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"This research has the effort to develop catalyst for steam reforming of bio oil. The bio oil is liquidproduct that iv produced _from biomass pyrolysis. The reforming of bio oil produces hydrogen gas. The mainchallenge in reforming of organic compound especially aromatic, in bio oil as phenol, is carbon formationat the catalyst surface resulted in uncomplete reaction. The catalyst formulation resulted is expected to havehigh resistance to catalyst deactivation because of carbon formation. Beside that, it is expected too to havehigh stability and activity, compared to commercial nickel based catalyst. For those purposes, research ofsteam reforming of m-cresol in bench scale has been done. m-cresol is one of phenol compounds in bio oil,that has stable properties, difficult to react and disturb the catalyst activity. The catalyst formulation used isRu-Ni/MgO.La;O3.Al2O3 mixture. This research has succeed to develop catalyst of reforming from Ni-Rumetal combination that having the good stability and activity to reform m-cresol. The best catalystcomposition resulted is 2%Ru-15%Ni. In Ni and Ru catalyst combination, Ni catalyst is the mainly activecomponent in reforming of oxygenated aromatic compound in bio oil The Ru catalyst function is to increaseNi metal dispersion on support, by then increasing the catalyst stability."

"Siklopentanon merupakan senyawa yang dapat dikonversi menjadi siklopentana, untuk digunakan sebagai prekursor jet fuel, agar dapat mengurangi titik beku bahan bakar pesawat. Siklopentanon dapat dihasilkan dari reaksi katalitik hidrogenasi berbahan dasar furfural. Namun pengaplikasian reaksi hidrogenasi ini memiliki kekurangan karena tekanan hidrogen yang dibutuhkan sangat tinggi, hingga 80 bar, sehingga memerlukan biaya yang mahal. Karena keterbatasan tingkat kelarutan gas hidrogen dalam cairan, maka pada umumnya, untuk mendapatkan angka konversi dan yield produk yang tinggi, reaksi diberikan tekanan gas hidrogen yang setinggi mungkin. Namun, tingginya tekanan tersebut menjadi tidak efisien jika ditinjau dari segi ekonomi dan safety. Cara untuk mengurangi tekanan yang tinggi tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan reduksi parsial pada inti aktif katalis dan penggunaan self-inducing impeller. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tiga variasi rasio Ni-NiO dan dua variasi tekanan yang berbeda. Katalis Ni-NiO/ZrO2-Re450 dengan struktur heterojunction Ni-NiO (Ni 75,2% dan NiO 24,8%), dan tekanan reaksi 10 bar mampu menghasilkan konversi umpan furfural terbanyak (80,16%), yield siklopentanon terbanyak (58,82%), dan selektivitas siklopentanon tertinggi (73,38%). Hasil kuantitatif tersebut dikaitkan dengan tingkat solubilitas gas hidrogen pada fase liquid yang tinggi, luas permukaan katalis yang besar, komposisi logam nikel yang kecil, interaksi yang kuat antara ini aktif dan penyangga katalis, serta tingkat kebasaan katalis yang kecil.

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Cyclopentanone is a compound that can be converted into cyclopentane to be used as jet fuel precursor to reduce freezing point of aircraft fuel. Cyclopentanone produced from the catalytic reaction of furfural hydrogenation. Applying hydrogenation reaction has drawbacks because the high required hydrogen pressure, up to 80 bar. Due to the limited solubility of hydrogen gas in liquids, the reaction is given the highest pressure possible to obtain high conversion and product yields. However, the high pressure becomes inefficient from an economic and safety point of view. The high pressure can be reduced by converting partial reduction of the catalyst active core and using a self-inducing impeller. This research was conducted with three variations of the Ni-NiO ratio and two different pressure. The Ni-NiO/ZrO2-Re450 catalyst with a Ni-NiO heterojunction structure (75.2% NiO; 24.8% NiO), and a reaction pressure of 10 bar was able to produce the highest furfural conversion (80.16%), cyclopentanone yield (58.82%), and cyclopentanone selectivity (73.38%). These quantitative results are attributed to the high solubility of hydrogen gas in the liquid phase, the large catalyst surface area, the small composition of nickel metal, the strong interaction between active and catalyst support, and the low alkalinity of the catalyst."

