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"ABSTRAKTeori elemen DST-BL pada pelat FGM merupakan elemen triangular 3-nodal dengan 15 derajat kebebasan yang merupakan generalisasi dengan memperhitungkan efek geser tranversal (GT) elemen pelat tipis yang dikenal dengan nama DKT (Discrete Kirchhoff Triangle). Pengembangan teori elemen DST-BL dilakukan pada struktur FGM yang memperhitungkan deformasi geser transversal dan energi pengaruh membran-lentur. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan pelat FGM dimana terbukti dapat mengurangi kegagalan delaminasi pada plat komposit dikarenakan sifat transisi yang tajam atau signifikan serta pengembangan elemen DST-BL pada pelat FGM dan membandingkannya terhadap solusi referensi elemen ES-DSG3, DST-BK, DKMT, maupun MITC3 FGM untuk mengetahui seberapa baik teori elemen DST-BL jika diterapkan pada pelat FGM. Beberapa kasus uji numerik untuk pelat FGM antara lain pengujian statis, getaran bebas, maupun tekuk.

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ABSTRACTThe theory of the DST-BL element on the FGM plate is a triangular 3-nodal element with 15 degrees of freedom which is a generalization taking into account the transverse shear effect (GT) of thin plate elements known as the DKT (Discrete Kirchhoff Triangle). Development of the theory of the DST-BL element is carried out on the FGM structure that takes into account transverse shear deformation and the membrane-flexural influence energy. The purpose of this study is to develop FGM plates which are proven to reduce delamination failures on composite plates due to sharp or significant transition properties and the development of DST-BL elements on FGM plates and compare them against reference solutions of ES-DSG3, DST-BK, DKMT, and MITC3 FGM to find out how well the DST-BL element theory applies to the FGM plate. Some numerical test cases for FGM plates include static, free vibration, and buckling."

"This research was intended to produce functionally graded material (FGM) of Hydroxyapatite (Hap)-silk fibroin by pulse electric current sintering in facing the need in biomaterial application. Silk sheet wasutilized as a bound between each layer. The target sample thickness was 1.6 mm with diameter I5 mm.Sample was created by using cylindrical type of carbon die and consisted of 4 layers with the samethickness in which silk film with the thickness of 100 ,tan was placed between the layers. The compositionof lower layer was l 00% silk fibroin, second layer was 90% silk fibroin + l 0% Hap, third layer was 80%silk fibroin + 20%Hap, and 70% silk fibroin + 30% Hap for the upper layer. The properties of FGM wascharacterized by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Three point bend withsingle-edge beam was used for _fracture toughness test (lim). The grade of the FGM material was provenby using electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA). The value of fracture toughness was 0. 65 l MPo.m".The silk film in the borders of the sample can arrest the crack perfectly, so that sudden fracture could beavoided The sample still remained capable supported the load after maximum load was reached Opticalmicrograph and SEM indicated that the Hap-silk fibroin FGM could be produced by using the methodthat was introduced in this research."

"Functionally Graded Material (FGM) adalah salah satu material yang akhir-akhir ini banyak diminati oleh banyak peneliti, terlebih khusus dalam bidang teknik karena diklaim merupakan material yang dapat tahan dalam lingkungan suhu tinggi. Material FGM ini tersusun dari dua atau lebih jenis material yang secara kontinu bergradasi searah ketebalan struktur. Pada umumnya penyusun material ini yaitu keramik pada bagian atas struktur dan metal pada bagian bawah struktur, dimana keramik merupakan material tahan terhadap suhu tinggi dan metal merupakan material yang fleksibel dan kuat terhadap beban mekanis. Elemen DKMQ merupakan elemen yang yang diklaim merupakan elemen yang konvergensinya sangat prima baik digunakan untuk menganalisis pelat tebal maupun pelat tipis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perilaku konvergensi dari elemen DKMQ pada pelat Functionally Graded Material (FGM) pada studi kasus statik, getaran bebas, tekuk, dan tekuk termal. Hasil non-dimensional perpindahan, frekuensi natural, beban tekuk kritis, dan suhu tekuk kritis kemudian dibandingkan dengan hasil referensi dari literatur terkait. Dan hasilnya elemen DKMQ memberikan hasil yang baik dan konvergen pada pelat FGM untuk analisis statik, getaran bebas, tekuk pelat, dan tekuk termal.

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Functionally Graded Material in one type of material that is currently often discussed in the civil engineering field, because it is claimed as the material that can resist the high-temperature environment. FGM is consist of two or more material that continuously changed along the thickness direction of the structure. FGM is often formed by ceramic at the top of the structure that can resist the hightemperature environment and metal at the bottom of the structure that flexible and

can resist the mechanical load. DKMQ Element is claimed as the element that gives a good convergence to analyze a thick plate and also a thin plate. The purpose of this research is to study the convergence behavior of the DKMQ element in Functionally Graded Material plate on static, free vibration, buckling, and thermal buckling case. The result of the non-dimensional displacement, natural frequency, critical buckling load, and critical temperature buckling load result will be compared to the reference. And the DKMQ element gives a good result and convergence for static, free vibration, buckling, and thermal buckling case on FGM plate.

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"Penelitian ini membahas pengaruh faktor koreksi geser (Shear Correction Factor) pada analisis statis balok Functionally Graded Material (FGM) penampang rektangular dengan metode elemen hingga (MEH) menggunakan elemen Timoshenko Hencky Beam (THB). Modulus Young yang digunakan pada balok bervariasi sepanjang ketebalan balok berdasarkan fungsi power law. Poisson ratio yang digunakan dianggap konstan. Perpindahan dengan faktor koreksi geser konstan dan perpindahan dengan faktor koreksi geser FGM akan dievaluasi untuk dua kasus dengan rasio perbandingan Modulus Young berbeda dan enam perletakan berbeda pada masing masing rasio. Komputasi numerik penelitian ini dilakukan dengan bantuan program MATLAB. Hasil penelitian menggambarkan bahwa pada balok tebal dengan material dengan rasio modulus Young kecil (0,35) faktor koreksi geser tidak terlalu berpengaruh, sedangkan pada material dengan rasio modulus Young tinggi (20) maka nilai faktor koreksi geser yang dipakai berpengaruh cukup signifikan pada nilai perpindahan yang dihasilkan.

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This study is about effect of Shear Correction Factor on static analysis of a functionally graded material (FGM) beam with rectangular cross section using Finite Element Method (FEM) with Timoshenko Hencky Beam (THB) element. Young Modulus used in this study is vary continuously in the thickness direction of the beam according to Power Law form. Poisson ratio used in this study is constant. Displacement resulted by constant shear correction factor and displacement resulted by shear correction factor with FGM theory are examined with two different Modulus Young ratio and six different constraint condition on each ratio. The numerical study is done using MATLAB programs. This study shows that in thick FGM beam with small Young modulus ratio (0,35), shear correction factor did not have much effect on the displacement. Though, in FGM beam with high Young modulus ratio (20), shear correction factor used in the calculation have a significant effect on the displacement."