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"Kelelawar pemakan buah memiliki peran penting dalam ekosistem sebagai penyerbuk dan penyebar biji tumbuhan. Beberapa jenis kelelawar pemakan buah diketahui merupakan hewan inang bagi sejumlah ektoparasit. Ektoparasit diketahui dapat menurunkan kesintasan inangnya, sehingga hubungan inangektoparasit merupakan salah satu komponen ekologi yang penting diketahui. Penelitian mengenai hubungan inang-ektoparasit pada kelelawar pemakan buah masih sangat terbatas di kampus Universitas Indonesia, Depok, sehingga terdapat kebutuhan penelitian mengenai subjek tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Maret-April 2014 pada 15 titik sampel untuk mengetahui hubungan inangektoparasit pada kelelawar pemakan buah di kampus UI. Sebanyak 42 dari 70 individu kelelawar yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini terinfeksi ektoparasit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kelelawar dari marga Cynopterus memiliki nilai prevalensi yang lebih tinggi daripada marga Macroglossus, dengan Cynopterus brachyotis sebagai jenis dengan nilai prevalensi tertinggi. Kelelawar betina remaja memiliki jumlah terinfeksi terbanyak dibandingkan dengan kelelawar betina dewasa, jantan dewasa, dan jantan remaja. Hasil tersebut berkaitan dengan perbedaan struktur dalam kelompok, serta perilaku roosting dan grooming. Kekhususan hubungan inang-ektoparasit teramati pada tingkatan marga inang, dimana Cyclopodia horsfieldii hanya ditemukan pada kelelawar dari marga Cynopterus, dan Leptocyclopodia ferrarii hanya ditemukan pada kelelawar dari marga Macroglossus.

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Fruit bats have significant roles in the ecosystems as pollinators and seed dispersers. Some fruit bats are known as hosts for several ectoparasites. Ectoparasites can decrease the host’s fitness, which make host-ectoparasite relationship one of ecology components need to be known. The study about hostectoparasite relationship on fruit bats in Universitas Indonesia Depok is still limited, that there is a need to do the research. This study aimed to examine relationship of species of bats and their ectoparasites found in habitats around Universitas Indonesia. The study was conducted in March-April 2014 at 15 observation sites. Of 70 individuals captured, 42 individuals were infested by ectoparasites.

The results showed Cynopterus bats had a higher prevalence than Macroglossus bats, and Cynopterus brachyotis was found as the highest prevalence species. Adult female bats were the most infested groups. These results might due to the differences in group structure, roosting, and grooming behaviour. Host-parasite specificity observed at the genus level. Cyclopodia horsfieldii was only found on Cynopterus bats, while Leptocyclopodia ferrarii was found only on Macroglossus bats."

"Penelitian mengenai distribusi kelelawar pemakan buah dilakukan di Kampus UI Depok pada Desember 2013-Maret 2014 di 26 jenis pohon pakan. Terdapat delapan jenis kelelawar, Cynopterus brachyotis, C. horsfieldi, C. minutus, C. sphinx, C. titthaecheilus, Macroglossus sobrinus, M. minimus, dan Rousettus leschenaulti. Distribusi kedelapan jenis kelelawar pemakan buah berbeda satu sama lain (Uji Chi-squared CSR, p<0,05). Cynopterus brachyotis dan C. sphinx terdistribusi hampir merata, sedangkan C. horsfieldi dan C. minutus terdistribusi pada setengah jumlah pohon pakan. Jenis-jenis lainnya terdistribusi pada beberapa jenis pohon pakan. Perbedaan distribusi setiap jenis kelelawar disebabkan oleh perbedaan asosiasi kelelawar terhadap pohon pakan tertentu (Cramer's V=0.51, p<0,05).

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A study about fruit bat distribution was conducted in Campus UI Depok in December 2013-March 2014 on 26 feeding trees. There are eight species, Cynopterus brachyotis, C. horsfieldi, C. minutus, C. sphinx, C. titthaecheilus, Macroglossus sobrinus, M. minimus, and Rousettus leschenaulti. Each fruit bat has significant different distribution (Chi-squared CSR Test, p<0,05). Cynopterus brachyotis and C. sphinx are distributed uniformly, whereas C. horsfieldi and C. minutus are distributed in half of feeding trees. Others are distributed in few feeding trees. The differences among fruit bat distribution is caused by specific association among bat toward certain feeding tree (Cramer's V=0.51, p<0,05)."

