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"[ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Menurut World Health Organization, populasi orang denganskizofrenia (ODS) di dunia adalah tujuh dari 1000 orang. Kelly (2002)menyatakan bahwa 25% dari total 138 ODS mengalami gangguan fungsieksekutif. Pada metaanalisis Green (1996) dinyatakan bahwa fungsi eksekutifdapat memengaruhi performa fungsi. Telah ada penelitian Desmiarti (2010) yangmeneliti hubungan antara defisit fungsi memori verbal dengan performa fungsiODS. Namun belum ada penelitian yang meneliti hubungan antara fungsieksekutif dengan performa fungsi ODS di Indonesia.Metode: Penelitian menggunakan rancangan potong lintang pada 160 ODS diPoliklinik Jiwa Dewasa RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta. Penelitian inimenggunakan instrumen Structured Clinical Interview For the DSM-IV Axis IDisorders, Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale Excitement Components,Extrapyramidal Syndrome Rating Scale, tes kemampuan membaca, Trail MakingTest (TMT) A dan B, Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP).Hasil: Pada penelitian ini didapatkan adanya hubungan bermakna antara fungsieksekutif (TMT B) dengan performa fungsi (PSP) yaitu p=0.014 dengan hasilanalisis korelasi Spearman p=0.000 dan koefisien korelasi r=-0.345. Pada hasilanalisis multivariat didapatkan adanya hubungan bermakna antara pendidikan(OR=0.294, p=0.016), gejala penyakit (OR=0.271, p=0.006), status pernikahan(OR=0.166, p=0.002), pekerjaan (OR=0.079, p=0.000), jenis antipsikotika(OR=0.067, p=0.001) dengan performa fungsi (PSP).Simpulan: Semakin tinggi skor TMT B (fungsi eksekutif) maka semakin rendahskor PSP (performa fungsi) ODS. Defisit fungsi eksekutif (TMT B) berhubunganlangsung dengan performa fungsi (PSP). Faktor yang juga berpengaruh padaperforma fungsi (PSP) adalah pendidikan, gejala penyakit, status pernikahan,pekerjaan dan jenis antipsikotika. Instrumen TMT B dapat lebih spesifik menilaifungsi eksekutif pada kelompok ODS sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai alatdeteksi defisit fungsi kognitif di layanan psikiatri.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction: Based on World Health Organization, schizophrenia population inthe world is seven from 1000. Kelly (2002) said that 25% from 138 schizophreniapeople experiencing executive function disorder. Green metaanalysis (1996)stated that executive function can influence function performance. There is aDesmiarti?s research (2010) that examine relationship between verbal memoryfunction deficit with function performance in schizophrenia. However, there is noresearch that examine relationship between executive function with functionperformance in schizophrenia at Indonesia.Method: This research using cross-sectional design from 160 schizophreniapeople at Poliklinik Jiwa Dewasa RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta. Thisresearch using instrument such as Structured Clinical Interview For the DSM-IVAxis I Disorders, Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale ExcitementComponents, Extrapyramidal Syndrome Rating Scale, reading ability test, TrailMaking Test (TMT) A and B, Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP).Result: There is a significant relationship in this research between executivefunction (TMT B) with function performance (PSP) p=0.014 by Spearmancorrelation analysis result p=0.000 and correlation coefficient r=-0.345. There aresignificant relationship in this research multivariate analysis between education(OR=0.294, p=0.016), schizophrenia symptoms (OR=0.271, p=0.006), marriedstatus (OR=0.166, p=0.002), job (OR=0.079, p=0.000), antipsychotics(OR=0.067, p=0.001) with function performance (PSP).Conclusion: The higher TMT B score (executive function), the lower PSP score(function performance) of schizophrenia people. Executive function deficit (TMTB) have a direct relation with function performance (PSP). Another factors thathave influence to function performance (PSP) are education, schizophreniasymptoms, married status, job, antipsychotics. TMT B instrumen was morespecific to assess executive function at schizophrenia group so TMT B can beused as detection tool of cognitive function deficit on psychiatric care, Introduction: Based on World Health Organization, schizophrenia population inthe world is seven from 1000. Kelly (2002) said that 25% from 138 schizophreniapeople experiencing executive function disorder. Green metaanalysis (1996)stated that executive function can influence function performance. There is aDesmiarti’s research (2010) that examine relationship between verbal memoryfunction deficit with function performance in schizophrenia. However, there is noresearch that examine relationship between executive function with functionperformance in schizophrenia at Indonesia.Method: This research using cross-sectional design from 160 schizophreniapeople at Poliklinik Jiwa Dewasa RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta. Thisresearch using instrument such as Structured Clinical Interview For the DSM-IVAxis I Disorders, Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale ExcitementComponents, Extrapyramidal Syndrome Rating Scale, reading ability test, TrailMaking Test (TMT) A and B, Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP).Result: There is a significant relationship in this research between executivefunction (TMT B) with function performance (PSP) p=0.014 by Spearmancorrelation analysis result p=0.000 and correlation coefficient r=-0.345. There aresignificant relationship in this research multivariate analysis between education(OR=0.294, p=0.016), schizophrenia symptoms (OR=0.271, p=0.006), marriedstatus (OR=0.166, p=0.002), job (OR=0.079, p=0.000), antipsychotics(OR=0.067, p=0.001) with function performance (PSP).Conclusion: The higher TMT B score (executive function), the lower PSP score(function performance) of schizophrenia people. Executive function deficit (TMTB) have a direct relation with function performance (PSP). Another factors thathave influence to function performance (PSP) are education, schizophreniasymptoms, married status, job, antipsychotics. TMT B instrumen was morespecific to assess executive function at schizophrenia group so TMT B can beused as detection tool of cognitive function deficit on psychiatric care]"

