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"Kromosom merupakan untai DNA yang mengalami penebalan akibat kondensasi. Kondensasi struktur kromosom sangat mempengaruhi segregasi kromosom saat fase mitotik. Penelitian sebelumnya telah melaporkan bahwa kondensasi kromosom sel HeLa dipengaruhi oleh ion kalsium ( ), namun pengaruh Ca2+ pada kromosom manusia normal belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh terhadap struktur kromosom limfosit manusia dengan pemberian 1 mM 1, 2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N-N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA, chelator Ca2+), 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, chelator kation), dan PBS (kontrol) yang diamati menggunakan mikroskop cahaya. Sampel darah dikultur selama 72 jam, kemudian kromosom limfosit diisolasi dan diberi perlakuan 1 mM BAPTA, 1 mM EDTA, dan PBS. Kromosom diwarnai dengan Giemsa dan diamati dengan mikroskop cahaya. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan struktur kromosom kontrol lebih pendek, padat, serta memiliki intensitas pewarna yang pekat dibandingkan dengan kromosom yang diberi perlakuan 1 mM BAPTA dan 1 mM EDTA yang memiliki struktur yang lebih panjang, lebih berongga, serta intensitas pewarna yang kurang pekat. Hasil analisis kuantitatif menunjukkan panjang, lebar, dan luas rata-rata kromosom kontrol sebesar 1,73±0,73 μm, 0,55±0,43 μm, dan 3,5±2,17 μm2, sedangkan panjang, lebar, dan luas rata-rata kromosom yang diberi 1 mM BAPTA sebesar 2,91±1,3 μm, 1,43±0,43 μm, dan 4,17±2,75 μm2. Rata-rata panjang dan lebar kromosom yang diberi 1 mM EDTA sebesar 2,26±0,52 μm dan 0,93±0,29 μm. Hasil tersebut memperlihatkan bahwa Ca2+ berperan penting dalam kondensasi struktur kromosom limfosit.

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The Chromosome is a DNA strand that undergoes thickening due to condensation. Condensation of chromosomal structure affects the segregation of chromosomes during the mitotic phase. Previous studies have reported that chromosomal condensation of HeLa cells is affected by calcium ions (Ca2+). Nevertheless, the effect of Ca2+ on human normal cells has yet to be investigated. This study aims to determine the effect of Ca2+ on the chromosomal structure of human lymphocyte by the treatments of 1 mM 2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N-N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA, a Ca2+ chelator), 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, a cation chelator), and PBS (control), using a light microscope. The blood sample was cultured for 72 hours, followed by lymphocyte chromosomes isolation. After that, the samples were treated with PBS (control), 1 mM BAPTA, and 1 mM EDTA. Chromosomes were then stained with Giemsa and observed using a light microscope. The qualitative analysis showed that control chromosomes have shorter, and more condensed structures with a high dye intensity compared with those treated with 1 mM BAPTA and 1 mM EDTA which showed a longer and fibrous structure with low dye intensity. The quantitative analysis showed that the average length, width, and area of the control chromosome was 1.73±0.73 μm, 0.55±0.2 μm, and 3.5±2.17 μm2, respectively. while those treated with 1 mM BAPTA were 2.91±1.3 μm, 1.43±0.43 μm, and 4.17±2.75 μm2. Then, the average length and width of 1 mM EDTA chromosome was 2.26±0.52 μm and 0.93±0.29 μm. These results showed that Ca2+ plays an important role in the lymphocyte chromosome structure."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang : Rekonstruksi tulang pada regio kraniofasial membutuhkan bahan tandur sebagai matriks dalam proses regenerasi tulang, untuk mereplikasi struktur tulang yang hilang. Membran perikardium bovine adalah biomaterial yang kaya akan kolagen yang merupakan unsur utama matriks ekstraselular tulang. Bagaimana perilaku osteoblas terhadap bahan membran perikardium bovine produksi BATAN, Jakarta, Indonesia masih belum di teliti.Tujuan : Mengevaluasi perilaku osteoblas manusia MG63 dalam proses regenerasi tulang setelah ditambahkan dengan membran perikardium bovine (Batan, Jakarta, Indonesia).Metoda : Sel osteoblas manusia MG63 dibiakan sampai jumlah mencukupi, kemudian dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok, kelompok pertama ditambahkan dengan membran perikardium bovine dan kelompok kedua tanpa perlakuan sebagai kontrol. Dilakukan pengukuran proliferasi sel osteoblas dalam 24 jam dengan MTT assay. Ekspresi osteokalsin dan deposisi ion kalsium dievaluasi pada hari ke 7, 14, 21, dan 28 setelah perlakuan.Hasil : Membran perikardium bovine meningkatkan rerata proliferasi sel osteoblas, menurunkan level ekspresi osteokalsin pada tahap akhir kalsifikasi sel yang mengindikasikan perlambatan proses down regulation kalsifikasi sel osteoblas, serta meningkatkan deposisi ion kalsium pada biakan sel osteoblas manusia MG63.Kesimpulan : Membran perikardium bovine produksi BATAN, Jakarta, Indonesia meningkatkan proses diferensiasi dan mineralisasi sel osteoblas.

