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"Latar belakang: Kanker kepala dan leher KKL di Indonesia prevalensinya cukup tinggi mencapai 4,7 per 100.000 penduduk. Ada penelitian melaporkan ERCC6 G399A sebagai hal baru polimorfisme nukleotida tunggal yang berkaitan dengan kanker rongga mulut. ERCC6 Excision Repair Cross Complementing 6 memiliki peran dalam transkripsi dan perbaikan eksisi nukleotida Nucleotide Excision Repair.Tujuan: Mendeteksi pola polimorfisme gen ERCC6 G399A pada penderita KKL yang dibandingkan dengan individu sehat kontrol.Metode: Studi deskriptif yang dianalisa menggunakan metode PCR-RFLP dengan sample 50 penderita KKL dan 50 individu sehat.Hasil: Presentase polimorfisme pada sampel KKL 78 dan pada kontrol 84.Kesimpulan: Terlihat adanya pola polimorfisme ERCC6 G399A pada penderita KKL namun tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara distribusi polimorfisme dengan KKL.

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Background Pevalence of head and neck cancer in Indonesia quite high around 4.7 100,000. A study reported ERCC6 G399A as novel single nucleotide polymorphism associated with oral cancer. ERCC6 Excision Repair Cross Complementing 6 plays a role in transcription and nucleotide excision repair NER.Objective Detect ERCC6 G399A polymorphism in patients with head and neck cancer HNC compared with healthy individuals control.Methods This descriptive study analysed with PCR RFLP method with sample of 50 HNC patients and 50 control patients.Results The precentage of polymorphism in HNC was 78 , and in healthy control was 84 .Conclusion There are ERCC6 G399A polymorphism in HNC but no significant difference between ERCC6 G399A polymorphism and HNC."

"Latar Belakang: Gen E-cadherin CDH1 berperan dalam komunikasi sel untuk memelihara hubungan antar sel. Kehilangan fungsi dari gen CDH1 dapat mempengaruhi perkembangan kanker. Polimorfisme genetik CDH1 -160C>A terdeteksi memiliki hubungan dengan penyakit kanker kepala leher KKL. Tujuan: Mendeteksi polimorfisme genetik CDH1 -160C>A pada penderita KKL dan individu sehat populasi Indonesia. Metode: Sampel DNA tersimpan dari 50 individu sehat dan 50 penderita KKL dianalisis dengan metode PCR-RFLP menggunakan enzim restriksi HincII dan divisualisasi dengan elektroforesis. Hasil: Polimorfisme genetik CDH1 -160C>A terdeteksi pada penderita KKL sebesar 78 dan pada individu sehat sebesar 68. Simpulan: Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa polimorfisme genetik CDH1 -160C>A meningkatkan risiko KKL pada populasi Indonesia.

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Background: E cadherin CDH1 gene plays a role in cell communication to maintain the relationship between cells. Loss of function of CDH1 gene affects the development of cancer. CDH1 160C A polymorphisms have been detected to have a relationship with head and neck cancer HNC.

Objective: To detect CDH1 160C A polymorphisms in HNC patients and healthy subjects of Indonesian population.

Methods: Stored DNA samples of 50 healthy subjects and 50 HNC patients were analyzed by PCR RFLP using HincII restriction enzyme and were visualized by electrophoresis.

Results: Genetic polymorphisms of CDHI 160C A were detected both in HNC patients 78 and in healthy subjects 68.

Conclusion: This study suggested that CDH1 160C A polymorphisms increased HNC risk in Indonesian population."

"Imaging is crucial in the multidisciplinary approach to head and neck cancer management. The rapid technological development of recent years makes it necessary for all members of the multidisciplinary team to understand the potential applications, limitations, and advantages of existing and evolving imaging technologies. It is equally important that the radiologist has sufficient clinical background knowledge to understand the clinical significance of imaging findings. This book provides an overview of the findings obtained using different imaging techniques during the evaluation of head and neck neoplasms, both before and after therapy. All anatomic areas in the head and neck are covered, and the impact of imaging on patient management is discussed in detail. The authors are recognized experts in the field, and numerous high-quality images are included. This second edition provides information on the latest imaging developments in this area, including the application of PET-CT and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging."

"Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, by Drs. Jatin P. Shah Snehal G. Patel, and Bhuvanesh Singh, offers you authoritative, multidisciplinary guidance on the latest diagnostic and multidisciplinary therapeutic approaches for head and neck cancer. With this medical reference book, you'll have all the help you need to offer your patients the best possible prognoses and to optimally preserve and restore form and function. Overcome any challenge in head and neck surgery with comprehensive coverage of the scalp, skull base, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, cervical lymph"

"Kanker Kepala Leher KKL berkaitan dengan faktor risiko antara lain merokok, alkohol, virus, dan faktor genetik. Dalam patogenesisnya, salah satu gen yang berperan dalam pembentukkan sel kanker adalah CYP1A1 Cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 . Gen tersebut mengkode enzim yang berperan dalam mengaktivasi atau mendetoksifikasi elemen karsinogen pada tembakau. Tujuan: Melihat pola distribusi polimorfisme gen CYP1A1 antara penderita KKL dan individu sehat pada populasi Indonesia. Metode: PCR-RFLP dengan digesti menggunakan enzim restriksi MspINuntuk mendeteksi polimorfisme gen CYP1A1 pada penderita KKL dan individu sehat. Hasil: Frekuensi dari genotip polimorfik tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna antara penderita KKL dan individu sehat. Kesimpulan: Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna pada distribusi polimorfisme gen CYP1A1 6235 T/C antara penderita KKL dan individu sehat.

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Background: Head and neck cancer HNC is related to several risk factor such as smoking, alcohol, virus, and other genetic factor. In the pathogenesis, one of the genes that play a role in the formation of cancer cells is CYP1A1 gene Cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1. It codes for enzymes that have an important role in activating or detoxifying carcinogenic elements in tobacco.

Aim: Identify the distribution of CYP1A1 gene polymorphism between HNC patients and healthy controls of Indonesian population.

Method: PCR RFLP with MspI enzyme was used for genotyping SNP of the CYP1A1 rs4646903 in HNC patients and healthy controls.

Result: The frequencies of the polymorphic genotypes did not show significant differences between HNC patients and healthy controls.

Conclusion: There is no significant association of CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms 6236 T C between patients with HNC and healthy controls."

"Glutamin merupakan asam amino yang berperan penting dalam menjaga homeostasis dari fungsi sel tertentu, di antaranya adalah proliferasi sel limfosit. Penurunan kadar glutamin plasma terjadi pada hewan coba dengan kanker, yang berdampak pada peningkatan kerentanan terhadap infeksi. Beberapa penelitian melaporkan bahwa suplementasi glutamin dapat mencegah terjadinya mukositis oral akibat radiasi, sehingga dapat meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien kanker kepala leher dengan radioterapi. Penelitian dengan desain potong lintang ini dilakukan di Departemen Radioterapi RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta, yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara kadar glutamin plasma terhadap total lymphocyte count TLC dan kualitas hidup pada pasien kanker kepala leher dengan radioterapi. Dari total 52 subjek yang mengikuti penelitian ini, didapatkan median usia 50,50 18-62 tahun dan 63,46 adalah subjek laki-laki. Nasofaring merupakan lokasi kanker tersering. Sekitar 70 subjek berada pada stadium IV dan mendapatkan kombinasi radioterapi dan kemoterapi. Status gizi sebagian besar subjek masih tergolong normal. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada korelasi antara kadar glutamin plasma terhadap TLC dan kualitas hidup pada pasien kanker kepala leher dengan radioterapi. Meskipun demikian, beberapa data dalam penelitian ini dapat memberikan gambaran mengenai adanya masalah nutrisi yang dialami pasien kanker kepala leher dengan radioterapi. Data tersebut antara lain lebih dari 60 subjek memiliki asupan kalori dan protein harian yang kurang, kemudian didapatkan juga kadar glutamin plasma semua subjek yang sangat rendah, dengan rerata 7,77 3,32 ?mol/l. Beberapa faktor yang diduga menjadi penyebab terjadinya hal tersebut adalah proses penyakit kanker, lokasi pertumbuhan kanker, efek samping terapi, serta kebutuhan yang sangat tinggi akan glutamin untuk fungsi fisiologis tubuh.