"KORELASI ANTARA KADAR VITAMIN D DENGAN FUNGSI KOGNITIF PADA SISWA SMA DI DEPOK, JAWA BARATThia Juniaty Manik1, Novi Silvia Hardiany2, Erfi Prafiantini1 1. Departemen Ilmu Gizi, Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia2. Departemen Biokimia dan Biologi Molekuler, Fakuktas Kedokteran Universitas IndonesiaE-mail :tjmanik@gmail.com AbstrakKeberhasilan dalam pendidikan tidak hanya ditentukan oleh sistem pendidikan, tetapi juga kemampuan kognitif para siswa. Siswa dengan kemampuan kognitif tinggi akan dapat menyerap pelajaran dengan baik. Nutrisi yang dikonsumsi merupakan faktor penting yang berkontribusi pada pengembangan daya kognitif. Penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya telah menghubungkan mikronutrien vitamin D dengan berbagai hasil yang berkaitan dengan kesehatan. Namun, hanya sedikit yang meneliti hubungan vitamin D dengan fungsi kognitif dan hasilnya masih belum konklusif terutama pada remaja. Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi hubungan vitamin D dengan fungsi kognitif pada siswa sekolah menengah atas di Kota Depok. Sebanyak 64 siswa dari 4 SMA di Kota Depok, menjalani tes fungsi kognitif. Hasil utama yang dinilai adalah tes kognisi untuk fleksibilitas kognitif BCST test , planning tower test , dan working memory digit span backward test . Hasil sekunder adalah status sosial ekonomi, asupan vitamin D, skor paparan sinar matahari, kadar haemoglobin, skor family assessment device, skor strenght and difficulties dan aktivitas fisik siswa. Tiga jenis tes yang digunakan adalah : BCST test, Tower Hanoi test, dan Digit backward test. Dari 64 subyek yang ikut penelitian ini 62,5 mengalami kekurangan vitamin D

