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"Triglyceride hydrolysis using lipase has been proposed as a novel method to produce raw materials in food and cosmetic industries such as diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, glycerol and fatty acid. In order to design a reactor for utilizing this reaction on industrial scale, constructing a kinetic model is important. Since the substrates are oil and water, the hydrolysis takes place at oil-water interface. Furthermore, the triglyceride has three ester bonds, so that the hydrolysis stepwise proceeds. Thus, the reaction mechanism is very complicated. The difference between the interfacial and bulk concentrations of the enzyme, substrates and products, and the interfacial enzymatic reaction mechanism should be considered in the model."

"Masalah kelangkaan energi dan semakin mahalnya energi fosil di dunia membuat produk energi alternatif seperti biodiesel menjadi semakin menarik dan diperlukan. Hal ini telah mendorong dilakukannya banyak penelitian untuk mempelajari proses produksi biodiesel dan hal-hal lain yang melingkupinya. Biodiesel diproduksi terutama lewat proses transesterifikasi, yaitu reaksi antara minyak nabati dan alkohol dengan menggunakan katalis alkali, asam, ataupun enzim. Banyak penelitian telah dilakukan untuk mempelajari variabel - variabel yang mempengaruhi jalannya reaksi transesterifikasi, tetapi usaha untuk memodelkan reaksi ini secara kinetika belum banyak tersentuh. Karena itu dalam penelitian ini akan coba dibuat suatu model kinetika reaksi transesterifikasi menggunakan mekanisme reaksi kimia bertingkat. Beberapa usaha pemodelan reaksi transesterifikasi yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya menggunakan metode yang spesifik terhadap jenis katalis reaksi yang digunakan. Sementara model reaksi bertingkat ini bersifat umum dan dapat diterapkan pada berbagai kondisi reaksi. Kevalidan model ini akan diuji lewat penerapan pada beberapa data penelitian transesterifikasi yang telah dipublikasikan sebelumnya di beberapa jurnal ilmiah. Hasil pemodelan menunjukkan bahwa mekanisme reaksi bertingkat mampu untuk memodelkan reaksi transesterifikasi tetapi dengan tingkat keakuratan yang tidak terlalu baik. Dengan demikian, sepertinya model ini masih perlu disempurnakan lagi.

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The energy scarcity problem and the raising price of fuel from fossil has made the need for an alternative energy product like biodiesel becomes greater. This need has motivated many scientist to do a research on biodiesel production. Biodiesel is produced through transesterification process where the vegetable oil and alcohol is reacted by means of alkali, acid, or enzyme catalyst.

There have been many researches conducted to study the variables which influence the transesterification process, but not so many efforts has been done to put this process kinetically into a model. For that reason, on this research, a kinetic model of the transesterification process is to be made using stepwise chemical reaction mechanism. The validity of this model will be tested through application of a couple of series of transesterification researches data which have already been published on some scientific journals before.

The result of the modeling shows that stepwise reaction mechanism is able to predict and model the transesterification reaction but not in fine accuracy. Thus, this stepwise model needs to be perfected."

"Model kinetika untuk sintesis biodiesel menggunakan biokatalis telah banyak disusun. Namun model yang telah ada hingga kini belum mampu mendeskripsikan dengan tepat perilaku setiap komponen dalam reaksi interestefikasi trigliserida untuk memproduksi biodiesel. Penelitian dilakukan dengan penyusunan satu model matematis menyeluruh berbasis Ping-Pong Bi Bi dengan kombinasi mekanisme adsorpsi dari sintesis biodiesel menggunakan Candida rugosa lipase sebagai biokatalis. Validitas model diuji dengan melakukan fitting terhadap data eksperimen interesterfikasi metil asetat dengan trigliserida menggunakan Candida rugosa lipase sebagai biokatalis. Parameter kinetika yang didapat, diestimasi secara numerik menggunakan perangkat lunak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model kinetika berbasis mekanisme Ping- Pong Bi Bi dengan kombinasi mekanisme adsorpsi mampu mendeskripsikan dengan baik perilaku kinetika reaksi setiap elemen dari reaksi interesterfikasi trigliserida dengan Candida rugosa lipase tersuspensi.

