangan profil mikrobiota mengarah pada eubiosis dan meningkatkan konsentrasi SCFA (asetat, propionat dan butirat) sebagai dasar mekanisme molekuler perbaikan  gejala perempuan dengan konstipasi fungsional.

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Background. Functional constipation is caused by various factors, and a luminal factor (dysbiosis of microbiota) is one of those factors. The gut microbiome plays a fundamental role in several aspects of host health and diseases. 

Methods. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of fermented milk containing probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 (1.2x10¹⁰ cfu/day) and placebo on gut microbiota profile and activity of 73 women with functional constipation after 21 days supplementation. Profile of fecal microbiota and fecal SCFA (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) was assessed by next generation sequencing (NGS) and GC-MS, respectively, and then correlated with the PAC-Sym score as a functional constipation symptom.  

Results. Baseline data showed that there was dysbiosis of microbiota composition in terms of Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio: a higher ratio was found in constipated subjects. Also, two of the SCFA concentrations were significantly lower in constipated subjects, acetate (p=0.023) and propionate (p=0.005). After 21 days supplementation there was a strong negative correlation between acetate and PAC-Sym score, significantly increased taxa Lactobacillus sp. and Lanchospiraceae.other increase after intervention as ell as significantly improved the functional constipation symptom (rho 0.5). Lachnospiraceae.other seemed to suppress Roseburia sp,  Ruminococcaceae.g_, Bilophila sp. Suppresion of Roseburia sp,  significantly correlated with increased SCFA,  and significantly correlated with improvement of constipation symptom (PAC-Sym) (rh0 0.4).

Conclusion. Supplementation of fermented milk containing Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 at a dose of  1.2x10¹⁰ cfu/day for 21 days improved the balance of microbiota towards eubiosis, increased SCFA (acetate, propionate and butyrate) concentration as an underlying molecular mechanisms of the functional constipation symptom improvement in women.

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"Lactobacillus plantarum FNCC-0461 merupakan bakteri asam laktat yang diisolasi dari dadih, yang berpotensi sebagai probiotik. Probiotik menunjukkan manfaat jika memiliki viabilitas minimal 1 x 10⁷ CFU di ileum distal atau kolon. Namun, sebagian besar probiotik tidak tahan terhadap kondisi ekstrim selama melalui saluran cerna. Enkapsulasi probiotik menjadi sediaan pelet tertarget kolon menjadi solusi yang baik untuk menjaga viabilitas dan memberikan pelepasan probiotik ke lokasi spesifik di kolon. Pelet diformulasikan menggunakan metode ekstrusi-sferonisasi dengan eksipien berupa Microcrytalline Cellulose (MCC), laktosa, pektin, Cellulose Acetate Phthalate (CAP) dan shellac. Sediaan pelet yang telah dibuat dievaluasi karakteristik fisik, viabilitasnya hingga dilakukan uji disolusi selama 24 jam pada pH 1,2; 6,8 dan 7,4. Pelet yang dilapisi CAP menunjukan hasil yang paling optimum dengan karakteristik pelet yang berbentuk bulat dengan distribusi ukuran partikel 913,57 ± 8,28 μm dan persen perolehan kembali 88,71 ± 1,04 % yang memiliki sifat alir yang sangat baik, kekuatan mekanik yang baik, viabilitas 4,76 x10⁷ CFU/g dan hasil uji disolusinya menunjukan pelepasan sel tertinggi pada cairan simulasi kolon sebesar 1,38 x 10⁷ CFU/g setelah 24 jam.

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Lactobacillus plantarum FNCC-0461 is a lactic acid bacteria isolated from dadih which has potential as a probiotic. Probiotics show health benefits if they have viability at least 1 x 10⁷ CFU in the distal ileum or colon. However, most probiotics are not resistant to extreme conditions while passing through the digestive tract. Encapsulation of probiotics into colon-targeted pellets was a good solution to maintain the viability and provide release of probiotics to specific site in the colon. Pellets were formulated using extrusion-spheronization method with excipient such as Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC), lactose, pectin, Cellulose Acetate Phthalate (CAP) and shellac. The obtained pellets were evaluated for their physical properties, viability and dissolution study was carried out at pH 1.2; 6.8 and 7.4 for 24 hours. CAP-coated pelet provide the optimum formulation were spherical with particle size distribution was 913.57 ± 8.28 μm and yield was 88.71 ± 1.04 %, it’s have very good flow properties, good mechanical properties, viability was 4.76 x10⁷ CFU/g and it’s dissolution study showed the highest cell release in simulated colonic fluid of 1.38 x 10⁷ CFU/g for 24 hours."

