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"ABSTRAKDespite the fact that four years have elapsed since the end of the major combat operations on 9 April 2003 and that the occupation formally ended on 30 June 2004, completion of the requirements for national sovereignty in accordance with the various resolutions of the UN Security Council has not been achieved. The author explains the different rules which were and are applicable to the situation in Iraq and presents the current humanitarian problems from the perspective of international humanitarian law."

"Reexamining Customary International Law takes on the complex issues and controversies surrounding the history, theory, and practice of customary international law as it reexamines customary law's increasingly important role in world affairs. It incorporates the expertise of distinguished authors to probe many difficult issues that remain unresolved concerning the doctrine of customary law. At the same time, this book engages in a profound exploration of the practical role of customary international law in a variety of important fields, including humanitarian law, human rights law, and air and space law."

"[The book examines commonalities and differences in the operation of various structures of power (gender, class, race/ethnicity, generation) and their interactions within the institutional domains of intra-national and especially inter-national migration that produce context-specific forms of social injustice. Additional contributions have been included so as to cover issues of legal liminality and how the social construction of not only femininity but also masculinity affects all migrants and all women. The resulting set of 19 detailed, interconnected case studies makes a valuable contribution to reorienting our perceptions and values in the discussions and decision-making concerning migration, and to raising awareness of key issues in migrants’ rights. , The book examines commonalities and differences in the operation of various structures of power (gender, class, race/ethnicity, generation) and their interactions within the institutional domains of intra-national and especially inter-national migration that produce context-specific forms of social injustice. Additional contributions have been included so as to cover issues of legal liminality and how the social construction of not only femininity but also masculinity affects all migrants and all women. The resulting set of 19 detailed, interconnected case studies makes a valuable contribution to reorienting our perceptions and values in the discussions and decision-making concerning migration, and to raising awareness of key issues in migrants’ rights. ]"

"ABSTRACTInternational humanitarian law and international human rights law seek to prevent people from going missing, and to clarify the fate and whereabouts of hose who do go missing while upholding the right to know of their relatives. When implementing international law at the domestic level, national authorities should plan carefully before engaging in any policy or legal reform that will address the issue of missing persons and the response to the needs of their families. This article seeks to present a general overview of the provisions of international law that are relevant to understanding the role of national implementation vivis the clarification of the fate and whereabouts of missing persons and the response to the needs of their relatives. It also presents the role that the ICRC has played in this regard and highlights three challenges that may arise at the national level when working on legal and policy reforms."

"ABSTRACTOn 8 June 1977,the Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmationand Developmentof International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts adopted two Protocols Additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions. This was the result of nearly ten years of intensive and delicate negotiations. Additional Protocol I protects the victims of international armed conflicts, while Additional Protocol II protects the victims of non-international armed conflicts. These Protocols, which do not replace but supplement the 1949 Geneva Conventions, updated both the law protecting war victims and the law on the conduct of hostilities. This article commemorates the 40th anniversary of the adoption of the 1977 Additional Protocols."

"Salah satu bentuk kejahatan seksual yang diatur Hukum Internasional adalah kejahatan penghamilan paksa. Kejahatan penghamilan paksa merupakan kejahatan dimana seorang perempuan dikurung dengan cara melanggar hukum dalam suatu tempat tertentu sehingga dirinya dapat dibuat hamil dengan tujuan bahwa tindakan tersebut dilakukan agar komposisi suatu etnis tertentu dapat terpengaruh atau dilakukan untuk melakukan pelanggaran berat yang diantaranya merupakan hak asasi manusia yang fundamental. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi bagaimana pengaturan dalam perjanjian internasional dilakukan untuk mengatur mengenai kejahatan penghamilan paksa dalam konflik bersenjata, diantaranya dalam konvensi internasional dan Resolusi Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga membahas penerapan peradilan internasional terhadap bagaimana kejahatan penghamilan paksa diadili melalui kasus-kasus peradilan internasional yang telah terjadi sebelumnya. Penelitian dilakukan melalui metode yuridis normatif yang menitikberatkan penelitian pada studi Pustaka terkait kejahatan penghamilan paksa dalam hukum internasional. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pengaturan perjanjian internasional mengenai kejahatan penghamilan paksa baru diatur dalam Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, sehingga kasus-kasus kejahatan penghamilan paksa yang terjadi sebelum pengaturan ini ada menggunakan ketentuan-ketentuan kejahatan lainnya pada saat diadili, diantaranya dalam konflik yang terjadi di Bekas Yugoslavia dan Rwanda.

