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"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memformulasikan sediaanmengapung dari kombinasi kitosan, gelatin ikan nila dan beberapa derivatselulosa, seperti etil selulosa, metil selulosa dan CMC-Na, sertamengevaluasi mutu dan profil pelepasan obat dari sediaan tersebut. Padapenelitian ini, tablet dibuat dengan metode granulasi basah danmenggunakan diltiazem HCl sebagai model obat. Formulasi tabletmengapung dibuat dengan mengubah komposisi kitosan, gelatin ikan niladan derivat selulosa. Daya mengembang dan keterapungan tabletmengapung dievaluasi. Pelepasan obat dari tablet mengapung diteliti dandianalisa dengan menggunakan beberapa model persamaan kinetika. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan bahwa formula yang mengandung gelatin ikan niladan etil selulosa dengan perbandingan 1:18 merupakan formula yang terbaikdengan daya mengembang sebesar 16,4% dan waktu mengapung 61 menit.Formula tersebut juga menunjukkan profil pelepasan obat yang terkendalidan mendekati model kinetika Higuchi serta mekanisme difusi Fickian."

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan pragelatinisasi pati singkong suksinat (PPSS), yang merupakan modifikasi pati singkong secara fisika dan kimia sebagai matriks dalam sediaan tablet mengapung. Formulasi tablet mengapung dibuat dengan mengkombinasikan PPSS dengan natrium alginat dan PPSS dengan HPMC. Telah dibuat 5 formula yaitu FI PPSS : natrium alginat (50:50), FII PPSS : natrium alginat (60:40), FIII PPSS : natrium alginat (70:30), FIV PPSS : natrium alginat (80:20), dan FV PPSS : HPMC (50:50). Evaluasi terhadap semua sediaan tablet mengapung yang dilakukan meliputi floating lag time, kemampuan keterapungan, daya mengembang serta profil laju disolusi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa floating lag time yang tercepat adalah FII dan FV yaitu 1,0 + 0,0 detik, sedangkan FI 2,5 + 1,06 detik, FIV 3,5 + 0,35 detik dan FIII 10,5 + 1,76 detik. Uji keterapungan menunjukkan bahwa semua tablet mampu mengapung selama 24 jam. Kelima formula tersebut mampu menahan pelepasan verapamil HCl sampai 8 jam dengan jumlah pelepasan antara 33,67% - 78,66%.

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The aim of this research is to know the capability of pregelatinized cassava starch succinate (PCSS), which constitutes modified of cassava starch physically and chemically as a matrix in the floating tablet dosage form. The formulas of floating tablet dosages form were made by combining PCSS with sodium alginic and PCSS with HPMC. It has been made 5 formulas, which were FI PCSS: sodium alginic (50:50), FII PCSS: sodium alginic (60:40), FIII PCSS: sodium alginic (70:30), FIV PCSS: sodium alginic (80:20), and FV PCSS: HPMC (50:50). Evaluation to all of the floating dosages form were floating lag time, buoyancy test, swelling index, and rate of dissolution profile. The fastest floating lag time FII and FV were 1,0 + 0,0 second, while FI 2,5 + 1,06 seconds, FIV 3,5 + 0,35 seconds and 10,5 + 1,76 seconds for FIII. The buoyancy test showed that all of the formulas were able to buoy for 24 hours. All of the formulas can retain releasing of verapamil HCl for 8 hours by means of releasing between 33,67% - 78,66%."

"Sediaan mengapung granul hollow microspheres mulai dikembangkan untuk memperpanjang waktu tinggal obat di dalam lambung. Formulasi granul dibuat dengan cara mendispersikan siprofloksasin HCl dan etil selulosa serta HPMC dengan pelarut etanol dan diklorometana. Pendispersian disertai pemanasan suhu 40oC dan pengadukan. Penguapan pelarut menghasilkan rongga dan pori pada granul yang membuat densitas granul menjadi rendah. Dilihat pengaruh kombinasi perbandingan pelarut terhadap mutu dan kemampuan mengapungnya. Formula dengan perbandingan etanol dan diklorometana 1:1 dipilih untuk dijadikan tablet. Pembuatan tablet menggunakan metode kempa langsung. Hasil evaluasi tablet menunjukkan tablet mampu mengapung selama 12 jam dan kinetika pelepasan obat mengikuti orde nol dan mekanisme pelepasannya difusi Fickian.

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The preparation of floating granules hollow microspheres were developed to extend the retention time of drug in stomach. The formulation prepared by dispersing ciprofloxacin HCl, ethyl cellulose, and HPMC with ethanol and dichloromethane. Dispersion process used heat 40oC with stirring. Evaporation of the solvent resulted cavities and pores inside the granules and made low density granules in the process. Formula with ratio ethanol and dichloromethane 1:1 has been chosen to be used as a tablet. The tablet was made using direct compression method. Buoyancy test and drug release tablet was evaluated. The result showed the tablet can float for 12 hours and followed zero order release kinetic and showed Fickian diffusion mechanism."