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Kinetic model for biodiesel synthesis using biocatalyst has ever been constructed. Nevertheless, that all models cannot well describe behavior of all component involve interesterfication of triglyceride to produce biodiesel. This research done by construct a mathematical model based on Ping-Pong Bi Bi mechanism with combination of adsorption mechanism for biodiesel synthesis using Candida rugosa lipase as biocatalyst. Several parameters have been found, are estimated by softwere. Experimental result showed that kinetic model based on Ping-Pong Bi Bi mechanism with combination of adsorption mechanism well describe behavior of all component involve interesterfication of triglyceride using Candida rugosa lipase."

"ABSTRAKSuatu pemodelan matematis untuk mempelajari mekanisme kinetika sintesis biodiesel rute non alkohol menggunakan biokatalis pada berbagai kondisi operasi tertentu dikembangkan dalam penelitian ini. Mekanisme pemodelan sintesis biodiesel sederhana berbasis Michaelis - Menten dengan pertimbangan faktor adsorpsi digunakan, mengingat adanya perbedaan konsentrasi mula - mula maupun konsentrasi pada bulk, baik terhadap enzim, substrat, maupun produk. Validitas model ini diuji dengan melakukan fitting terhadap data yang diperoleh melalui percobaan pada berbagai kondisi tertentu dalam rangka mencari parameter-parameter kinetika. Persamaan model secara simultan diolah secara numeris menggunakan metode Runge-Kutta, dimana hasil fitting terbaik dari nilai parameter ditentukan menggunakan metode Simplex. Melalui penelitian ini, didapatkan bahwa model yang digunakan untuk sintesis biodiesel berbasis Michaelis - Menten dapat memberikan hasil fitting dan gambaran yang cukup baik mengenai pengaruh dari konsentrasi mula-mula enzim dan trigliserida yang digunakan, terhadap konsentrasi biodiesel yang dihasilkan pada suatu kondisi tertentu selama sintesis berlangsung.

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ABSTRACTA mathematical model describing biodiesel synthesis of non alcohol route using biocatalyst under various operating conditions was constructed in this research. The simplified kinetic mechanism based on Michaelis ' Menten with adsorption factor was considered in addition to the differences in the interfacial and bulk concentration of the enzyme, substrate and product. This modeling validation was doing by fitting the model equations with the experimental result data in order to obtain the kinetic parameters. A set of arbitrary values for the constants was assuming, and then the simultaneous differential equations based on Michaelis-Menten were numerically solved using Runge'Kutta method, where the best fitted values of the constants were determined using Simplex method. The results of simulation model for the synthesis of biodiesel using biocatalyst based on Michaelis ' Menten mechanism gave better fitted result and well described the effect of the initial enzyme concentration, initial concentrations of triglyceride and biodiesel on the entire process of biodiesel synthesis."

"Pemodelan kinetika oksidasi dan pembakaran bahan bakar gasolin bertujuan untuk menghasilkan mekanisme reaksi pembakaran yang valid sehingga dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi ignition delay time, serta pengaruh temperatur, tekanan dan rasio ekuivalensi pada reaksi oksidasi dan pembakaran bahan bakar tersebut. Penyusunan mekanisme reaksi dilakukan dengan penelusuran literatur. Model yang telah disusun akan divalidasi menggunakan data eksperimen yang diperoleh dengan menggunakan alat shock tube, pada rentang temperatur 900-1.150 K, tekanan 25-55 bar, serta rasio ekuivalensi 1. Mekanisme reaksi yang telah divalidasi, kemudian disimulasikan dengan variasi temperature awal, variasi tekanan awal dan rasio ekuivalensi. Perangkat lunak yang digunakan adalah Chemkin 3.7.1. Mekanisme reaksi yang disusun berhasil memprediksikan data eksperimen dengan kesesuaian yang baik. Dari perbandingan hasil simulasi waktu tunda ignisi dengan data eksperimen, diperoleh nilai deviasi maksimum sebesar 32,36% dan nilai deviasi minimum sebesar 0%.The main goals of research on the modeling of kinetic and oxidation of gasolin fuel are to create a valid reaction mechanism that can be used to predict the profile of ignition delay time, and behaviors of its oxidation reaction. Model is arranged by literature study and has to be validated with an experiment data. Experiment data was obtained from shock tube with initial temperature range 900-1.150 K, initial pressure range 25-55 bar, and equivalence ratio 1,0. The valid mechanism will be used for initial temperature, initial pressure and equivalent ratio variation simulation. The software that used in this research is Chemkin 3.7.1. The new reaction mechanism can predict the experiment data successfully. From the comparison of the simulation results of ignition delay time with experimental data, the maximum deviation value is 32,36% and minimum deviation value is 0%."