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ABSTRACTBackground : Bone reconstruction of the craniofacial region requires graft material for the bone regeneration process, to replicate structure of the bone. As a graft biomaterial, Bovine pericardium membrane is rich in collagen fibers, which is the main element of bone extracellular matrix. The human cell line behavior in regeneration process after transplantation of bovine pericardium membrane produced by BATAN, Jakarta, Indonesia has not been reported.Objective : The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of human osteoblast cell line MG63 in bone regeneration process, after transplantation of bovine pericardium membrane (BATAN, Jakarta, Indonesia).Method : Human osteoblast cell line culture was divided into 2 groups, first group transplanted with bovine pericardium membrane and second group without bovine pericardium membrane as a control. After 24 hours, the proliferation of osteoblast cell are analyzed using MTT assay test, 7, 14, 21, 28 days after transplantation, expression of osteocalcin and deposition of Ca++ was evaluated.Results: Bovine pericardium membrane improved the mean proliferation of osteoblast, lowering the expression level of osteocalcin, that indicate a slowdown in down-regulation process of osteoblast cells calcification, and increase deposition of Ca++ in human osteoblast cell line MG63.Conclusions : Bovine pericardium membrane produced by BATAN, Jakarta, Indonesia has to increase differentiation and mineralization of osteoblast cell.;Background : Bone reconstruction of the craniofacial region requires graft material for the bone regeneration process, to replicate structure of the bone. As a graft biomaterial, Bovine pericardium membrane is rich in collagen fibers, which is the main element of bone extracellular matrix. The human cell line behavior in regeneration process after transplantation of bovine pericardium membrane produced by BATAN, Jakarta, Indonesia has not been reported.Objective : The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of human osteoblast cell line MG63 in bone regeneration process, after transplantation of bovine pericardium membrane (BATAN, Jakarta, Indonesia).Method :Human osteoblast cell line culture was divided into 2 groups, first group transplanted with bovine pericardium membrane and second group without bovine pericardium membrane as a control. After 24 hours, the proliferation of osteoblast cell are analyzed using MTT assay test, 7, 14, 21, 28 days after transplantation, expression of osteocalcin and deposition of Ca++ was evaluated.Results: Bovine pericardium membrane improved the mean proliferation of osteoblast, lowering the expression level of osteocalcin, that indicate a slowdown in down-regulation process of osteoblast cells calcification, and increase deposition of Ca++ in human osteoblast cell line MG63.Conclusions : Bovine pericardium membrane produced by BATAN, Jakarta, Indonesia has to increase differentiation and mineralization of osteoblast cell., Background : Bone reconstruction of the craniofacial region requires graft material for the bone regeneration process, to replicate structure of the bone. As a graft biomaterial, Bovine pericardium membrane is rich in collagen fibers, which is the main element of bone extracellular matrix. The human cell line behavior in regeneration process after transplantation of bovine pericardium membrane produced by BATAN, Jakarta, Indonesia has not been reported.Objective : The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of human osteoblast cell line MG63 in bone regeneration process, after transplantation of bovine pericardium membrane (BATAN, Jakarta, Indonesia).Method :Human osteoblast cell line culture was divided into 2 groups, first group transplanted with bovine pericardium membrane and second group without bovine pericardium membrane as a control. After 24 hours, the proliferation of osteoblast cell are analyzed using MTT assay test, 7, 14, 21, 28 days after transplantation, expression of osteocalcin and deposition of Ca++ was evaluated.Results: Bovine pericardium membrane improved the mean proliferation of osteoblast, lowering the expression level of osteocalcin, that indicate a slowdown in down-regulation process of osteoblast cells calcification, and increase deposition of Ca++ in human osteoblast cell line MG63.Conclusions : Bovine pericardium membrane produced by BATAN, Jakarta, Indonesia has to increase differentiation and mineralization of osteoblast cell.]"

