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"Sebuah penelitian mengenai karakterisasi reservoar karbonat dan identifikasi fluida pengisi pori pada lapangan ?A? yang berlokasi di Cekungan Jawa Timur Utara telah dilakukan. Inversi EEI digunakan sebagai alat untuk mengetahui distribusi hidrokarbon di bawah permukaan. EEI/impedansi elastik yang merupakan ?kasus? umum dari impedansi akustik (hanya pada sudut normal) ternyata berkorelasi dengan beberapa parameter elastik pada sudut (χ) spesifik, yang dikenal dengan istilah best chi angle. Spektrum EEI (χ = -90 sampai χ = 90) dikorelasikan dengan beberapa parameter elastik batuan, yakni vp/vs ratio, lambda-rho, mu-rho, porositas, saturation water, poisson?s ratio, dan Vclay. Parameter-parameter elastik tersebut berguna sebagai pembeda litologi dan fluida pengisi pori. Namun korelasi yang baik hanya diperoleh pada parameter vp/vs ratio, lambda-rho, dan mu-rho. Kemudian dibentuk tiga model volume EEI untuk masing-masing parameter tersebut dan dilakukan inversi. Volume EEI yang berkorelasi dengan mu-rho yang berguna sebagai pembeda litologi menunjukkan bahwa reservoar karbonat menyebar ke arah Barat laut relatif terhadap tiga sumur yang digunakan dalam penelitian. Kedua volume EEI yang berkorelasi dengan vp/vs ratio dan lamda-rho yang berguna sebagai pembeda fluida pengisi pori menunjukkan bahwa fluida pengisi pori ialah gas.

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A study case of carbonat reservoir characterization and pore fluid identification of Field ?A? located at East North Java Basin was did. EEI inversion is used as tool to find the distribution of hydrocarbon beneath the surface. EEI or simply elastic impedance which the general case of acoustic impedance (only at normal incident) correlate with some certain elastic parameters with specific angle that called as the best chi angle. EEI spectrum (χ = -90o through χ = 90o) was correlated with few elastic parameters, i.e. vp/vs ratio, lambda-rho, mu-rho, porosity, saturation water, poisson?s ratio, and Vclay. Those parameters used for lithology and pore fluid discrimination. However only vp/vs ratio, lambda-rho, and mu-rho who have good enough correlation with EEI at certain angle. Then three EEI volume models for each parameters were made and inverted. EEI volume that correlated with mu-rho that used for lithology dicrimination shows that the carbonat reservoir spread to the north west direction relative to the three wells used in this study, according to the very high mu-rho value. And then both of the EEI volume correlated with vp/vs ratio and lambda-rho that used for pore fluid discrimination show that the pore fluid is gas, according to the very low vp/vs ratio value."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian pada reservoar karbonat di Blok "D" yang terletak pada cekungan Jawa Timur Utara. Dalam penelitian ini, inversi seismik Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI) digunakan untuk memprediksi adanya reservoar gas dari posisi sumur ke sepanjang lintasan daerah survei seismik. Parameter yang digunakan adalah Lamda Mu Rho yang sensitif terhadap litologi maupun fluida dalam formasi. Pada sudut tertentu diperoleh nilai korelasi yang tinggi antara log target dengan log EEI yang merupakan best chi angle yang digunakan dalam membuat volum seismik scaled reflectivity. Korelasi log EEI dengan log LMR cukup besar dengan nilai sudut sebesar 10º (r=0.984725944623461) untuk parameter Lamda Rho, sedangkan parameter Mu Rho diperoleh nilai sudut sebesar -45º (r=0.991512244355567). Post stack inversi seismik sparse spike digunakan terhadap volum scaled reflectivity. Kemudian hasil inversi EEI digunakan untuk mendapatkan volum 2D yang digunakan untuk mengkarakterisasi adanya kandungan hidrokarbon di formasi secara vertikal. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa indikasi adanya reservoar karbonat di kedalaman 8400-8700 ft (1080-1170 ms) terdapat pada formasi Ngimbang yang berada pada nilai Mu-Rho berkisar 66-90 (Gpa*(gr/cc)). Sedangkan adanya kandungan gas dalam batuan karbonat diindikasikan dengan nilai Lamda-Rho berkisar 90-100 (Gpa*(gr/cc)).

