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"Applied Metal Forming: Including FEM Analysis describes metal forming theory and how experimental techniques can be used to study metal forming operations with great accuracy. For each primary class of processes, such as forging, rolling, extrusion, wiredrawing, and sheet-metal forming, it explains how finite element analysis (FEA) can be applied with great precision to characterize the forming conditions and in this way optimize the processes. FEA has made it possible to build realistic FEM models of most metal forming processes, including complex three dimensional forming operations, in which complex products are shaped by complex dies. Thus, using FEA, it is now possible to visualize any metal forming process and to study strain, stress, and other forming conditions inside the parts being manufactured as they develop throughout the process. Henry S. Valberg is a professor in the Department of Engineering Science and Materials at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology(NTNU). He began his professional career as a metallurgist at the Royal Norwegian Air Force (LFK), and continued it at A/S NorskJernverk, Mo i Rana, and then as a research scientist at SINTEF, Division of Materials and Processes, before joining the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH) as a senior lecturer in 1984 and full professor in 1994. He was a visiting professor at Denmark’s Technical Universityin 1997–1998. Professor Valberg’s main fields of research are materials, metal forming, experimental deformation analysis, and FEA. His work covers all the main metal forming processes, including forging, rolling, extrusion, drawing, and sheet-metal forming. He is the authorof more than 60 refereed journal articles and has supervised numerous graduate students. Professor Valberg is currently a research manager in a project run by three Norwegian forging companies."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mengenai kewenangan pembentukan peraturan perundang-undangan pada suatu kementerian kemudian dari kewenangan tersebut dicoba dikaji mengenai pembentukan peraturan pelaksana terhadap peraturan menteri dalam kajian perundang-undangan menggunakan studi kasus Keputusan Sekretaris Direktorat Jenderal yang merupakan peraturan pelaksana atas peraturan menteri nomor P.55 tahun 2016 yang merupakan peraturan pengganti atas PErmen LHK Nomor P.28 tahun 2015. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kepustakaan yang bersifat yuridis normatif dengan menekankan pada penggunaan data sekunder atau studi kepustakaan bersifat eksplanatoris dengan dan menggunakan metode analisis data analisis kualitatis dengan simpulan berupa presiden memberikan sebagian kewenangannya kepada menteri yang telah ditunjuknya dan didalamnya terdapat kewenangan pembentukan peraturan perundang-undangan sesuai dengan hierarki peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku untuk memperlancar pelaksanaan pemerintahan dan terjadi dalam praktek kewenangan yang telah didelegasikan kemudian didelegasikan kembali kepada lembaga yang lebih rendah yang disebut sub delegation legislative power. Berdasarkan hal tersebut dalam pembentukan peraturan perundang-undangan memperhatikan hierarki dan kewenangan yang berlaku dan tidak mengatur hal yang telah diatur dalam peraturan perundang-undangan yang lebih tinggikata kunci : Pembentukan peraturan pelaksana, kewenangan dan hierarki.

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ABSTRACTThis research concerning about the competency of ministry to make ministrial regulation. Further more from those ministrial regulation, it create implementation legislation as an example case study of Secretary Decree of Directorat General with use as an implementation regulation on Regulation of Minister Of Environment and Forestry No. P.55 years of 2016 which is replacing the regulation number P.28 years of 2015. This research uses literatures research by juridicial normative. and by emphasis on the use of secondary data or literature study with type of explanatory and using qualitative analysis data. The conclusion are President give some of his power to the minister he has appointed and in there is the authority of the formulation of legislation in accordance with the hierarchy of legislation which is applicable to facilitate the execution of government and the occurence in the exercise of delegated authority and then delegated back to another lower of legislation to concern about the hierarchy and authority in force and does not regulate things that have been regulated in the higher legislation"

"This book discusses the general concept and applications of rapid tooling technologies and introduces the use of incremental forming for the development of rapid sheet tools. Methods and techniques for tool design and development are discussed, considering their manufacture using incremental forming and complementary processes. The mechanical and thermal performance of sheet metal tools is analyzed. Finally, possible applications are introduced, with the description of some case study examples. "