"Latar belakang: Penglepasan ion kalsium oleh material bioaktif dapat berperan penting dalam peningkatan pH yang diperlukan dalam aktivitas antibakteri dan remineralisasi jaringan keras gigi. Tujuan: untuk menganalisis pelepasan ion kalsium dan peningkatan pH dari MTA modifikasi dan Bioceramic pada periode waktu 1,48,168 jam. Metode: Sampel n=30 dipersiapkan dengan ukuran diameter 3 mm tinggi 3 mm, terdiri dari 15 sampel MTA modifikasi, 15 sampel Bioceramic direndam dalam air deionisasi 1,48,168 jam diukur kadar pelepasan ion kalsium menggunakan AAS dan nilai pH menggunakan pHmeter, Uji Kruskal Wallis dan Mann Whitney. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna diantara semua kelompok dengan nilai signifikansi p le;0,05. Kesimpulan: Bioceramic terbukti melepaskan ion kalsium dan peningkatan pH lebih besar dibandingkan dengan MTA modifikasi pada waktu pengukuran 1,48,168

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Background: Calcium ion release can promote alkalinizing activity and regeneration.

Objective: To analyze calcium ion release and pH changes from modified MTA and Bioceramics as bioactive material.

Methods: 30 samples are prepared with the size of 3 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height. The samples are consist of 15 of modified MTA and 15 of bioceramics. And then immersed in deionized water for an hour which will then be measured in 1, 48, and 168 hours period. And measured atom absorption sphectropometer and pHmeter.

Result: Mann Whitney post hoc rsquo s statistic test result showed a significant discrepancy among all groups, with the significant value of p le 0,05.

Conclusion: Bioceramics was proven to release more calcium ions and more pH elevation compared to modified MTA during the 1 hour, 48 hour, and 168 hours measurements."

"Kromosom merupakan untai DNA yang mengalami penebalan akibat kondensasi. Kondensasi struktur kromosom sangat mempengaruhi segregasi kromosom saat fase mitotik. Penelitian sebelumnya telah melaporkan bahwa kondensasi kromosom sel HeLa dipengaruhi oleh ion kalsium (Ca2+), namun pengaruh Ca2+ pada kromosom manusia normal belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh terhadap struktur kromosom limfosit manusia dengan pemberian 1 mM 1, 2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N-N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA, chelator Ca2+), 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, chelator kation), dan PBS (kontrol) yang diamati menggunakan mikroskop cahaya. Sampel darah dikultur selama 72 jam, kemudian kromosom limfosit diisolasi dan diberi perlakuan 1 mM BAPTA, 1 mM EDTA, dan PBS. Kromosom diwarnai dengan Giemsa dan diamati dengan mikroskop cahaya. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan struktur kromosom kontrol lebih pendek, padat, serta memiliki intensitas pewarna yang pekat dibandingkan dengan kromosom yang diberi perlakuan 1 mM BAPTA dan 1 mM EDTA yang memiliki struktur yang lebih panjang, lebih berongga, serta intensitas pewarna yang kurang pekat. Hasil analisis kuantitatif menunjukkan panjang, lebar, dan luas rata-rata kromosom kontrol sebesar 1,73±0,73 μm, 0,55±0,43 μm, dan 3,5±2,17 μm2, sedangkan panjang, lebar, dan luas rata-rata kromosom yang diberi 1 mM BAPTA sebesar 2,91±1,3 μm, 1,43±0,43 μm, dan 4,17±2,75 μm2. Rata-rata panjang dan lebar kromosom yang diberi 1 mM EDTA sebesar 2,26±0,52 μm dan 0,93±0,29 μm. Hasil tersebut memperlihatkan bahwa Ca2+ berperan penting dalam kondensasi struktur kromosom limfosit.