"Tingginya kebutuhan lahan yang digunakan sebagai pemukiman dapat menekan tutupan vegetasi yang merupakan habitat bagi banyak hewan, salah satunya adalah kelelawar pemakan buah yang berkaitan dengan polinasi dan penyebaran biji. Pasirluyu merupakan salah satu daerah yang memiliki jumlah lahan pemukiman yang berbanding cukup jauh dengan vegetasi pepohonan yang ada. Penelitian mengenai korelasi kepadatan kelelawar pemakan buah dengan faktor tutupan vegetasi dilakukan di daerah pemukiman Pasirluyu, Bandung, Jawa Barat pada bulan April dan Mei 2021. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan purposive sampling. Pada penelitian yang telah dilakukan didapatkan 1 jenis kelelawar buah, yaitu Cynopterus brachyotis yang tertangkap dengan menggunakan jaring kabut. Kepadatan kelelawar antara ketiga transek pengamatan berbeda signifikan (P = 0.016). Terdapat 6 jenis pohon yang tercatat dilalui oleh kelelawar saat pengamatan, yaitu Artocarpus heterophyllus, Canarium indicum, Ceiba pentandra, Ficus benjamina, Ficus aurea dan Musa paradisiaca. Korelasi antara kepadatan kelelawar pemakan buah dengan persentase tutupan vegetasi di ketiga transek pengamatan merupakan korelasi yang positif dan sangat kuat (r = 0.867). Korelasi yang positif dan sangat kuat menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang berbanding lurus antara kepadatan kelelawar pemakan buah dan tutupan vegetasi, yaitu semakin besar nilai dari tutupan vegetasi maka nilai kepadatan kelelawar pemakan buah akan semakin tinggi.

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The high demand in the land used for the settlement area can supress the vegetation cover which is used for habitat for many animals, one of them is the fruit bats that associated with polination and seed dispersal. A study about the correlation of fruit bats density with the vegetation cover factor was carried out in the settlement area of Pasirluyu, Bandung, West Java in April and May 2021. The method of the research was using purposive sampling. In this study there was 1 type of fruit bat captured using a mist net, known as Cynopterus brachyotis. The density of bats between the three observation transects were significantly different (P = 0.016 ). There were 6 types of trees that bats passed during observation, they were Artocarpus heterophyllus, Canarium indicum, Ceiba pentandra, Ficus benjamina, Ficus aurea and Musa paradisiaca. The correlation between fruit bats density and vegetation cover in the three observation transects is a positive and very strong correlation (r = 0.867). A positive and very strong correlation indicates that there is a direct correlation between fruit bats density and vegetation cover, which means the greater value of the vegetation cover, the higher value of fruit bats density will be."

"Keberadaan ekosistem karst terbatas dan terus berkurang akibat eksploitasi manusia. Rusaknya ekosistem karst akibat penambangan batu kapur dan pemukiman menyebabkan berkurangnya tutupan vegetasi, fragmentasi habitat, dan penurunan keanekaragaman hayati di kawasan karst. Kelelawar (Chiroptera) merupakan salah satu fauna yang ditemukan dan memiliki hubungan mutualistik bagi ekosistem karst. Salah satu daerah yang mengalami kondisi tersebut adalah kawasan Karst Klapanunggal, Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kerapatan kelelawar dengan tutupan vegetasi di kawasan Karst Klapanunggal Kabupaten Bogor Jawa Barat yang dilakukan pada bulan Juni 2021. Penelitian dilakukan pada 3 transek garis, setiap transek terdapat 3 stasiun pengamatan, dengan 2 kali pengamatan pada setiap lokasi. Total terdapat 54 pengamatan, mencatat kepadatan kelelawar dan persentase tutupan vegetasi. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan fragmentasi area tutupan vegetasi antara 33,18%/100m2 sampai 86,59%/100m2. Sementara kepadatan kelelawar dengan rata-rata 31,5/100m2 sampai 252,2/100m2. Didapatkan korelasi positif r = 0,76 antara kepadatan kelelawar dengan tutupan vegetasi. Berdasarkan hasil korelasi, area dengan tutupan vegetasi tinggi memiliki kepadatan kelelawar yang tinggi. Hasil identifikasi menemukan kelelawar dari famili Pteropodidae, yaitu Macroglosus sobrinus pada satu lokasi pengamatan. Penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai informasi dasar memperkirakan dampak dari perusakan ekosistem karst terhadap kepadatan populasi kelelawar pada daerah Karst Klapanunggal, Jawa Bara.