"ABSTRACTPemodelan kinetika oksidasi dan pembakaran bahan bakar LGV (campuran propana dan butana) dilakukan untuk menghasilkan reaksi pembakaran yang representatif untuk LGV. Model tersebut dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi waktu tunda ignisi, serta pengaruh temperatur, komposisi campuran, tekanan, dan rasio ekuivalensi pada reaksi oksidasi dan pembakaran bahan bakar LGV. Model baru untuk bahan bakar LGV dikembangkan berdasarkan model mekanisme Vollmer yang telah valid. Pengembangan model dilakukan dengan menggabungkan dua mekanisme Vollmer yang masing-masing menggunakan bahan bakar propana (C3H8) dan butana (C4H10) menjadi suatu mekanisme baru yang digunakan untuk bahan bakar LGV. Mekanisme reaksi yang telah dikembangkan, kemudian disimulasi dengan variasi tekanan awal, temperatur awal, dan rasio ekuivalensi. Perangkat lunak yang digunakan adalah Chemkin 3.7.1. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan waktu tunda ignisi paling cepat terjadi pada komposisi bahan bakar 0% propana dan 100% butana, tekanan awal 10 atm, temperatur awal 1500 K, dan campuran stoikiometri (Φ = 1) sebesar 0,011 milidetik. Waktu tunda ignisi paling lambat terjadi pada komposisi bahan bakar 50% propana dan 50% butana, tekanan awal 2 atm, temperatur awal 1100 K, dan campuran rich fuel (Φ = 2) sebesar 16,1 milidetik.

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ABSTRACTModeling of kinetical oxidation and combustion of LGV fuel (mixture from propane and butane) is conducted to develop a reaction mechanism which representative for LGV. The model can be used to predict the ignition delay time‟s profile, and effect of temperature, mixture composition, pressure, and equivalence ratio to oxidation and combustion reaction of LGV fuel. New model for LGV fuel is developed based on Vollmer‟s valid model mechanisms. Model development is done by combining two Vollmer‟s mechanisms each for propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10) fuel to a new mechanism which can be applied for LGV fuel. The developed mechanism will be used for simulation of variation of initial pressure, initial temperature, and equivalence ratio. The software that used in this research is Chemkin 3.7.1. Simulation‟s result indicate that the fastest ignition delay times occurred in 0.11 miliseconds on following conditions: 0% propane and 100% butane fuel composition, initial pressure 10 atm, initial temperature 1500K and stoichiometric mixture (Φ = 1). The slowest ignition delay times occurred in 16.1 miliseconds on following conditions: 50% propane and 50% butane fuel composition, initial pressure 2 atm, initial temperature 1100K, and fuel rich mixture (Φ = 2)."