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The Chromosome is a DNA strand that undergoes thickening due to condensation. Condensation of chromosomal structure affects the segregation of chromosomes during the mitotic phase. Previous studies have reported that chromosomal condensation of HeLa cells is affected by calcium ions (Ca2+). Nevertheless, the effect of Ca2+ on human normal cells has yet to be investigated. This study aims to determine the effect of Ca2+ on the chromosomal structure of human lymphocyte by the treatments of 1 mM 2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N-N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA, a Ca2+ chelator), 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, a cation chelator), and PBS (control), using a light microscope. The blood sample was cultured for 72 hours, followed by lymphocyte chromosomes isolation. After that, the samples were treated with PBS (control), 1 mM BAPTA, and 1 mM EDTA. Chromosomes were then stained with Giemsa and observed using a light microscope. The qualitative analysis showed that control chromosomes have shorter, and more condensed structures with a high dye intensity compared with those treated with 1 mM BAPTA and 1 mM EDTA which showed a longer and fibrous structure with low dye intensity. The quantitative analysis showed that the average length, width, and area of the control chromosome was 1.73±0.73 μm, 0.55±0.2 μm, and 3.5±2.17 μm2, respectively. while those treated with 1 mM BAPTA were 2.91±1.3 μm, 1.43±0.43 μm, and 4.17±2.75 μm2. Then, the average length and width of 1 mM EDTA chromosome was 2.26±0.52 μm and 0.93±0.29 μm. These results showed that Ca2+ plays an important role in the lymphocyte chromosome structure."

"Kromosom merupakan substansi genetik pada makhluk hidup yang diwariskan ke generasi selanjutnya. Kromosom terbentuk melalui proses kondensasi selama siklus sel. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kondensasi kromosom adalah protein scaffold dan kation divalen, terutama ion kalsium (Ca2+). Peran ion kalsium terhadap kromosom masih terbatas pada kromosom manusia dan belum pernah dilaporkan pada kromosom tumbuhan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui peran ion kalsium terhadap struktur kromosom barley menggunakan mikroskop fluoresens dan scanning electron microscope. Kromosom barley diisolasi kemudian diberi perlakuan 1 mM BAPTA sebagai agen pengikat ion kalsium dan PBS sebagai kontrol. Terdapat perbedaan panjang dan struktur kromosom barley setelah diberikan perlakuan 1 mM BAPTA dibandingkan dengan kromosom kontrol. Kromosom kontrol memiliki panjang rata-rata 5,3 μm dengan struktur kromosom yang padat, sedangkan kromosom dengan perlakuan BAPTA memiliki panjang rata-rata 10,7 μm dengan struktur kromosom lebih renggang dan kurang padat. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa ion kalsium memiliki peranan penting dalam menjaga struktur kromosom barley.