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The existence of the karst ecosystem is limited and continues to decrease due to human exploitation. The destruction of the karst ecosystem due to limestone mining and settlements causes reduced vegetation cover, habitat fragmentation, and decreased biodiversity in karst areas. Bats (Chiroptera) are one of the fauna found and have a mutualistic relationship for the karst ecosystem. One of the areas experiencing this condition is the Klapanunggal Karst area, West Java. This study aims to determine the correlation between bat density and vegetation cover in the Karst Klapanunggal area, Bogor Regency, West Java, which was conducted in June 2021. The study was conducted on 3 line transects, each transect has 3 observation stations, with 2 observations at each location. There were a total of 54 observations, recording the density of bats and the percentage of vegetation cover. The results showed that the fragmentation of the vegetation cover area was between 33.18%/100m2 to 86.59%/100m2. Meanwhile, the density of bats is on average 31.5/100m2 to 252.2/100m2. There was a positive correlation r = 0.76 between bat density and vegetation cover. Based on the correlation results, areas with high vegetation cover have a high density of bats. The results of the identification found bats from the Pteropodidae family, namely Macroglosus sobrinus at one observation location. This study can be used as basic information to estimate the impact of the destruction of the karst ecosystem on the population density of bats in the Klapanunggal Karst area, West Java."

"Kelelawar dapat ditemukan hampir di setiap daerah, salah satunya di perkotaan. Namun penelitian kelelawar di kawasan urban Jakarta belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara kepadatan kelelawar dengan persentase tutupan vegetasi di Kecamatan Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan pada bulan Mei dan Juni 2021. Data diambil pada 3 transek dan diuji menggunakan Uji Korelasi Pearson dan Uji Anova Satu Arah menggunakan Microsoft Excel. Hasil uji statistik (p = 0,4; r= 0,4) menunjukkan tidak terdapat korelasi yang signifikan antara kepadatan kelelawar dengan tutupan vegetasi dan memiliki derajat hubungan linear positif yang moderat. Beberapa faktor mempengaruhi hal ini yaitu, jenis vegetasi, kondisi vegetasi, dan faktor luar. Hasil uji ANOVA Satu Arah menyatakan tidak ada perbedaan kepadatan kelelawar antar transek (p (0,08 & 0,45) > 0,05), disebabkan semua transek dan titik pengamatan memiliki vegetasi yang menjadi tempat kelelawar mencari makan. Penangkapan kelelawar menggunakan jarring kabut. Spesies yang terkonfirmasi ditemukan di daerah Kebayoran Baru adalah Cynopterus brachyotis.

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Bats are commonly found almost in every region, one of them being the urban area. However, a research for urban bats in Jakarta had not been covered much. The purpose of this research is to see if there is any correlation between bats density with vegetation cover in Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta on May—June 2021. Data is gathered from 3 transects and then tested using Pearson Correlation and One-way Anova in Microsoft Excel. According to statistical results (p = 0.4; r = 0.4), there is no significant correlation between bat density and vegetation cover and has a moderate degree of positive linear relationship. Several factors influence this, namely, the type of vegetation, vegetation conditions, and external factors. The results of the One-Way ANOVA test stated that there were no differences in bats between transects (p (0.08 & 0.45) > 0,05), because all transects and observation points had vegetation where bats forage for food. Mist net is used to catch bats. The confirmed species found in Kebayoran Baru is Cynopterus brachyotis."