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Success in education is not only determined by the education system, but also the cognitive power of the students. The students with high cognitive abilities will be able to absorb the lessons well. Nutrition consumed is one of the important factors that contributes to cognitive power development. Previous studies have linked micronutrient vitamin D to various health related outcomes. However, only few examined the correlation of vitamin D to cognitive function, and the result is still inconclusive especially in adolescent. This study explores the correlation of vitamin D to cognitive function in high school students. A samples of 64 adolescents from 4 high schools in Depok City, underwent cognitive function tests. The main outcomes assessed were cognitive flexibility, planning, and working memory test. The secondary outcomes were social economic status, dietary intake of vitamin D, sun light exposure score, haemoglobin level, family assessment device, strenght and difficulties score and physical activity. Sixty four participants 62,5 were vitamin D deficiencies "

"ABSTRAKFungsi eksekutif merupakan fungsi kognitif yang melibatkan pikiran dan perilaku yang kompleks. Defisit fungsi eksekutif menyebabkan terganggunya kemampuan untuk merencanakan, melakukan serta mengontrol tindakan. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test WCST merupakan tes neuropsikologi yang memiliki sejarah yang panjang sebagai pemeriksaan fungsi eksekutif. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan instrumen untuk menilai fungsi eksekutif yaitu WCST versi Bahasa Indonesia dan melakukan uji validitas dan reliabilitas instrumen tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan di Unit Rawat Jalan Psikiatri Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo pada tanggal 27 Maret sampai 5 April 2018 terhadap 31 orang pasien skizofrenia dan 30 orang sehat, berusia 18 sampai 59 tahun dengan pendidikan minimum SMP, dengan sampling konsekutif setelah melalui tahap seleksi menggunakan Structured Clinical Inrterview and Diagnosis DSM IV SCID , tes Ishihara, tes Rosenbaum, uji pendengaran 5 kata, Wechsler Test of Adult Reading WTAR , PANSS Remisi, melakukan penerjemahan yang disesuaikan dengan Bahasa Indonesia, penerjemahan balik, uji validitas konstruksi, reliabilitas inter-rater dan reliabilitas internal instrumen WCST versi Bahasa Indonesia. Uji validitas konstruksi menggunakan analisis faktor mendapati adanya kesamaan hasil dengan uji validitas yang dilakukan oleh Bell dkk 1997 dan Sullivan dkk 1993 dengan meneliti 14 variabel dari WCST. Uji reliabilitas inter-rater menggunakan Interclass Correlation Coefficient ICC pada variabel respons perseveratif, kesalahan perseveratif, dan kesalahan nonperseveratif didapatkan nilai kesepakatan masing-masing 0.989, 0.984, 0.973; dan nilai konsistensi masing-masing 0.995, 0.993, 0.990 yang berarti hasil nilai ICC yang sangat baik. Uji reliabilitas konsistensi internal menunjukkan hasil Cronbach rsquo;s Alpha sebesar 0,730 pada kelompok pasien dan 0,819 pada kelompok sehat. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel-variabel dalam penilaian WCST memiliki reliabilitas yang baik. Instrumen WCST versi Bahasa Indonesia terbukti sahih dan andal. Pada studi selanjutnya sebaiknya dikumpulkan juga data mengenai usia pertama kali mendapatkan pengobatan psikofarmaka yang digunakan sehingga dalam analisis dapat diperoleh data yang lebih komprehensif.

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ABSTRACTThe executive function is a part of cognitive function involving complex thoughts and behaviors. The deficit of executive function leads to disruption of the ability to plan, perform, and control actions. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test WCST is a neuropsychological test that has a long history in the examination of executive function. This study aims to test the validity and reliability of WCST Indonesian version as an instrument to assess the executive function. The study was conducted at the Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital in Psychiatric Outpatient Unit from March to April 2018 on 31 schizophrenic and 30 healthy sample, age 18 to 59-year-old with a minimum of junior high school education, by means of consecutive sampling after using Structured Clinical Interview and Diagnosis DSM-IV Disorder SCID , Ishihara test, Rosenbaum test, 5-word hearing test, Wechsler Test of Adult Reading WTAR , PANSS Remission. The WCST Indonesian version has undergone translation and back-translation as well as construction validity test, inter-rater reliability test, and and internal reliability test. Test of construction validity by using factor analysis found a similar result to test conducted by Bell et al 1997 and Sullivan et al 1993 by examining 14 variables from WCST. Inter-rater reliability with Interclass Correlation Coefficient ICC on perseveration response, perseveration mistake, and nonperseveration mistake variables were 0.989, 0.984, and 0.973 consecutively; and consistency value was 0.995, 0.993 and 0.990 consecutively, which means the ICC was very good. The internal consistency reliability test showed Cronbach 39;s Alpha results of 0.730 in the patient group and 0.819 in the healthy group. This shows that the variables in the WCST assessment have good reliability. The Indonesian version of WCST Instrument is valid and reliable in measuring executive functions both in healthy groups and in schizophrenic patients. On following studies, it is recommended to include all data about the age at first treatment and the medication status so in analysis can obtain more comprehensive data. "