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Chromosomes are genetic substances in living organisms that are passed on to the next generation. Chromosomes are formed through the process of condensation during the cell cycle. Factors that influence chromosome condensation are scaffold proteins and divalent cations, especially calcium ions (Ca2+). The role of calcium ions on chromosomes is still limited to human chromosomes and has never been reported on plant chromosomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of calcium ions on the structure of barley chromosomes using a fluorescence microscope and scanning electron microscope. The barley chromosome was isolated and then treated with 1 mM BAPTA as a calcium ion chelating agent and PBS as a control. According to the data obtained, there are differences in length and structure of barley chromosomes after being treated with 1 mM BAPTA compared to control chromosomes. The control chromosome has an average length of 5.3 μm with a compact chromosome structure and chromosomes with BAPTA treatment have an average length of 10.7 μm with a less condense chromosome structure. These results indicated that calcium ions have an important role on maintaining the structure of barley chromosomes."

"Kondensasi kromosom memainkan peran penting dalam pembelahan mitosis. Ion Ca2+ diketahui berperan penting dalam proses kondensasi kromosom. Sejauh ini, studi tentang peran Ca2+ dalam kromosom sel hewan telah dilaporkan melalui penggunaan 1,2-bis (2-aminophenoxyethane-N,N,N′,N-tetraacetic acid) (BAPTA) dan Ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) sebagai agen pengkelat ion Ca2+. Namun, penelitian tentang peran Ca2+ pada kromosom tanaman masih sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Ca2+ terhadap kromosom gandum (Triticum aestivum) dengan pemberian 1mM BAPTA sebagai agen pengkelat ion Ca2+, 1mM EDTA sebagai agen pengkelat kation divalen umum, dan phosphate buffered saline (PBS) sebagai kontrol menggunakan mikroskop cahaya. Preparasi kromosom dilakukan dengan cara akar gandum dipotong dan diberi perlakuan colchicine sebelum dilarutkan dalam 2% Paraformaldehyde (PFA). Kemudian diinkubasi dengan 2,5% selulase dan 2,5% enzim pectoliase pada suhu 37℃ selama 1 jam. Sampel kemudian disaring dan disentrifugasi untuk memperoleh sampel yang mengandung kromosom. Sampel kemudian diberi perlakuan dengan 1 mM BAPTA, 1 mM EDTA, dan PBS, dan diwarnai dengan Aceto orcein. Kromosom kemudian diamati di bawah mikroskop cahaya. Struktur dan kepadatan warna kromosom, serta panjang, lebar dan luas kromosom diamati dan diukur. Hasil pengamatan kualitatif menunjukkan bahwa struktur kromosom pada kontrol lebih rapat dan pendek sedangkan kromosom yang diberi perlakuan 1 mM BAPTA dan 1 mM EDTA mengalami dekondensasi, melebar, dan berwarna pucat. Hasil pengukuran kuantitatif menunjukkan bahwa kromosom Kontrol, BAPTA, dan EDTA masing-masing memiliki panjang 10.763 m, 14.845 m, 17.154 m, lebar 1.570 m, 1.637 m, 1.723 m, dan luas 18.172 m, 24.644 m, 29.687 M. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh BAPTA dan EDTA terhadap panjang dan luas kromosom berbeda nyata (α < 0,05). Hal ini membuktikan bahwa Ca2+ memiliki peran penting dalam menjaga struktur kromosom gandum.