"Pemodelan Kinetika Oksidasi dan Pembakaran Campuran Dimetil Eter (DME)-Propana dilakukan untuk mempelajari karakteristik pembakaran bahan bakar campuran DME dan propana (C3H8). Model kinetika oksidasi dan pembakaran campuran DME-propana terdiri dari 295 spesies dan 1584 reaksi elementer. Validasi model kinetika yang dikembangkan pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan menggunakan data percobaan waktu tunda ignisi yang dilakukan oleh Erjiang Hu dkk. Model kinetika yang dikembangkan memberikan kesesuaian yang baik terhadap data percobaan. Simulasi menggunakan model kinetika untuk mendapatkan profil waktu tunda ignisi dilakukan pada tekanan 2, 10, 40 bar; temperatur 550-1500K; rasio ekivalensi 0,5-2 dan komposisi DME 0-100%.Hasil simulasi menunjukkan meningkatnya tekanan, waktu tunda ignisi akan semakin cepat, hal ini berlaku untuk semua rasio ekivalensi dan komposisi DME. Pengaruh penambahan DME pada waktu tunda ignisi campuran DME-propana sensitif terhadap konsentrasi bahan bakar. Semakin besar komposisi DME dalam campuran, waktu tunda ignisi semakin cepat. Waktu tunda ignisi campuran DMEpropana pada daerah temperatur 550-1000K menunjukkan adanya daerah NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) yaitu daerah dimana temperatur meningkat, laju reaksi oksidasi dan pembakaran menurun memperlambat terjadinya ignisi. Pengaruh rasio ekivalensi terhadap waktu tunda ignisi campuran DME-propana cukup besar pada daerah NTC. Pada temperatur dibawah dan diatas daerah NTC, pengaruh rasio ekivalensi terhadap waktu tunda ignisi sangat kecil.

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Kinetic modeling of the oxidation and combustion of Dimethyl Ether (DME)-Propane mixtures is conducted to study the combustion characteristic of the fuel mixture of DME and propane (C3H8). Kinetic model of the oxidation and combustion of DME-propane mixture consists of 295 species and 1548 elementary reaction. Validation of kinetic model developed in this study has been carried out using the experimental data of ignition delay time by Erjiang Hu et.al. Kinetic model developed provides good agreement to the experimental data. The simulation using kinetic model to produce ignition delay time profile conducted at pressure 2, 20, 40 bar; temperature 550-1500K; equivalence ratio 0,5-2 and DME blending ratio 0-100%.

The result shows that with the increase of pressure, ignition delay time decrease for all equivalence ratio and DME blending ratio. The effect of DME addition on ignition delay time of DME-propane mixtures is sensitive on the fuel concentration. Increasing DME blending ratio, the faster the ignition delay time. Ignition delay time DME-propane mixtures at temperature 550-1000K show the NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) region, which the increasing of temperature, the rate of oxidation and combustion reaction decrease, inhibit the ignition. Effect of equivalence ratio on ignition delay time DMEpropane mixtures is quite large in NTC region. At temperature below and above the NTC region, the effect of equivalence ratio on ignition delay time is small."

"Agricultural waste hasincreased colossally with development in agricultural production causing environmentalnuisance and degradation. Utilization of coconut husks, one of such type of waste, as a biosorbent for polluted surface water treatment, wasconsidered in this study. Polluted surface water was gently passed through twosimilar columns loaded with 100 and 200 g of coconut husk char respectively.The treated water samples collected after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mins wereexamined for SO42-, NO3- and PO43-ions concentration. Removal efficiency for SO42-, NO3-and PO43- ions on 100 g coconut husk char after 150mins detention time were 70, 78 and 91% respectively. Freundlich isotherm modelgave a better description of the data (R2 > 0.96). Sorption datawas well described by second order pseudo kinetics (R2 >0.85). An amount of 100 g of the biosorbenthas astrong affinity for these types of ion removal in contaminated water. Coconut huskchar as a biosorbentis a panacea to significant concentrations of polyatomic ions in polluted surface water."

"Agricultural waste has increased colossally with development in agricultural production causing environmental nuisance and degradation. Utilization of coconut husks, one of such type of waste, as a biosorbent for polluted surface water treatment, was considered in this study. Polluted surface water was gently passed through two similar columns loaded with 100 and 200 g of coconut husk char respectively. The treated water samples collected after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mins were examined for SO42-, NO3- and PO43- ions concentration. Removal efficiency for SO42-, NO3- and PO43- ions on 100 g coconut husk char after 150 mins detention time were 70, 78 and 91% respectively. Freundlich isotherm model gave a better description of the data (R2 > 0.96). Sorption data was well described by second order pseudo kinetics (R2 > 0.85). An amount of 100 g of the biosorbent has a strong affinity for these types of ion removal in contaminated water. Coconut husk char as a biosorbent is a panacea to significant concentrations of polyatomic ions in polluted surface water."