"ABSTRAKPentingnya peran pengasuhan dalam mengoptimalkan executive function (EF) anak membuat para peneliti bidang perkembangan kognitif berupaya menggali lebih jauh keterkaitan kedua variabel tersebut. Penggunaan bahasa orangtua (management language/ML) dalam mengontrol perilaku anak, baik pada anak typical maupun Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) serta hubungannya dengan peforma EF menjadi topik riset pengasuhan yang cukup marak dilakukan saat ini untuk mendapatkan hasil yang konklusif. Sayangnya, riset yang dilakukan lebih berfokus pada peran pengasuhan ibu dibandingkan ayah. Padahal pengasuhan ayah mempunyai pola dan dampak yang berbeda pada anak sehingga keberadaannya tidak boleh diabaikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengukur kontribusi ML ayah dan kondisi perkembangan anak (typical dan ASD) terhadap performa EF anak dan mengamati bagaimana kondisi perkembangan anak memprediksi ML ayah. 22 anak typical dan 9 anak ASD bersama ayah mereka terlibat dalam penelitian ini. ML ayah diobservasi secara terstruktur melalui interaksinya dengan anak, sedangkan EF anak diukur melalui serangkaian tes EF. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ML dengan tipe direction berkontribusi negatif terhadap perkembangan EF anak, bahkan setelah mengontrol variabel usia anak, inteligensi anak, status sosial ekonomi dan pendidikan ayah, sedangkan kondisi perkembangan tidak berkontribusi terhadap ML ayah. Riset ini menekankan perlunya meminimalisir penggunaan ML tipe direction dalam mengontrol perilaku anak, terlepas dari apapun kondisi perkembangannya.

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ABSTRACTThe importance of the parentings role in optimizing the executive function (EF) of children makes researchers in cognitive development field conduct further study involving those two variables. The use of language (language management / ML) to control childrens behavior, both in typical and Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) children and its relation to EF performance became the topic of parenting research, which frequently done nowadays to get conclusive results. However, prior studies emphasized more on the role of mothers, while fathers role actually have different patterns and influences on children that should not be ignored. This study aims to examine the contribution of paternal ML and the childs development condition (typical and ASD) on the childs EF performance and how childrens development predicts fathers ML. 22 typical children and 9 ASD children and their father were involved in this study. Fathers ML were observed in a structured manner through their interactions with children, while childrens EF is examined through the EF test. The results showed that the directive type of ML contributed negatively to EFs childrens development, even after controlling for the childs age, childrens intelligence, socio-economic status and fathers education, while childs development condition did not contribute to fathers ML. This study emphasizes the need to minimize the use of the direction type of ML in controlling children, regardless of the childs development condition."

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Pendahuluan: Sebanyak 54,13% dari pengguna internet menggunakan internet untuk bermain gim. Prevalensi internet gaming disorder sendiri berkisar antara 0.7%-27.5% yang didominasi oleh remaja. Adiksi gim merupakan perilaku bermain gim yang berlebihan dan bersifat kompulsif, serta menyebabkan masalah bagi individu tersebut. Telah diketahui bahwa adiksi gim menyebabkan perubahan otak secara struktur dan fungsi, sehingga memengaruhi fungsi eksekutif seseorang. Saat ini, studi menunjukkan bahwa perilaku bermain gim yang berlebihan memberikan dampak yang tidak konsisten pada fungsi eksekutif. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan antara kecenderungan adiksi gim dan fungsi eksekutif pada remaja SMA di Jakarta.

Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang, dimana penelitian ini dilakukan di bulan Maret 2020 di salah satu SMA swasta di Jakarta, dengan total 53 subjek. Kuesioner Game Addiction Scale-21 (GAS-21) digunakan untuk menilai adiksi gim, dan diisi oleh para remaja SMA. Kuesioner BRIEF-BI digunakan untuk menilai fungsi eksekutif pada remaja dan diisi oleh para orang tua.

Hasil: Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa proporsi adiksi gim adalah sebesar 28,3%, sedangkan proporsi disfungsi eksekutif secara keseluruhan adalah 3,8%. Ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan antara kecenderungan adiksi gim dan memori kerja (p=0,019), perencanaan (p=0,001), dan pengorganisasian material (p=0,046). Tidak ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan antara kecenderungan adiksi gim dan skala inhibisi (p=0,283), adaptasi (p=0,568), kontrol emosional (p=1,000), inisiasi (p=0,283), monitor (p=0,568), indeks BRI (p=0,490), indeks MI (p=0,076), dan GEC (p=0,076).

Kesimpulan: Tidak ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan antara adiksi gim dan fungsi eksekutif secara keseluruhan. Akan tetapi, gim memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan domain-domain yang lebih spesifik dari fungsi eksekutif, yaitu: memori kerja, perencanaan, dan pengorganisasian material. Penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai topik ini tetap diperlukan, dengan menggunakan jumlah sampel yang lebih besar dan melibatkan lebih dari satu sekolah. Selain itu, dianjurkan untuk meningkatkan wawasan orang tua, guru, dan remaja mengenai dampak dari adiksi gim serta pengaruhnya terhadap fungsi eksekutif agar dapat lebih mengerti keperluan dan urgensi untuk mencegah terjadinya adiksi gim sedari dini.

Kata kunci: Adiksi gim, fungsi eksekutif, BRIEF-BI, GAS-21, remaja SMA, Jakarta

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Introduction: As many as 54.13% of internet users access the internet to play games. The prevalence of internet gaming disorder ranges between 0.7% to 27.5%, predominantly among teenagers. Game addiction is defined as excessive and compulsive gaming that causes problems to oneself. It is known that game addiction causes structural and functional changes to the brain, thereby affecting executive function. Various studies have shown that excessive gaming poses inconsistent effects to executive function. Thus, this study aims to investigate the relationship between the tendency of having a gaming addiction and executive function among high school students in Jakarta.

Method: This is a cross sectional study conducted on March 2020 at a private High School in Jakarta, with a total of 53 subjects. The Game Addiction Scale-21 (GAS-21) questionnaire was used to assess the tendency of having a gaming addiction and was filled out by the students. On the other hand, the BRIEF-BI questionnaire was used to assess executive function and was filled out by the parents.

Results: This study finds that the proportion of high school students with a tendency of having a gaming addiction is 28.3%, while the prevalence of global executive dysfunction is 3.8%. There are significant relationships between the tendency of having a gaming addiction and working memory (p=0.019), planning (p=0.001), and organization of materials (p=0.046). There were no significant relationships found between the tendency of having a gaming addiction and inhibition (p=0,283), adaptation (p=0,568), emotional control (p=1,000), initiation (p=0,283), monitor (p=0,568), BRI index (p=0,490), MI index (p=0,076), and GEC (p=0,076).

Discussion: There is no significant relationship between the tendency of having a gaming addiction and executive function in general. However, the tendency of having a gaming addiction is significantly related with specific domains of executive function, which are working memory, planning, and organization of materials. Further study is still needed to assess this topic, with a bigger sample size consisting of students from different schools. It is advised to educate teachers, parents, and high school students, of the effects of game addiction towards exectuve function to better understand the need of early prevention for game addiction.

Key words: Game addiction, executive function, BRIEF-BI, GAS-21, high school students, Jakarta

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