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Chromosomal condensation plays an important role in the mitotic division. Ca2+ ions are known to play an important role in the chromosome condensation process. So far, studies on the role of Ca2+ in animal cell chromosomes have been reported using 1,2-bis (2-amino phenoxy ethane N, N, N′, N-tetraacetic acid) (BAPTA) and Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) as Ca2+ ions chelating agents. However, research on the role of Ca2+ on plant chromosomes is still very limited. This study was conducted to determine the effect of Ca2+ on wheat chromosomes (Triticum aestivum) by administering 1mM BAPTA as a Ca2+ ion chelating agent, 1 mM EDTA as a general divalent cation chelating agent, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as a control using a light microscope. For chromosome preparation, the root tips of wheat were cut and pretreated with colchicine before being dissolved in 2% Paraformaldehyde (PFA). The roots were then incubated with 2.5% cellulase and 2.5% pectoliase enzyme at 37℃ for 1hour. The sample is then filtered and centrifuged to obtain a sample containing chromosomes. Samples were then treated with 1 mM BAPTA, 1 mM EDTA, and PBS and stained with Aceto orcein. Chromosomes were then observed under a light microscope. The structure and color density of the chromosomes were observed. The length, width, and area of the chromosomes were also measured. The qualitative observations showed that the chromosome structure in control was denser and shorter while the chromosomes treated with 1 mM BAPTA and 1 mM EDTA were decondensed, widened, and had pale color. The quantitative measurement showed that length, width, and area of chromosomes for in control, BAPTA, and EDTA were 10.763 m, 14.845 m, 17.154 m; 1.570 m, 1.637 m, 1.723 m; and 18.172 m, 24.644 m, 29.687 M respectively. The statistical results showed that the effect of BAPTA and EDTA on the length and area of chromosomes were significantly different (α < 0.05). This result proves that Ca2+ has a vital role in maintaining the chromosomal structure of wheat."

"Ion kalsium (Ca2+) merupakan kation yang berperan dalam kondensasi kromosom. Berbagai penelitian mengenai pengaruh Ca2+ terhadap struktur kromosom telah dilaporkan. Akan tetapi, penelitian-penelitian tersebut masih terbatas pada galur sel kanker atau sel hewan mamalia dengan pendekatan analisis ultrastruktur. Pengaruh Ca2+ terhadap struktur dan pola banding kromosom pada sel manusia non-kanker belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Ca2+ terhadap struktur dan pola banding kromosom dari sel darah manusia melalui teknik GTL-banding. Sel darah manusia dikultur, kemudian dilakukan pemanenan kromosom dan banding menggunakan pewarna Leishman. Pengaruh Ca2+ dievaluasi dengan menginkubasikan kromosom pada dua larutan berbeda, yaitu larutan 1 mM BAPTA sebagai chelator spesifik Ca2+ dan 1 mM EDTA sebagai chelator kation, dan dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan mengamati struktur dan pola banding kromosom, serta secara kuantitatif dengan menentukan nilai kromosom berdasarkan kriteria Quality Assessment (QA) dari International System for Human Cytogenetics Nomenclature (ISCN). Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan kromosom kelompok perlakuan 1 mM BAPTA memiliki struktur tidak padat, membentuk struktur fibrous, dan berukuran lebih lebar dibandingkan kromosom kontrol dengan pola banding tidak jelas dan kabur. Kromosom kelompok perlakuan 1 mM EDTA membentuk struktur tidak padat dan berukuran lebih panjang dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Rata-rata nilai kromosom pada kelompok kontrol, BAPTA, dan EDTA berturut-turut adalah 4,467 ± 0,78; 4,30 ± 0,75; dan 4,467 ± 0,86. Perbedaan struktur kromosom, pola banding, dan rata-rata nilai kromosom pada kromosom 1 mM BAPTA dan 1 mM EDTA menunjukkan bahwa kation Ca2+ merupakan faktor penting dalam kondensasi struktur kromosom.

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Calcium ion (Ca2+) is a cation that has a major role in chromosome condensation. Studies about Ca2+ effect in chromosome structure have been reported. However, the studies are limited for cancer cell lines using the ultrastructure analysis approach. The effect of Ca2+ on chromosome structure and banding pattern of the human non-cancer cell line is still unknown. This study aims to determine the effect of Ca2+ on human blood cell chromosome structure and banding pattern using the GTL-banding technique. The blood cell was cultured and then the chromosome was harvested and banded with Leishman dye. The Ca2+ effect was evaluated by using 1 mM BAPTA as Ca2+ specific chelator and 1 mM EDTA as common cation chelator and then compared with the control. The data were then analysis both qualitatively by observing chromosome structure and banding pattern, as well as quantitatively by determining chromosome value based on Quality Assessment (QA) from International System for Human Cytogenetics Nomenclature (ISCN). The result showed that the BAPTA-treated chromosome structure was fuzzy, fibrous, and wider than the control group with a less clear banding pattern than the control. In addition, EDTA-treated chromosome structure was less condensed and longer than those of the control. The mean chromosome value of control, BAPTA-, and EDTA-treated chromosome are 4.467 ± 0.78; 4.30 ± 0.75; and 4.467 ± 0.86. Distinct characteristic of chromosome structure, banding pattern, and mean of chromosome value from BAPTA- and EDTA-treated chromosome further indicates that Ca2+ plays an important role in chromosome condensation."