"Daun Moringa oleifera Lam. memiliki berbagai senyawa fenolik yang berperan pada aktivitas antioksidan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengukur aktivitas antioksidan infusa daun M. oleifera Lam. nonfermentasi dan fermentasi dengan metode penangkapan radikal 1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) pada konsentrasi 7,5%. Ekstraksi daun melalui metode infusa (85°C, 30 menit) dan fermentasi infusa daun M. oleifera Lam. dilakukan menggunakan Lactobacillus plantarum InaCC B997 selama 24 jam untuk meningkatkan konsentrasi senyawa tersebut. Aktivitas antioksidan ditunjukkan oleh persentase hambatan dan nilai Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC50). Nilai tersebut menunjukkan konsentrasi senyawa antioksidan yang mengakibatkan 50% dari senyawa DPPH kehilangan karakter radikal bebasnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai IC50 pada infusa nonfermentasi sebesar 261,69 ± 2,03 μg/mL, sedangkan nilai IC50 pada infusa fermentasi sebesar 275.98 ± 0.54 μg/mL pada konsentrasi 7,5%. Kenaikan nilai IC50 sebesar 0,05% menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antioksidan yang menurun pada infusa.

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Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf is known to contain various phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. The objective of this research is to measure the antioxidant activity of the unfermented and fermented Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf through the method of 1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) radical-scavenging Leaf extraction at 7,5% concentration was carried out using infusion method (85°C, 30 minutes) and fermentation using Lactobacillus plantarum InaCC B997 (24 hours) to increase those compounds. Antioxidant activity was evaluated based on the value of inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50). The IC50 value shows the concentration of antioxidant compounds that are able to inhibit 50 % of DPPH radicals. The result show that unfermented infusion had 261,69 ± 2,03 μg/mL, while the fermented infusion had 275.98 ± 0.54 μg/mL at 7,5% substrate concentration. The increase of IC50 values showed an decrease of antioxidant activity by 0,05% at 7,5% concentration."

"Moringa oleifera Lam. merupakan salah satu tanaman herbal di Indonesia yang mengandung senyawa antioksidan alami. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui perubahan aktivitas antioksidan pada konsentrasi substrat 5% hasil fermentasi oleh Lactobacillus plantarum InaCC B997 selama 24 jam. Ekstraksi senyawa antioksidan pada serbuk daun M. oleifera dilakukan dengan metode infusa, pada suhu 85̊C selama 30 menit. Aktivitas antioksidan diukur dengan metode DPPH (Diphenyl Plerylhydrazyl) dan mengukur konsentrasi senyawa antioksidan yang mampu menghambat 50% sifat radikal bebas dalam DPPH (Nilai IC50). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai IC50 infusa daun M. oleifera kontrol (nonfermentasi) ialah 137,15 μg/mL, sedangkan pada sampel infusa hasil fermentasi batch I, II, dan III berturut-turut ialah 155,10 ± 14,59 μg/mL, 165,20 ± 2,81 μg/mL, dan 189,77 ± 3,05 μg/mL. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fermentasi infusa daun M. oleifera Lam. pada konsentrasi 5% oleh L. plantarum InaCC B997 menurunkan aktivitas antioksidan sebesar 13,08%, 20,45%, dan 38,36% pada batch I, II, dan III.

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Moringa oleifera Lam. is one of the herbal plants in Indonesia that contains natural antioxidant compounds. The aim of this research is to determine the antioxidant activity of fermented M. oleifera Lam. leaf infusion at 5% concentration using Lactobacillus plantarum InaCC B997 for 24 hours. The extraction of antioxidant compounds in M. oleifera Lam. leaf powder was carried out by infusion method at 85̊C for 30 minutes. Antioxidant activity was measured using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method and was evaluated based on the concentration of antioxidant compounds that were able to inhibit 50% of DPPH (Inhibitory Concentration 50). The result showed that unfermented leaf infusion had IC50 value of 137.15 μg/mL, while the fermented leaf infusion had IC50 value of 155.10 ± 14.59 μg/mL, 165.20 ± 2.81 μg/mL, and 189.77 ± 3.05 μg/mL in batch I, II, and III, respectively. This study showed that fermentation of M. oleifera Lam. leaf infusion at concentration of 5% using L. plantarum InaCC B997 had reduced antioxidant activity when compared to nonfermented leaf infusion at 13.08%, 20.45%, and 38.36% in batch I, II, and III, respectively."