"Stamping Part adalah sebuah hasil dari suatu proses produksi yang dinamakan sheet metal forming dimana untuk menghasilkan press part dibutuhkan sheet metal atau lembaran plat, pressing dies sebagai cetakannya dan mesin press untuk memproduksinya. Penggunaan pressed part dewasa ini masih sangat dominan pada industri otomotif, elektronika, bahkan pada industri berat seperti industri kapal dan pesawat terbang. Pressed part merupakan suatu hal yang belum tergantikan oleh material lainnya dimana dari segi teknis pemakaiannya dan berbagai macam kelebihannya dibandingkan dengan material lainnya. Pada penelitian kali ini bertujuan merancang dan membuat stamping dies untuk membuat suatu pressed part yang mana pemakaiannya ditujukan pada mobil yang merupakan salah satu merk yang telah diproduksi di tanah air. Proses yang dirancang dan dibuat dies-nya hanya pada proses blanking dan forming dari enam proses yang direncanakan pembuatannya dimana proses lainnya adalah restrike, bending, piercing 1 dan piercing 2. Proses perencanaannya dimulai dengan terima drawing dari customer, analisa flow proses, perencanaan dies dan perhitungan-perhitungannya, proses manufakturnya, trial-trial dan tahap kirim sample hingga mass production. Untuk proses desain ini menggunakan bantuan software Cad. Sedangkan untuk perhitungannya menggunakan teori?teori sheet metal forming yang bersumber dari literatur-literatur dan studi lapangan.

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Press part as the result of production process named sheet metal forming which to produce a press part needs sheet metal as material, press dies and press machine as machine to proceed. For application, a large amount component of automotive, electronic parts, ship building and aeroplane use stamping part as the main components. Press part is something that can not be substituted yet as technically application because of strengthen to support load and so many abundance then others materials. This reports aims to design and manufacture stamping dies for produce press part. This part is used for vehicle as a famous brand that produced in Indonesia. Design process of press dies only for blanking and forming process where there are six process that planned. The other process are restrike, bending, piercing1 and piercing2. Process planning is started from receive formal drawing from customer, analize flow process, design process and calculation dimension and force needed manufacturing processes, trials, making samples until mass production. Designing dies use many software Cad. Mean while for calculation uses sheet metal forming theory that gotten from many literatures."

"Jurnal ini membahas tentang peminjaman kata benda dalam bahasa Rusia yang berasal dari bahasa Inggris dan Perancis dalam bidang kecantikan dan mode. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis dengan sumber data berupa majalah Cosmopolitan edisi berbahasa Rusia terbitan bulan Maret ndash;Mei tahun 2016. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan teori pembentukan kata menurut Valgina, Rozental rsquo;, dan Fomina 2002 dalam Sovremennyj russkij jazyk: U?ebnik, teori ciri fonetis kata pinjaman menurut I.B. Golub dalam Rozental rsquo; 2001 dalam Sovremennyj Russkij Jazyk, dan teori peminjaman kata oleh Haugen 1950 dan 1969 dalam The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebanyakan kata pinjaman baik dari bahasa Inggris, maupun Perancis diadaptasi secara fonetis.

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This journal discusses about the noun borrowing in Russian language which are adopted from English and French language in the beauty and fashion field. This research uses analitical descriptive method using Cosmopolitan magazines edition in March ndash May 2016. The Valgina, Rozental rsquo , and Fomina rsquo s theory of word forming 2002 in Sovremennyj russkij jazyk U ebnik, I.B. Golub rsquo s theory of phonetic characteristics of borrowing noun in Rozental rsquo 2001 in Sovremennyj Russkij Jazyk, and Haugen rsquo s theory of borrowing 1950 and 1969 in the analysis of linguistic borrowing are used to analyze the data. The result is, most nouns which are adopted from English and French Language are adapted through phonetical way."

