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"[ABSTRAKProfil demografi tenaga kerja telah banyak berubah. Perempuan banyak memasuki dunia kerja dan hampir mencapai 50% dari angkatan kerja. Ibu bekerja memiliki peran ganda dalam keluarga dan pekerjaan. Dibanding laki-laki, perempuan lebih terkena dampak pada persoalan terkait dengan gender di tempat kerja. Telah banyak penelitian dilakukan mengenai konflik pekerjaan-keluarga, sehingga fokus penelitian ini pada area kepuasan kerja, kepuasan kehidupan rumah, dukungan pasangan dan self-esteem pada ibu bekerja di sektor kesehatan. Analisis kuantitatif data dengan jumlah sampel 234, menemukan bahwa dukungan pasangan memiliki korelasi terhadap kepuasan kerja. Kepuasan kehidupan rumah dan self-esteem mempengaruhi secara signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja. Temuan lain menujukkan bahwa ibu bekerja di Kementerian Kesehatan yang berlokasi di kota Jakarta memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan pada kepuasan kehidupan rumah dan kepuasan kerja, yang lebih rendah dari pada ibu bekerja di luar Jakarta.

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ABSTRACTThe demographic profile of the workforce has shifted dramatically. Women have entered workplace and taken almost 50% of the workforce. Working mothers have double role in their family and organization. Compared to men, women are more sensitive to the gender issued in the workplace. There have been many research done to seek the problem of work-family life, therefore the focus of this study is within the area of job satisfaction, home-life satisfaction, partner supportiveness and self-esteem of the working mothers who work in the health sector. Using quantitative data analysis and with the total participants of 234, this study found that partner supportiveness positively correlate to job satisfaction. Home life satisfaction and self esteem have significant effect on job satisfaction. This study also found that there are some differences in home life and job satisfaction between working mothers who work in Ministry of Health in Jakarta and mothers who work outside Jakarta. Working mothers based in Jakarta have lower home life and job satisfaction compared to mothers outside Jakarta.;The demographic profile of the workforce has shifted dramatically. Women have entered workplace and taken almost 50% of the workforce. Working mothers have double role in their family and organization. Compared to men, women are more sensitive to the gender issued in the workplace. There have been many research done to seek the problem of work-family life, therefore the focus of this study is within the area of job satisfaction, home-life satisfaction, partner supportiveness and self-esteem of the working mothers who work in the health sector. Using quantitative data analysis and with the total participants of 234, this study found that partner supportiveness positively correlate to job satisfaction. Home life satisfaction and self esteem have significant effect on job satisfaction. This study also found that there are some differences in home life and job satisfaction between working mothers who work in Ministry of Health in Jakarta and mothers who work outside Jakarta. Working mothers based in Jakarta have lower home life and job satisfaction compared to mothers outside Jakarta.;The demographic profile of the workforce has shifted dramatically. Women have entered workplace and taken almost 50% of the workforce. Working mothers have double role in their family and organization. Compared to men, women are more sensitive to the gender issued in the workplace. There have been many research done to seek the problem of work-family life, therefore the focus of this study is within the area of job satisfaction, home-life satisfaction, partner supportiveness and self-esteem of the working mothers who work in the health sector. Using quantitative data analysis and with the total participants of 234, this study found that partner supportiveness positively correlate to job satisfaction. Home life satisfaction and self esteem have significant effect on job satisfaction. This study also found that there are some differences in home life and job satisfaction between working mothers who work in Ministry of Health in Jakarta and mothers who work outside Jakarta. Working mothers based in Jakarta have lower home life and job satisfaction compared to mothers outside Jakarta.;The demographic profile of the workforce has shifted dramatically. Women have entered workplace and taken almost 50% of the workforce. Working mothers have double role in their family and organization. Compared to men, women are more sensitive to the gender issued in the workplace. There have been many research done to seek the problem of work-family life, therefore the focus of this study is within the area of job satisfaction, home-life satisfaction, partner supportiveness and self-esteem of the working mothers who work in the health sector. Using quantitative data analysis and with the total participants of 234, this study found that partner supportiveness positively correlate to job satisfaction. Home life satisfaction and self esteem have significant effect on job satisfaction. This study also found that there are some differences in home life and job satisfaction between working mothers who work in Ministry of Health in Jakarta and mothers who work outside Jakarta. Working mothers based in Jakarta have lower home life and job satisfaction compared to mothers outside Jakarta., The demographic profile of the workforce has shifted dramatically. Women have entered workplace and taken almost 50% of the workforce. Working mothers have double role in their family and organization. Compared to men, women are more sensitive to the gender issued in the workplace. There have been many research done to seek the problem of work-family life, therefore the focus of this study is within the area of job satisfaction, home-life satisfaction, partner supportiveness and self-esteem of the working mothers who work in the health sector. Using quantitative data analysis and with the total participants of 234, this study found that partner supportiveness positively correlate to job satisfaction. Home life satisfaction and self esteem have significant effect on job satisfaction. This study also found that there are some differences in home life and job satisfaction between working mothers who work in Ministry of Health in Jakarta and mothers who work outside Jakarta. Working mothers based in Jakarta have lower home life and job satisfaction compared to mothers outside Jakarta.]"