"ABSTRAKHidrogenasi dilakukan terhadap fraksi non-oksigenat bio-oil hasil slow co-pyrolysis bonggol jagung dan plastik polipropilena. Dalam reaksi hidrogenasi, terjadi proses adisi gas hidrogen pada ikatan rangkap bio-oil sehingga diperoleh biofuel dengan karakteristik berupa viskositas, disstribusi berat molekul, dan branching index yang kemudian dibandingkan dengan diesel komersial. Penjenuhan dengan hidrogenasi dilakukan dalam suatu tangki berpengaduk 300mL dengan jenis down-flow 45o pitched blade turbine pada tekanan rendah akibat dominasi bio-oil fasa cair Konfigurasi tersebut mampu menarik dan mempertemukan gas hidrogen dengan bio-oil dan katalis berupa Ni/Al2O3 yang memiliki selektivitas yang baik serta mampu memberikan yield yang tinggi. Percobaan dilakukan pada berbagai variasi tekanan gas hidrogen untuk menganalisis hubungan kedua variabel tersebut terhadap karakteristik biofuel yang dihasilkan. Variabel lain berupa durasi reaksi dikontrol selama 2 jam, sedangkan laju alir gas hidrogen dan temperatur hidrogenasi disesuaikan dengan nilai tekanan gas hidrogen. Pada variasi tekanan gas hidrogen bernilai antara 4 hingga 10 bar, peningkatan tekanan gas hidrogen menghasilkan biofuel dengan penurunan persentase senyawa alkena dari 4,14% hingga 0,00%, namun terjadi peningkatan nilai branching index dari 1,29 hingga 1,56, distribusi berat molekul, dan viskositas dari 9,06 hingga 10,86 cSt yang semakin menjauhi bahan bakar komersial.

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ABSTRACTHydrogenation is implemented on non-oxygenated fraction of bio-oil produced from slow co-pyrolysis of corncob and popypropylene plastic. The process is conducted by addition of hydrogen gas on bio-oil double bonds occured to produce biofuel whose quality is compared to those of commercial diesel fuel which is characterized by its viscosity, molecular weight distribution and branching number. The saturation process is conducted in 300 mL stirred tank reactor with down-flow 45o pitched blade turbine impeller operated in low pressure due to the domination of liquid phase of bio-oil. This configuration enables pullout and mixing of hydrogen gas with bio-oil and catalyst. Ni/Al2O3 catalyst is used to obtain high selectivity and yield of hydrogenation reaction. The experiment is performed on several variation of hydrogen gas pressure to analyze their effects on characteristics of produced biofuel. The hydrogenation duration is controlled in 2 hours, while the hidrogen gas flow and hydrogenation temperatur are adjusted by the hydrogenation gas pressure. At the low pressure of hydrogen gas range from 4 to 10 bar, the increasing of hydrogen gas pressure produces biofuel with decreasing alkene compound from 4.14% to 0.00%, yet has increasing branching index from 1.29 to 1.56, low molecular weight distribution, and viscosity from 9.06 to 10.86 cSt which move further from commercial fuel characteristics."

"Lantanum-Metal Organic Frameworks (La-MOFs) berhasil disintesis mengunakan metode solvotermal berbasis ligan perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic sebagai linker organik dan ion logam lantanum (La3+) sebagai pusat kluster. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan variasi sintesis La-MOFs melalui parameter perbandingan rasio molar dan waktu reaksi. Tidak adanya serapan pada bilangan gelombang 1700 cm-1 sebagai vibrasi ulur v(C=O) untuk La-MOFs, mengindikasikan atom oksigen dari ligan dapat berkoordinasi dengan ion logam lantanum. Hal ini menandakan La-MOFs telah berhasil terbentuk. Intensitas puncak X-ray difraksi yang kuat dan tajam mengindikasikan kristalinitas La-MOFs yang cukup tinggi. La-MOFs dengan perbandingan rasio molar 0,33:0,25 dan 0,29:0,29 secara berturut-turut memiliki luas permukaan sebesar 72,445 m2/g dan 102,565 m2/g. La-MOFs dengan perbandingan rasio molar 0,33:0,25 dan 0,29:0,29 secara berturut-turut memiliki nilai band gap sebesar 2,686 eV dan 2,732 eV. La-MOFs 0,33:0,25 yang memiliki band gap terkecil digunakan pada aplikasi fotokatalisis untuk produksi gas hidrogen. Hasil voltametri siklik dari La-MOFs 0,33:0,25 diperoleh nilai potensial reduksi (LUMO) sebesar -2,0735 V vs NHE dimana lebih negatif dari potensial reduksi H+/H2 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa La-MOFs memiliki potensi persyaratan termodinamika untuk reduksi H+/H2. Produksi gas hidrogen tertinggi diperoleh pada massa La-MOFs 0,03 gram yang mencapai 8463,742 µmol.