"Dalam rangka meningkatkan performa anoda litium titanat, penelitian ini difokuskan pada doping ion Ca2 untuk mensubtitusi ion Li membentuk Li4-xCaxTi5O12 dengan nilai x=0, 0.05, 0.075, dan 0.125 dengan menggunakan metode solid-state. Sumber ion Ca2 adalah CaCO3 yang berasal dari cangkang telur ayam yang sudah dibersihkan, dihaluskan dan dikeringkan. Dopant ini dikarakterisasi untuk mengetahui komponen fasa utama melalui pengujian XRD dan SEM-EDS. Serbuk sampel LTO pristine dan yang didoping dikarakterisasi dengan XRD, SEM-EDS, STA, dan FTIR. dan juga diuji performa elektrokimianya dengan EIS, CV dan CD. Hasil karakterisasi dopant CaCO3 dari cangkang telur menunjukkan komponen fasa utama CaCO3 dengan polimorf calcite, dengan morfologi butiran partikel halus teraglomerasi yang memiliki kemurnian tinggi. Karakterisasi serbuk sampel material anoda menggunakan uji XRD menunjukkan dopant Ca berhasil masuk kedalam struktur spinel LTO, dengan kadar penambahan maksimum x=0.05 dimana penambahan berlebih menghasilkan impuritas CaTiO3. Hasil SEM memperlihatkan semua sampel doping memiliki morfologi yang hampir serupa, partikulat teraglomerasi. Sampel LTO yang didoping ion Ca2 memiliki ukuran partikel yang lebih kecil jika dibandingkan dengan LTO tanpa doping. Peningkatan konduktivitas elektronik terlihat pada sampel yang didoping, dengan nilai hambatan terendah ditunjukkan oleh Li3.875Ca0.125Ti5O12 dengan Rct terendah yaitu 39.5 ?. Li3.875Ca0.125Ti5O12 juga memiliki initial discharge capacity tertinggi dengan nilai 168.2 mAh/g. Akan tetapi pada aplikasi rate tinggi, performa terbaik ditunjukkan oleh Li3.925Ca0.075Ti5O12 dengan kapasitas discharge 30.2 mAh/g pada 12 C, dimana persentasi retensi kapasitasnya sebesar 21.43 dibandingkan dengan kapasitas discharge pada rate 0.2 C.

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In order to improve the performance of Li4Ti5O12 LTO anode, this research was focused on Ca2 ion doping as substitute to Li ion to form Li4 xCaxTi5O12 with values of x 0, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.125 using solid state reaction. The Ca2 ion source was CaCO3 which synthesized from chicken eggshell that has been washed, grounded and dried. The dopant was characterized to determine the main phase component by XRD and SEM EDS. Pristine LTO and Ca doped LTO sample powder was characterized by XRD, SEM EDS, STA, FTIR and was also tested its electrochemical performance by EIS, CV and CD.

The CaCO3 dopant characterization results showed CaCO3 in calcite polymorph as the main phase, with agglomerated fine particulate morphology and high purity. Characterization of LTO sample powder with XRD revealed that dopant Ca successfully enter the structure of LTO spinel, with maximum addition level x 0.05, which excessive addition led to CaTiO3 impurity forming.

