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"A physicist and an inventor, Jules Janssen (1824-1907) devoted his life to astronomical research. He spent many years traveling around the world to observe total Solar eclipses, demonstrating that a new era of science had just come thanks to the use of both spectroscopy and photography, and persuading the French Government of the necessity of founding a new observatory near Paris. He became its director in 1875. There, at Meudon, he began routine photographic recordings of the Sun surface and had a big refractor and a big reflector built. Meanwhile, he also succeeded in building an Observatory at the summit of Mont-Blanc."

"Mission civilisatrice menjadi motivasi imperialisme Republik III Prancis, tujuan motivasi ini adalah untuk menuntun bangsa terjajah agar mengadopsi budaya Prancis. Salah satu bidang penerapan mission civilisatrice pada bidang pendidikan dengan dasar hukum loi 1881 & 1882, kedua loi ini menjadi dasar pendidikan Prancis yang gratis, wajib, dan sekuler. Vietnam sebagai wilayah jajahan Prancis menjadi tempat penerapan mission civilisatrice ini. Oleh karena itu, perlu diketahui bagaimana Prancis menerapkan mission civilisatrice pada pendidikan di Vietnam. Penelitian ini kemudian berfokus menemukan apakah pendidikan yang diterapkan di Vietnam sudah gratis, wajib, dan sekuler. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membuktikan apakah mission civilisatrice benar-benar digunakan Prancis untuk memberadabkan orang-orang Vietnam. Sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dokumen loi 1881 & 1882 serta peraturan pendidikan umum Indochina 1917. Untuk mencari hubungan kedua dokumen tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah (Kuntowijoyo, 2013) dengan metodologi naratif (Kuntowijoyo, 2008). Hasil temuan dari penelitian ini adalah Prancis tidak menerapkan mission civilisatrice secara penuh pada pendidikan di Vietnam berdasarkan loi 1881 & 1882.

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Mission civilisatrice became the motivation of the French Third Republic imperialism, the purpose of this motivation was to guide the colonised nation to adopt French culture. One of the areas of application of mission civilisatrice was the field of education with the legal basis of loi 1881 & 1882, these two loi became the basis of free, compulsory and secular French education. Vietnam as a French colony became the place where this mission civilisatrice was implemented. Therefore, it is necessary to know how France applied mission civilisatrice to the education in Vietnam. This research focuses on finding out if the education implemented in Vietnam is free, compulsory and secular. The purpose of this research is to prove if mission civilisatrice was really used by France to civilise the Vietnamese people. The data sources used in this research are the loi 1881 & 1882 documents as well as the 1917 Indochina General Education Regulations. To find the relationship between the two documents, this research uses historical research method (Kuntowijoyo, 2013) with narrative methodology (Kuntowijoyo, 2008). The findings of this research are that France did not fully apply mission civilisatrice to the education in Vietnam based on loi 1881 & 1882."