"Limestone cave is an unique ecosystem with having characteristics on enclosed space, dark, stable temperature, moist, air sirculation and being inhabited by specific flora and fauna. A limestone cave ecosystem is fragile and unrenewable for the process of its formation needs millions of years (Bullock,1965:60; Whitten et al. 1996: 542). Petruk and Jatijajar limestone caves are located at the vicinity of South Gombong Crust ,Central Java. Being potential as tourist attractions, the two caves are made used by local government tourist agency of Kebumen Regency. To create a proper managament system which saveguard the ecological function of the cave as well as the related ecological process, studies on the biodiversity and ecology are needed. The objectives of this study are primarily to understand : (1). The level of abundance of bats (2). The different of the physical environment which influence the bats populations (3). The diversity of fauna (4). The preference roosting place the bats at Petruk and Jatijajar cave. This study is conducted at Petruk cave and Jatijajar cave which are located at Ayah subdistric , Kebumen regency , Central Java in July - September 1999. The estimation of bat populations is made by counting the total number of induvidual bats when they left the cave in the evening and roosting the roof of cave during the days. For physical environment studies of the cave, the temperature, humidity and the light intensity at every zone of the cave were measured. Avertebrata and water fauna diversity were calculated by square method (murray 1991: 48), and the vertebrate diversity by line transek method (Wardoyo: 1986:11). The habitat preference of bat's roosting was identified using several criteria including the distance of the roosting place from the cave enterance, temperature, humidity and light intensity of the roosting place of each bats colony. To compare the physical data of the similar zone the ANOVA test was used at the level of 95 % signiticant (Walpole 1987: 383).The fauna diversity index was calculated by the Shanon - Whiner index (Cox, 1997:195). The similarity of those population were measured by Sorensen formula (Cox, 1997:197 ).The map for roosting habitat preference is made based on available map has been provided by Finspac' (1997), while for Jatijajar cave has been prepared by tourism agency of the Kebumen local goverment 1997. Conclusions drawn from this study were : 1) The bat population of Petruk cave during the research was approximately 144.00 at 661,34 and of Jatijajar cave around 2.874 + 179,2. 2) The physical environment of Petruk cave was warmer, with a high humidity level , and darker than the Jatijajar cave. 3) The land fauna diversity of Petruk cave was higher than that of Jatijajar cave. However those caves have similarities concerning the water fauna diversity. 4) At petruk cave 8 roosting places in habited by 6 species of bat' s namely : Rousettus amplexicaudatus, Hipposideros bicolor,Hipposideros diadema, Myotis horsfieldii, Tadarida plicata and Rhinolopus luctus. At Jatijajar cave there are 6 roosting places inhabited by 3 species of bat , namely: Rousettus amplexicaudatus, Hipposideros bicolor and Rhinoilopus luctus. At both of cave the R. amplexicaudatus prefer red to have a roosting place somewhere around the entrance due to sufficient light. However R. luctus preferred to have a roosting place at the far end of the cave where the level of humidity is high and there is no light at all. The other species : H. bicofon H. diadema ,M, horsfieldii, and T. plicata preferred to have a roosting place at the medle of the cave which little light is available and the temperature and humidity are fluctuative."

"Kelelawar buah famili Pteropodidae telah dikenal sebagai agen penyerbuk bunga dan penyebar biji berbagai spesies tumbuhan di kawasan tropis. Peran kelelawar buah sebagai penyerbuk bunga dan penyebar biji termasuk sebagai jasa layanan ekosistem yang berfungsi menjaga keseimbangan dan kelestarian ekosistem. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui asosiasi antara kehadiran kelelawar buah dengan tumbuhan di tepi kawasan Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan, Lampung selama bulan Juni--September 2012. Lokasi penelitian terdiri atas lahan perkebunan warga dan hutan. Kelelawar buah diperangkap menggunakan jala kabut (mist-net) pada pukul 18.00--22.00 WIB. Analisis vegetasi dilaksanakan menggunakan metode Point-centered Quarter (PCQ). Asosiasi kehadiran kelelawar buah dengan tumbuhan diuji dengan chi-square (2). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian telah didapat total 11 spesies kelelawar buah selama 195 jam pemerangkapan dan 79 spesies tumbuhan di hutan dan kebun. Hasil uji 2 menunjukkan adanya asosiasi antara spesies kelelawar buah dengan tumbuhan di hutan maupun kebun. Hasil tersebut dapat menunjukkan bahwa jasa layanan ekosistem oleh kelelawar buah terhadap tumbuhan tetap berlangsung baik di hutan maupun kebun.