SEM result showed all Ca doped LTO have almost similar morphology, which was agglomerated particulate. Ca doped LTO samples have smaller particle size compared to pristine LTO. Electronic conductivity improvement was spotted at all of Ca doped LTO sample, with Li3.875Ca0.125Ti5O12 showed the lowest charge transfer resistance of 39.5 . Li3.875Ca0.125Ti5O12 also had the highest initial discharge capacity of 168.2 mAh g. Nevertheless, in high rate application, the best performance was showed by Li3.925Ca0.075Ti5O12 with discharge capacity of 30.2 mAh g at 12 C, which capacity retention percentage of 21.43 compared to discharge capacity at 0.2 C."

"Ion kalsium (Ca2+) adalah salah satu kation divalen yang berperan dalam proses kondensasi kromosom. Pengaruh Ca2+ pada kondensasi kromosom dengan melihat pola banding dan nilai kromosom belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ion kalsium (Ca2+) pada kondensasi struktur kromosom sel HeLa dengan teknik G-banding-trypsin-Leishman (GTL-banding) dan karyotyping. Sebaran kromosom pada tahap metafase diperoleh dengan mengkultur sel HeLa pada suhu 37 °C (5% CO2). BAPTA 1 mM sebagai chelator spesifik Ca2+ dan EDTA 1 mM sebagai chelator kation diberikan sebelum pemanenan kromosom. Kromosom yang telah dipanen selanjutnya dilakukan banding dengan pewarna Leishman. Pengaruh Ca2+ pada kondensasi kromosom diamati dengan membandingkan kromosom pada kelompok perlakuan dengan kelompok kontrol. Data dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan mengamati struktur kromosom dan pola banding kromosom, serta secara kuantitatif dengan mengacu pada Quality Assessment (QA) berdasarkan International System for Human Cytogenetics Nomenclature (ISCN). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kromosom pada kelompok kontrol memiliki struktur yang padat dengan pola banding yang jelas teramati dengan nilai kromosom 2 hingga 5. Kelompok perlakuan 1 mM BAPTA memiliki struktur kromosom yang tidak padat dengan ukuran yang lebih besar dari kelompok kontrol dan memiliki pola banding yang kurang jelas dengan nilai kromosom 2 hingga 5. Kelompok perlakuan 1 mM EDTA memiliki struktur kromosom yang tidak padat dan fibrous dengan ukuran yang lebih besar dan panjang dari kelompok kontrol serta memiliki pola banding yang kurang jelas dengan nilai kromosom 2 hingga 6. Kromosom pada kelompok perlakuan 1 mM BAPTA dan 1 mM EDTA memiliki struktur lebih tidak padat dan pola banding yang kurang jelas jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol sehingga mengindikasikan peran Ca2+ dalam kondensasi struktur kromosom.

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Calcium ion (Ca2+) is one of the divalent cations involved in the chromosome condensation process. The effect of Ca2+ on chromosome condensation by observing banding patterns and chromosome value has yet known. This study aimed to determine the effect of calcium ion (Ca2+) on HeLa cell chromosome structure condensation using G-banding-Trypsin-Leishman (GTL-banding) technique and karyotyping. Metaphase chromosome spreads were obtained by culturing the HeLa cell at 37 ℃ (5% CO2). 1 mM BAPTA as Ca2+ chelator and 1 mM EDTA as cation chelator was added prior to the chromosome harvest. G-banding was carried out on harvested chromosomes using Leishman dye. The effect of Ca2+ on chromosome condensation was determined by comparing the treated chromosome to the control chromosome. The data were obtained and analyzed qualitatively by observing chromosome structure and banding pattern, as well as quantitatively by referring to the International System for Human Cytogenetics Nomenclature (ISCN). The result showed that the chromosome in the control group had a condensed structure with a clear banding pattern and chromosome value ranged from 2 to 5. Chromosome treated with 1 mM BAPTA had a less condensed structure with a bigger size compared to the control group and had chromosome value ranged from 2 to 5. Chromosome treated with 1 mM EDTA was also less condensed with longer and fibrous structure and had chromosome value ranged from 2 to 6. BAPTA-treated and EDTA-treated chromosomes had a less condensed structure with less clear banding pattern compared to the control which indicated the role of Ca2+ in the chromosome condensation process."