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"A look at the recent campaign for president of the United States would lead a non-resident to believe that human rights were non-existent in America, liven though the Clinton-Gore administration stated early on that human rights would be one of the three pillars supporting its foreign policy, Gore ignored the topic during his campaign for president. In fact, human rights in the United Stales emerged only in relationship to the death penalty in Texas.1 As governor of Texas. George W. Bush has presided over more executions than any governor in the country ? 140 since January 1995. In 1997, for example. 37 of the 74 persons executed nationally were in Texas. Of those 37, one had the mental age of a seven year old and another was a Mexican national who was denied access 10 consular assistance. Governor Bush declared during the campaign that he was confident that each of the persons executed during his terms ax governor had a fair trial and competent counsel.- Since both Gore and Bush support the death penalty and its application to minors and the mentally retarded. only the fairness of its application and not its abolition was challenged."

"Berakhirnya suatu masa yang dianggap "Perang Dingin" pada akhir dekade 1980an telah membei kesempatan menguatnya isu-isu dalam hubungan internasional seperti isu lingkungan hidup, demokratisasi dan HAM. Selama dekade 1990an, ketiga isu tersebut sering menjadi instrumen politik luar negeri dalam hubungan antar bangsa. dalam arti beberapa negara menggunakan tekanan polilik, ekonomi, titik moralnya untuk "mengkoreksi" masalah lingkungan hidup, proses demokratisasi, atau pelanggaran HAM (HAM) dalam batas wilayah negara lainnya. Dengan kata lain, isu sepcrti HAM bukan lagi semata-mata menjadi urusan domestik suatu negara, melainkan sudah menjadi kepentingan pihak eksternal."

"The place that human rights occupies in national and international discourse ha> been hard thought for over the past live decades. Now. it is safe to predict that governments' agendas at national, regional and global levels will include human rights in domestic and foreign bilateral and multilateral matters, whether involving economic assistance, diplomacy, trade, or military assistance. Human rights is an evolving system that has increasingly become integral to today's global affairs. At the same time, human rights continues to reflect the value system that more man live decades ago was instmmental in generating the promotion and protection of human rights. Within the evolving human rights system, the seminal notion of ot each human being's entitlement to equal rights is based on the fact that he or she has been born - nothing more than that, and nothing less.' The system's mechanisms and procedures keep pace with political developments. As a result, while the human rights value system maintains its integrity, the mechanisms and procedures bear less resemblance to those of fifty years ago.This article first considers the foundations of the human rights system enshrined in the United Nations Charter of 1945 and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.' It then touches on examples of practical questions of implementation of human rights via the treaty-based committee system, and ends by surveying problematic questions of universality of rights in relation to cultural relativism and traditionalism.Today, human rights looks back un five decades of successes and failures. The system has developed often useful but often futile implementation methods, and broad dissemination of human rights goes on alongside widespread censorship. Overwhelming numbers of people in every corner of the globe each day suffer violations of basic rights ? the right to be secure from torture and other maltreatment, the right to an adequate diet and to health care, the right to protection of the right to think and speak. Indeed, a deep-seated right that is basic to all those rights ? the right to learn that everyone has rights - represents perhaps the most deep-seated contradiction of all. Despite the current Decade of Human Rights Education', education on human rights conlinues to exist more in theory than in practice. Recognition of" the urgent need for human rights education was expressed recently by a distinguished Indonesian who stated firmlyThe Indonesian government will relentlessly continue to pursue political reforms

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. so that the

people will know their rights and exercise them with confidence that they will he respected and protected. Knowing and exercising their rights, they can more actively participate in the decision-making process that affects their lives."'

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