"ABSTRAKPenerapan magnesium sebagai implan merupakan salah satu pemanfaatan dari natur biomaterial dari magnesium sendiri. Berbagai usaha untuk meningkatkan resistansi terhadap laju korosi yang terlalu besar, yang menjadi kelemahan dari magnesium telah dilakukan, contohnya adalah penggunaan metode ECAP. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai proses manufaktur dari implan berbahan dasar magnesium ECAP, secara khusus implan jenis miniplate. Metode fabrikasi micro-forming, terbukti dapat dengan akurat memfabrikasi miniplate sesuai dengan design yang diajukan, dengan rerata error terbesar ada pada bagian thickness atau ketebalan plat. Error yang ada cukup kecil pada angka 12.43 . Bagian yang paling krusial, yaitu hole, memiliki akurasi serta presisi yang baik, dengan rerata error 1.43 , yang paling kecil dari seluruh detail yang diukur. Kalkulasi yang telah dibuat berdasarkan physical properties dari magnesium juga terbukti sesuai dengan trial yang dilakukan sehingga hasil cukup akurat.<

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ABSTRACTThe use of magnesium as an implant material is the utilization of magnesium rsquo s nature as a biomaterial. Lots of methods are developed in an effort to inhibit magnesium rsquo s high degradation rate, which is one of magnesium rsquo s weakness. One of such method is the ECAP. This research is focused on the manufacturing process of magnesium ECAP based implant, especially the maxilla miniplate. The micro forming fabrication method is proven to be accurate enough to fabricate the miniplates according to the original design, with the largest error being the thickness of the plate. plat. The largest error occurred in this research is 12.43 , which is quite small. The most crucial part, the hole, proved to be quite accurate and precise, with 1.43 average error, which is the smallest error in the detail. The calculation based on the physical properties of magnesium is also accurate enough to be used as the basis for the manufacturing rsquo s parameters. "

"Kaptopril merupakan antihipertensi lini pertama pada terapi hipertensi. Pemberian kaptopril melalui rute oral memiliki kekurangan, seperti frekuensi pemberian yang cukup tinggi, bioavailabiltas yang rendah akibat makanan, dan pasien yang memiliki kesulitan menelan. Penghantaran kaptopril secara transdermal dapat mengatasi masalah ini. Kaptopril bersifat hidrofilik dan sulit untuk melewati stratum korneum, maka dikembangkan Hydrogel-forming Microneedles (HFMN). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memformulasikan dan mengevaluasi HFMN berbasis poli(vinil alkohol) (PVA) dengan kombinasi poli(N-vinil kaprolaktam) (PNVCL) atau poli(vinil pirolidon) (PVP) yang terintegrasi dalam film untuk penghantaran kaptopril secara transdermal. Sebelum memformulasikan HFMN, dilakukan formulasi film hidrogel untuk menghasilkan film hidrogel yang optimal untuk menghantarkan kaptopril, meliputi evaluasi fisik, fisikokimia, kemampuan swelling, dan permeabilitas. Formula film hidrogel terpilih akan dikembangkan menjadi HFMN dan dievaluasi secara fisik, kemampuan swelling, permeabilitas, insersi, dan kekuatan mekaniknya. Film hidrogel yang dibuat dapat mengembang hingga 252,42 ± 5,65% selama 24 jam dan memfasilitasi difusi kaptopril sebesar 52,76 ± 0,53% setelah 24 jam. Formula HFMN optimal yang akan diintegrasikan dengan reservoir film kaptopril adalah F2 (10% PVP, 1,5% asam malat) dan F3 (10% PVP, 1,5% asam suksinat). HFMN yang dibuat memiliki kemampuan swelling hingga 190,73 ± 2,04% selama 1 jam serta mampu menembus lapisan Parafilm® M hingga kedalaman 500 μm dengan pengurangan tinggi jarum sebesar 8,92 ± 1,19%. Pada uji permeasi in vitro, persentase obat kumulatif selama 24 jam dari HFMN terintegrasi film kaptopril adalah F2 (44,94 ± 21,48 %), F3 (33,88 ± 14,13 %), dan F4 (28,12 ± 0,18%) dan berbeda signifikan secara statistika (p-value 0,0003). F2 berbeda signifikan terhadap F3 (p-value 0,0026) dan F4 (p-value 0,0003). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan pengembangan HFMN dengan perbedaan agen taut silang dan polimer mempengaruhi permeasi dari obat dan kemampuan swelling.