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Lanthanum-Metal Organic Frameworks (La-MOFs) have been successfully synthesized based on perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dyes as organic linker and ion lanthanum (La3+) as cluster center using solvothermal methods. In this study, parameters variations in the synthesis of La-MOFs were carried out through the ratio of molar ratios and reaction time. The absence of absorption at wave number 1700 cm-1 as vibration stretching v(C═O) from La-MOFs, indicates that the oxygen atom from ligand can coordinate with the lanthanum metal ion. This indicates that La-MOFs has been successfully formed. Peak intensity of strong and sharp from X-ray diffraction indicates the high crystallinity of La-MOFs. La-MOFs with a ratio of molar ratios of 0.33:0.25 and 0.29:0.29 respectively have a surface area of ​​72.445 m2/g and 102.565 m2/g. La-MOFs with molar ratios of 0.33: 0.25 and 0.29:0.29 have a band gap value of 2.686 eV and 2.732 eV, respectively. La-MOFs 0.33:0.25 which has the smallest band gap used in photocatalytic applications for hydrogen gas production. The results of cyclic voltammetry from La-MOFs 0.33:0.25 obtained a reduction potential value (LUMO) of -2.0735 V vs. NHE which was more negative than the H+/H2 reduction potential, it can be concluded that La-MOFs have potential thermodynamic requirements for reduction of H+/H2. The highest production of hydrogen gas was obtained at the La-MOFs mass of 0.03 g which reached 8463.742 µmol."

"Struktur molekul air melalui proses elektrolisa dapat dipecah menjadi gas O2 dan H2. Dengan menambahkan gas hasil elektrolisa air ke motor bakar 4 langkah sebagai bahan bakar, gas ini dapat mengurangi peran bahan bakar minyak sebagai sumber energinya. Dengan menambahkan gas hasil elektrolisa air ke motor bakar 4 langkah sebagai bahan bakar, diyakini dapat mengurangi peran bahan bakar minyak sebagai sumber energinya. Agar dapat lebih mengurangi konsumsi bahan bakar, ukuran pilot jet pada karburator diperkecil beberapa tingkatan. Pengujian efisiensi ini dilakukan pada sepeda motor Honda Supra X 125cc dalam dua ukuran pilot jet, yaitu pilot jet ukuran standar (35) dan ukuran yang telah diperkecil (30). Pengujian dilakukan dengan membandingkan fuel consumption (FC) melalui uji jalan kendaraan, emisi gas buang, daya dan torsi kendaraan dimana di tiap-tiap pengujian dilakukan 4 tahap yaitu pengujian dalam kondisi standar, pengujian dalam kondisi standar ditambah dengan gas hidrogen, pengujian dengan pilot jet diperkecil tanpa gas hidrogen dan pilot jet diperkecil dengan gas hidrogen. Pada pengujian ini menggunakan bahan bakar pertamax.

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Water molecular structure can be separated into O2 and H2 gas. With the addition of water electrolysis gas to a 4-stroke internal combustion engine, the fuel consumption can be decreased. For more reduction of liquid fuel consumption, we can minimize the size of the pilot jet in the carburettor. The efficiency experiment was done using Honda Supra X 125cc motor cycle with two size of pilot jet that is 30 and 35 (standard). the experiment have done with comparation of fuel consumption with the road test, exhaust gas emission, power and Torque. In standard condition, standar with hydrogen gas, standar with reduction of pilot jet but without hydrogen gas and standard with reduction of pilot jet size and hydrogen gas. The fuel used is pertamax."