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Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family were known as pollinator and seed disperser to some plant species in tropical region. The roles of fruit bats in the ecosystem service are as pollinator and seed disperser that preserve ecosystem balance and conservation. This research was carried out to determine the association between the presence of fruit bats and plants on edge of Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Lampung during June to September 2012. Study sites consisted of cultivated area and forest site. Fruit bats were caught using mist net from 18.00 to 22.00 WIB. Vegetation analysis was done using Point-centered Quarter (PCQ) method. Association between the fruit bats presence and plants was tested using the chisquare (2) method. The results showed that there were 11 species of fruit bats recorded during 195 hours of capture and 79 plant species recorded from cultivated area and forest. The 2 test show an existing association between the presence of fruit bats and the plants form the forest and cultivated area. The result showed that the ecosystem service provided by the fruit bats for the plants suggested a positive influence for the forest and the cultivated area."

"Optimasi biaya bahan bakar umumnya dilakukan dengan pendekatan menggunakan metode deterministi c maupun undeterministi c. Pada penelitian ini membandingkan penerapan merit order yang bersifat deterministi c dengan penerapan algoritma kelelawar yang bersifat undeterministi c. Persoalan economic load dispatch mempunyai batasan equality dan inequality yang kompleks, sehingga sulit menentukan nilai optimum dengan menggunakan pendekatan konvensional. Dalam menentukan nilai optimum diperlukan penjadwalan unit-unit pembangkit untuk membagi daya yang dibangkitkan dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan sistem sehingga didapatkan biaya bahan bakar optimum. Merit order disusun berdasarkan besaran biaya bahan bakar perjam setiap unit yang beroperasi pada output maksimumnya, sedangkan algoritma kelelawar disusun berdasarkan karakteristik ekolokasi kelelawar yang disimulasikan pada program komputer dari posisi, kecepatan dan frekuensi kelelawar. Data yang diuji adalah data aktual pembangkit listrik tenaga termal yang berjumlah 6 (enam) pembangkit pada kondisi beban puncak tahun 2018. Dengan menggunakan 2 (dua) metode yang berbeda yaitu merit order dan algoritma kelelawar diperoleh hasil biaya produksi (efisiensi) yang berbeda. Merit order dapat mengefisienkan biaya produksi sebesar 14,67% atau $291640 dari aktual biaya, sementara algoritma kelelawar menghasilkan efisiensi sebesar 15,66% atau $311405 dari aktual biaya. Dari hasil perhitungan ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan metode algoritma kelelawar akan menghasilkan biaya produksi yang lebih efisien (lebih kecil) yaitu sebesar 0,99% atau $19765 dibandingkan metode merit order. Hal ini dapat terjadi karena algoritma kelelawar berhasil membuat kombinasi pembebanan pembangkit yang lebih efisien.

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Fuel cost optimization is generally done using an approach of deterministic and undeterministic methods. This study compares the application of deterministic merit order algorithms with the application of undeterministic bat algorithms. The issue of economic load dispatch has complex equality and inequality constraints, so it is difficult to determine the optimum value using a conventional approach. In determining the optimum value it is necessary to schedule generator units to divide the generated power in meeting system requirements so the optimum fuel costs are obtained. Merit orders are arranged based on the amount of hourly fuel costs per unit operating at its maximum output, while the bat algorithm is based on echolocation characteristics of microbats simulated on a computer program from the position, velocity and frequency of bats. The researched data are the actual data of thermal power plants which amount to 6 (six) plants in the peak loads condition in 2018. By using 2 (two) different method, namely merit order and bat algorithm, the results of different production costs are obtained. The merit order can reduce production costs by 14.67% or $291640 of the actual cost, while the bat algorithm produces an efficiency of 15.66% or $311405 of the actual cost. From the results of this calculation it can be concluded that the use of bat algorithm can produce a more efficient (smaller) generation costs that is equal to $19765 or 0.99% smaller than the merit order method. This can occur because of the bat algorithm manages to create a loading combination of more efficient power plants."