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Captopril is an antihypertensive drug which is the first line therapy for hypertension. However, giving captopril via the oral route has disadvantages, such that high frequency of administration per day, low bioavailability due to food, and patients who have difficulty swallowing. Nevertheless, transdermal delivery of captopril can overcome this problem. Furthermore, captopril is hydrophilic and difficult to pass through the stratum corneum. So, hydrogel-forming microneedles (HFMN) were developed. The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate poly(vinyl alcohol) PVA-based HFMN with a combination of poly(N-vinyl caprolactam) (PNVCL) or poly(vinyl pyrrolidon) (PVP) integrated with film for transdermal delivery of captopril. Before formulating HFMN, hydrogel film formulation was carried out to produce an optimal hydrogel film to deliver captopril, which were evaluated their physical characteristics, physicochemistry, swelling ability, and permeability. HFMN was made and evaluated for its physical, swelling ability, permeability, insertion and mechanical strength. The hydrogel film created was able to swell up to 252.42 ± 5.65% within 24 hours and facilitate the diffusion of captopril by 52.76 ± 0.53% after 24 hours. The selected hydrogel films that was developed into HFMN were F2 (10% PVP, 1.5% malic acid), F3 (10% PVP, 1.5% succinic acid), and F4 (2.5% PNVCL, 1.5% citric acid). The HFMN chosen for delivering captopril with a captopril film reservoir were F2 (10% PVP, 1.5% malic acid) and F3 (10% PVP, 1.5% succinic acid). The fabricated  HFMN was able to swell up to 190.73 ± 2.04% within 1 hour and penetrate the Parafilm® M   layer to a depth of 500 µm with a reduction in needle height of 8.92 ± 1.19%. In the in vitro permeation test, the cumulative percentage of captopril that permeated from the HFMN integrated captopril film for each formulation was 44.94 ± 21.48 % (F2), 33.88 ± 14.13 % (F3), and 28.12 ± 0.18% (F4), with significant difference (p-value 0.0003) among the tested formulations. F2 was significantly different from F3 (p-value 0.0026) and F4 (p-value 0.0003). The results of this research showed that the development of HFMNs with different crosslinking agents and polymers affected the permeation of drugs and swelling ability."

"Pengerolan paduan kuningan menggunakan mesin rol ONO tipe TF06 Formk dilakukan di laboratorium. Benda kerja sebanyak empat spesimen dilakukan pengerolan dingin secara single pass dan dalam beberapa tahap reduksi. Pada tahap tertentu dilakukan pengujian kekerasan dengan uji Brinell. Hasil ekperimen yang diperoleh adalah pengurangan tebal spesimen dan beban pengerolan. Berdasarkan data eksperimen tersebut dibuat perhitungan teoritis untuk beban pengerolan, torsi dan daya. Perbedaan antara hasil eksperimen dan perhitungan teoritis seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam grafik-grafik, relatif kecil. Pada pengerolan paduan kuningan dalam penelitian ini diperoleh prediksi koefisien friksi sebesar 0,02.

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A cold rolling of brass alloy using Rol ONO machine type TF06 Formk was conducted at laboratory. The four brass alloy specimens were cold rolled by single-pass and in several stages of reduction. In certain stages, Hardness of the specimens were measured by Brinell testing. The experimental results were the height reduction of specimens and rolling load. Based on the experimental data, theoretical calculation for rolling load, torsion and power requirement are presented. The experimental results and theoretical calculation as shown in the respective graphs, differ relatively small. The prediction of friction coefficient in the cold rolling of this brass alloy obtained in this research is 0.02."