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat protein kedelai suksinat dari protein kedelai yang diperoleh melalui proses suksinilasi protein kedelai dengan anhidrida suksinat pada kondisi basa dalam medium berair. Protein kedelai suksinat yang diperoleh kemudian dikarakterisasi secara fisik, kimia, dan fungsional, kemudian digunakan sebagai matriks pada sediaan tablet mengapung. Protein kedelai suksinat yang didapat berupa serbuk berwarna putih kekuningan, memiliki derajat suksinilasi 35,74 ± 0,38% dan 100,38 ± 0,38%, menunjukkan peak pada bilangan gelombang 1653,0 cm-1 mengindikasikan gugus karbonil amida yang terbentuk, memiliki daya mengembang 35,38 ± 2,08% dan 25,30 ± 4,99% dalam dapar asam klorida pH 1,2. Pada penelitian ini, tablet dibuat dengan metode granulasi basah dan menggunakan diltiazem hidroklorida sebagai model obat. Semua formula dibuat dengan mengkombinasikan matriks protein kedelai (PK), protein kedelai suksinat 100% b/b (PKS 1), dan protein kedelai suksinat 250% b/b (PKS 2) dengan HPMC dengan perbandingan 1:1. Uji keterapungan, daya mengembang dan kinetika pelepasan obat pada tablet mengapung dievaluasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formula dengan matriks PKS 2:HPMC 1:1 merupakan fomula terbaikdengan waktu apung 40,75 ± 1,06 menit dan mampu mengapung selama 24 jam, daya mengembang 87,5 ± 3,1% dengan kinetika pelepasan mengikuti persamaan Higuchi dan mekanisme difusi non-Fickian.

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The aims of this study was to produce the soybean protein succinate from soybean protein by succinilation of the soybean protein using succinic anhydride under alkaline conditions in aqueous medium. Soybean protein succinate were characterized physically, chemically and functionally, then was used as a matrix for floating tablet. Soybean protein succinate obtained a yellowish-white powder, having 35.74 ± 0.38% and 100.38 ± 0.38% as its succinylated degree, showed peak at the wave number 1653.05 cm-1 indicates that the amide carbonyl group is formed, swelling index was 35.38 ± 2.08% and 25.30 ± 4.99% in hydrocloric acid buffer pH 1.2. Tablets were made by wet granulation method and diltiazem hydrochloride was used as a model drug. All formulas were made by combining matrix soybean protein (SP), soybean protein succinate 100 % w/w (SPS 1), and soybean protein succinate 250 % w/w (SPS 2) with HPMC 1:1. Buoyancy test, swelling test and drug-release kinetics evaluated on the floating tablet. The results showed that the formula with SPS 2: HPMC 1:1 is the best fomula with a lag time of 40.75 ± 1.06 minutes, floating duration of 24 hours, and swelling test 87.5 ± 3.1%. This formula followed Higuchi release kineticsand showed non-Fickian diffusion mechanism."

"[ABSTRAKTablet mengapung lepas lambat membutuhkan eksipien yang berfungsi sebagaimatriks yang mampu mengendalikan lepasnya obat dan menfasilitasipengapungan tablet di lambung. Salah satu eksipien yang berpotensi untuk haltersebut adalah eksipien koproses xanthan gum ? gum akasia yang merupakanhasil modifikasi fisik dari 2 jenis polimer alam, yaitu xanthan gum dan gumakasia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh eksipienkoproses xanthan gum ? gum akasia yang kemudian digunakan sebagai matrikspada formulasi tablet mengapung. Pada penelitian ini dibuat eksipien koprosesxanthan gum ? gum akasia dengan perbandingan 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 dan 3:1 daneksipien yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi sifat fisik, kimia, danfungsionalnya.Eksipien-eksipien koproses yang dihasilkan tersebut kemudiandiformulasikan menjadi sediaan tablet mengapung dengan menggunakanfamotidin sebagai model obat. Tablet mengapung yang dihasilkan dievaluasi,antara lain uji kemampuan mengapung serta pelepasan obat dalam medium HClpH 1,2 selama 8 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa eksipien koprosesyang diperoleh berupa serbuk halus tidak berbau dan berwarna putih keabu-abuan.Selain itu eksipien koproses tersebut memiliki kemampuan mengembang yangbaik, viskositas yang cukup besar dan kekuatan gel yang baik yang cocok untukdigunakan sebagai matriks tablet mengapung. Tablet mengapung F2 yang dibuatdengan menggunakan eksipien koproses Ko-XG-GA 1:2 menunjukkankarakteristik yang terbaik dengan floating lag time 8,33± 0,58 menit dankemampuan mengapung hingga 24 jam. Profil pelepasan famotidin dari tabletmengapung yang diformulasikan dengan eksipien koproses Ko-XG-GA (F1 ? F5)menunjukkan profil pelepasan obat terkendali dengan model kinetika pelepasanorde nol dan dapat digunakan untuk pemakaian selama 32 jam. Dari hasilpenelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa eksipien koproses Ko-XG-GA yangdihasilkan dapat diaplikasikan sebagai matriks sediaan tablet mengapung lepasterkendali.

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ABSTRACTControlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix thatcan control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in thegastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum? gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore,the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgumacacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. Inthis study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum andgum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients werecharacterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processedexcipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drugmodel. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floatingcapabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The resultsshowed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish whitecolour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity andgood gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. Thefloating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lagtime and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that thefamotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA(F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kineticand could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can beconcluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied asmatrices in controlled release floating tablets.;Controlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix thatcan control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in thegastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum– gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore,the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgumacacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. Inthis study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum andgum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients werecharacterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processedexcipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drugmodel. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floatingcapabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The resultsshowed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish whitecolour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity andgood gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. Thefloating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lagtime and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that thefamotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA(F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kineticand could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can beconcluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied asmatrices in controlled release floating tablets.;Controlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix thatcan control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in thegastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum– gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore,the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgumacacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. Inthis study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum andgum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients werecharacterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processedexcipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drugmodel. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floatingcapabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The resultsshowed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish whitecolour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity andgood gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. Thefloating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lagtime and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that thefamotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA(F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kineticand could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can beconcluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied asmatrices in controlled release floating tablets., Controlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix thatcan control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in thegastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum– gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore,the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgumacacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. Inthis study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum andgum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients werecharacterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processedexcipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drugmodel. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floatingcapabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The resultsshowed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish whitecolour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity andgood gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. Thefloating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lagtime and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that thefamotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA(F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kineticand could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can beconcluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied asmatrices in controlled release floating tablets.]"