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Glutamin is an amino acid that plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of many cells, including the proliferation of lymphocytes. A decrease in plasma glutamine level was observed in rats with cancer, which could increase the susceptibility to infection. Several studies showed that glutamine supplementation could prevent oral mucositis induced by radiation, so this could increase the quality of life of head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. This cross sectional study conducted at Radiotherapy Department, RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta, aimed to investigate the correlations of plasma glutamin level with total lymphocyte count TLC and quality of life in head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. A total of 52 subjects participated in this study, with median age 50,50 18 62 years old and 63,46 subjects were male. Nasopharynx was the most common site affected. About 70 subjects were at stage IV cancer and receiving a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Most of the subjects had a normal nutritional status according to body mass index BMI.

The results of this study showed no correlations of plasma glutamine level with TLC and quality of life in head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. However, data from this study revealed nutritional problems that happened in head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. These data include more than 60 of subjects had below normal limit daily calorie and protein intakes, and the plasma glutamine level of all subjects was very low, with mean 7,77 3,32 mol l. Several factors predicted to be the cause of these problems are the process of the disease, cancer growth location, side effects of therapy, as well as a high need of glutamine for physiological functions of the body. "

"Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang di Departemen Radioterapi Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta, yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara kadar asam lemak omega-3 terhadap massa otot dan kekuatan genggam pada subjek kanker kepala leher yang mendapatkan radioterapi. Kaheksia kanker sering terjadi pada kanker kepala leher akibat peningkatan sitokin proinflamasi yang menyebabkan hipermetabolisme, peningkatan kebutuhan nutrisi, anoreksia, penurunan massa otot dan berat badan. Asam lemak omega-3 berperan dalam menurunkan inflamasi, meningkatkan massa otot, dan kekuatan genggam. Dari 52 subjek yang sudah mendapatkan radioterapi ge;25 kali, 57 adalah laki-laki dengan rerata usia di atas 50 tahun. Lokasi kanker paling banyak di area nasofaring, sebagian besar sudah berada pada stadium IV dan mendapatkan kombinasi radioterapi dan kemoterapi. Sebesar 38,5 dan 32,7 subjek berada pada kategori indeks massa tubuh normal dan kurang. Data yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini dapat memberikan gambaran kurangnya asupan energi, protein, lemak, dan asam lemak omega-3, serta massa otot sebagian besar subjek yang tergolong kecil 28,4 4,7 , dengan kekuatan genggam sebagian besar subjek tergolong normal, dan kadar asam lemak omega-3 plasma seluruh subjek yang tergolong rendah 2,5 0,8 . Data tersebut menunjukkan adanya masalah nutrisi pada pasien kanker kepala leher. Terdapat korelasi yang kuat antara kadar asam lemak omega-3 plasma terhadap massa otot r =0,6, p 50?60 Gy dan 50 Gy.

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This cross sectional study conducted in the Department of Radiotherapy Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, aimed to investigate the correlation between omega 3 fatty acids plasma levels with muscle mass and hand grip muscle strength in subjects with head and neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy. Cancer cachexia is common in head and neck cancer as a result of the increasing of proinflammatory cytokines that cause hipermetabolisme, increased nutritional needs, anorexia, decreased muscle mass and body weight. Omega 3 fatty acids play a role in reducing inflammation, as well as improving muscle mass and hand grip. There were 52 subjects who had received radiotherapy ge 25 times, 57 were male with a mean age of 50 years. Most cancer sites were at nasopharynx area, mostly in stage IV and received a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. There were 38,5 of the subjects in the normal body mass index and 32,7 were in low body mass index. The data from this study showed inadequate intake of energy, protein, fat, and omega 3 fatty acids, as well as muscle mass majority was small 28,4 4,7 , with most of the hand grip classified as normal, and the plasma levels of omega 3 fatty acids all of the subjects were low 2,5 0,8 . The data showed that there were nutritional problems in patients with head and neck cancer. There was strong correlation of plasma levels of omega 3 fatty acids with muscle mass r 0,8, p 50 60 Gy and 50 Gy. "