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One of the crimes of sexual violence enacted in international law is the crime of forced pregnancy. Crime of forced pregnancy is an act of unlawful confinement of women who are forcibly made pregnant, with the intention of affecting the composition of an ethnic group or to carry out grave violations of the international law. This research is conducted to identify how treaties, such as international conventions and United Nations Security Council Resolutions, stipulate laws regarding crime of forced pregnancy. Moreover, this research also discusses the implementation of international tribunals on resolving cases regarding crime of forced pregnancy, which have been concluded before. This research uses normative method, which focuses on literature study. This research concludes that Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court becomes the first treaty which stipulates crime of forced pregnancy. However, prior to the treaty, crimes of forced pregnancy which occurred during several armed conflicts, such as the ones in the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, were sentenced using other crimes enacted on the existing treaties."

"Perkembangan teknologi dalam senjata telah memengaruhi interaksinya dengan manusia dan hukum humaniter internasional. Penggunaan Autonomous Weapon System khususnya dalam konflik bersenjata telah menarik perhatian terkait dengan interaksi manusia dan mesin yang terdapat dalam sistem senjata tersebut. Ketiadaan kontrol manusia dalam fungsi kritis senjata, yaitu pemilihan dan penyerangan terhadap target, telah memicu kekhawatiran terkait hilangnya interaksi manusia dan mesin dalam penggunaan senjata. Selama ini, keberadaan kontrol manusia dalam penggunaan senjata merupakan hal penting untuk mempertahankan adanya tanggung jawab hukum internasional. Manusia sebagai pengguna senjata perlu memiliki kontrol untuk menilai dan mempertimbangkan prinsip-prinsip hukum humaniter internasional yang berlaku sebelum memutuskan penyerangan. Namun, manusia memiliki kontrol dan interaksi yang berbeda dalam penggunaan Autonomous Weapon System. Manusia hanya perlu mengaktifkan senjata, dan Autonomous Weapon System akan secara mandiri memilih dan menyerang target. Kemampuan senjata tersebut menimbulkan kekhawatiran terkait hilangnya kontrol manusia dalam fungsi kritis senjata. Perbincangan terkait interaksi antara manusia dan mesin dalam penggunaan Autonomous Weapon System mengangkat adanya konsep meaningful human control sebagai bentuk kontrol yang harus dimiliki manusia dalam senjata. Adanya meaningful human control dalam Autonomous Weapon System dinilai dapat memastikan adanya pihak yang bertanggungjawab terhadap pelanggaran hukum humaniter internasional yang timbul dari penggunaan senjata. Namun, definisi, bentuk, dan ambang batas terkait meaningful human control belum secara eksplisit tercantum dalam peraturan hukum humaniter internasional yang telah ada. Ketiadaan pengaturan menimbulkan adanya celah dari bentuk kontrol manusia yang harus disertakan dalam penggunaan senjata secara umum. Selain itu, ketiadaan pengaturan tersebut juga mempersulit bentuk kontrol manusia yang seharusnya disertakan dalam penggunaan Autonomous Weapon System.

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Technological developments in weapons have affected their interaction with humans and international humanitarian law. The use of Autonomous Weapon System, especially in armed conflicts, has raised concerns regarding the human-machine interaction in the related weapon systems. The absence of human control in the weapon's critical functions, target selection and attack, has raised concerns regarding the loss of human-machine interaction in weapon use. It has been recognized that the existence of human control in the use of weapons is crucial to maintaining international legal responsibility. Humans as weapon users need to have the control to assess and consider the applicable principles of international humanitarian law before they decide to attack. However, humans have different controls and interactions in the use of Autonomous Weapon System. Humans are only required to activate the weapon, and the Autonomous Weapon System will autonomously select and attack targets. The weapon's capabilities have led to concerns regarding the loss of human control in critical functions of the weapon. The discussion related to the interaction between humans and machines in the use of Autonomous Weapon System brings up the concept of meaningful human control as a form of control that humans should have in weapons. The presence of meaningful human control in the Autonomous Weapon System is believed to ascertain the responsibility of the party responsible for violations of international humanitarian law arising from the use of weapons. However, the definition, form, and threshold related to meaningful human control have not been explicitly stated in existing international humanitarian law rules. The absence of regulation creates a gap in the form of human control that must be included in the use of weapons. In addition, the absence of regulation also imposes difficulties on the form of human control that should be required in the use of Autonomous Weapon System."

"ABSTRACTThis article discusses a number ofc ontemporary issues and challenge spertinent to the management of the dead in contemporary armed conflicts and other situations of violence and natural disasters under Islamic law and international humanitarian law. Among the issues and challenges faced by forensic specialists in Muslim contexts at present are collective burial, quick burial of dead bodies, exhumation of human remains, autopsy, burial at sea, and handling of the bodies by the opposite sex. The article concludes that both legal systems have developed rules which aim at the protection of the dignity and respect of dead bodies, and that they complement each other to achieve this protection in specific Muslim contexts. The main objectives of this article are twofold: firstly, to give an overview of the Islamic law position on these specific questions and challenges, in order to, secondly, provide some advice or insight into how forensic specialists can deal with them."