"Preferensi ibu terhadap salah satu gender anak menjadi salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi kesejahteraan anggota rumah tangga. Model teoretis memprediksi bahwa ketika seorang anak lahir dari jenis kelamin yang disukai ibunya, orang tua akan mencurahkan lebih banyak sumber daya untuk anak tersebut, sehingga menciptakan modal manusia yang lebih baik. Dalam penelitian ini, kami menyelidiki sejauh mana preferensi anak laki-laki mempengaruhi disparitas perkembangan kognitif antara anak laki-laki dan perempuan di Indonesia dengan menggunakan metode OLS. Kami menemukan bahwa perbedaan skor kognitif antara anak perempuan adalah sebesar 0,259 lebih tinggi dibandingkan anak laki-laki disebabkan oleh adanya son preference. Analisis heterogenitas juga menunjukkan bahwa anak-anak perempuan dari latar belakang yang kurang berkecukupan, seperti mereka yang tinggal di daerah pedesaan dan lahir dari ibu yang berpendidikan rendah, juga dipengaruhi oleh preferensi anak laki-laki.

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The wellbeing of family members is impacted by a mother's preference for children of a particular gender. A simple theoretical model predicts that when a child is born of their mother's preferred sex, parents will devote more resources to that child, resulting in good human capital. In this study, we investigate the extent to which son preference influences cognitive development disparities between sons and daughters in Indonesia by using OLS method. We find that the differences in cognitive scores between daughters is 0.259 standard deviation higher compared to the differences between sons due to son preference. Our heterogeneity analysis also reveals that daughters from disadvantaged backgrounds, such as those living in rural areas and born to less educated mothers, are disproportionately affected by son preference."

"Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kenyataan bahwa pada saat ini terdapat kecenderungan dalam masyarakat menuntut kemampuan yang sama pada anak laki-laki dan perempuan. Bem (dalam Papalia 2000) menyebutkan anggapan budaya mengenai jender sangat mungkin berubah-ubah. Pembahan-perubahan ini dapat terefleksikan dalam skema jender anak dan nantinya mempengaruhi sikap dan tingkah lakunya. Seseorang mungkin saja mempersepsi suatu masalah dari skema yang lainnya bukan hanya dari skema jender saja, namun Bem (dalam Boldizar, 1991) memberikan penekanan bahwa skerna jender menjadi hal yang penting, karena adanya kebiasaan dan ideologi sosial yang membentuk hubungan antara jender dengan tingkah laku, konsep, dan katagori-kategori tertentu berdasarkan jender, masyarakat sendiri menganggap perbedaan berdasarkan jender adalah hal yang penting, dan menggunakan jender sebagai dasar beberapa norma, keanggotaan kelompok, dan pengaturan di institusi-institusi. Bem (dalam Basow, 1992) menekankan bahwa bermula dari menyadari adanya perbedaan-perbedaan antara laki-laki dan perempuan di setiap situasi sehari-hari, anak merangkai sebuah skema berdasarkan jender, sehingga terbentuk identitas jender, yang kemudian ditampilkan melalui tingkah laku-tingkah laku yang dianggapnya sesuai untuk laki-laki atau perempuan. Seorang anak laki-laki tidak selalu harus membentuk identitas jender maskulin, demikian pula seorang anak perempuan tidak selalu harus membentuk identitas jender feminin. Beberapa penelitian sebelumnya menemukan bahwa anak-anak dan remaja yang memiliki identitas jender androgin dun maskulin lebih dapat diterima di lingkungannya, lebih percaya diri, lebih menghargai dirinya, dan lebih populer daripada mereka yang memiliki identitas jender feminin. Dan tampaknya dikaitkan dengan kondisi Zaman saat ini identitas jender androgin lebih tepat untuk dimiliki seorang anak. Di dalam proses pembentukan identitas jender, dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal yaitu perkembangan kognitif fisik, dan psikososial seseorang. Dengan adanya tekanan sosial dan perkembangan kognitif yang berbeda antara anak usia sekolah dan remaja, menyebabkan anak usia sekolah dan remaja berbeda."