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A study of characterization of carbonate reservoir has been done in Block "D" locatd at North East Java basin. In this study, Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI) seismic inversion is used to predict the existence of the gas reservoir wells to the position along the trajectory of the seismic survey area. The parameters used are Lamda Mu Rho sensitive to lithology and fluid in the formation. At a certain angle obtained high correlation between target log and EEI log that best chi angle which is used to make scaled reflectivity seismic cube. Correlation EEI log with target log is good enough at a value of angle 10º (r = 0.984725944623461) for Lambda Rho parameters, while the Mu Rho parameter obtained the value of angle ?45º (r = 0.991512244355567). Post Stack Sparse Spike Seismic Inversion is applied to scaled reflectivity seismic cube. Then EEI inversion results are used to obtain a 2D volume that is used to characterize the the presence of hydrocarbons at formation vertically. The results showed that the indications contained in the carbonate reservoir in depth 8400-8700 ft (1080-1170 ms) on Ngimbang formation which is at a value of Mu-Rho ranging from 66-90 (GPa * (g / cc)). While the gas content in carbonate rocks is indicated by a value of Lamda-Rho at the range 90-100 (GPa * (g / cc))."

"Metode inversi EEI dapat mengkarakterisasi reservoar batuan, baik litologi maupun kandungan fluida pengisi pori. Metode EEI diharapkan dapat mengkarakterisasi reservoar di lokasi penelitian yang memiliki perselingan batuan pasir dan lempung dengan ketebalan kurang dari 60 ft. Parameter-parameter yang digunakan untuk melakukan inversi EEI pada penelitian ini adalah parameter yang memiliki koefisien korelasi yang tinggi antara log target dan log parameter pada sudut tertentu best chi angle . Parameter yang digunakan untuk melakukan inversi EEI pada penelitian ini adalah impedansi P AI , Vp/Vs, porositas total PHIT , dan volum lempung VCL.Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Formasi Lower Sihapas memiliki batuan pasir yang lebih dominan dibandingkan dengan Formasi Upper Sihapas. Pada batuan pasir di Formasi Lower Sihapas terdapat konten minyak yang ditandai dengan nilai volume lempung rendah, Vp/Vs rendah, dan saturasi air bernilai 25 - 60.

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EEI inversion method can characterize reservoir rock, either lithology and fluid content. EEI method hopefully can characterize reservoir in research area that have lithology of sand and shale which have less than 60 ft thickness. Parameters that are used in EEI inversion are parameters that have high value of correlation coefficient Parameters that are used in this research are P impedance, Vp Vs, total porosity PHIT , and volume of clay VCL.

The results show that lithology in Lower SIhapas Formation have more dominant sandstone than Upper Sihapas Formation. Sandstone in Lower Sihapas Formation have oil content which is identified by low value of VCL, low value of Vp Vs, and water saturation value range from 25 60."

"Lateral lithology and saturation heterogeneities are key aspects of reservoir characterization. Amplitude versus offset (AVO), which is based on the change in reflection response caused by the change in incident angle, provides the relationship between reservoir parameters, petrophysical parameters, and elastic constants.Conventional AVO analysis and modeling by iteratively picking on the reflection event can sometimes be challenging due to practicalities of picking, resolution problems, and thin layer effects. Lithofacies identification based on seismic impedance inversion can alleviate these difficulties. Impedance inversion is also relatively free from the horizon interpretation problem, which can be subjective in heterogeneous reservoirs.In this study, we modify the Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI) method to predict lateral lithologic and saturation heterogeneities from seismic data. To validate the developed method, we apply Simultaneous AVO inversion. The modified extended elastic impedance method uses a least squares weight combination of intercept and gradient to produce lateral and vertical elastic parameters or log analysis of interest. This method provides more reliable and stable results compared to the original extended elastic impedance. In addition, the method produces any type of elastic parameter without an explicit relation function."

"Metoda seismik inversi saat ini memegang peranan penting dalam dunia eksplorasi sebagai alat identifikasi parameter fisis suatu batuan, dan terkadang untuk identifikasi hidrokarbon dalam suatu reservoir. Dalam penelitian ini dipilih metoda inversi Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI) yang merupakan perluasan dari metoda Elastic Impedance (EI) dengan cara merubah |sin2θ| dengan tan χ dalam persamaan Elastic Impedance. Variabel χ mempunyai harga antara -90o dan 90o yang merupakan range sudut untuk memperoleh parameter fisik batuan. Dengan menggabungkan parameter intercept dan gradient dengan sudut (χ) yang optimum akan menghasilkan reflektivitas parameter fisik batuan tersebut.Tujuan studi ini adalah meneliti aplikasi metode EEI sebagai alat untuk menghasilkan prediksi berbagai parameter fisik batuan termasuk Lambda-Mu-Rho (LMR) yang dapat menunjukkan keberadaan sebaran reservoir dan keberadaan hidrokarbon di dalam lapisan reservoir. Hasil dari studi ini diperoleh dengan melakukan korelasi antara log LMR dengan model log EEI untuk mendapatkan harga sudut optimumnya. Sudut optimum Lambda-Rho yang diperoleh sebesar 18o dengan korelasi 0.7 dan Mu-Rho sudut optimumnya sebesar -45o dengan korelasi 0.9. Dari slicing hasil inversi reflectivity Lambda-Rho dan Mu-Rho menunjukkan akumulasi gas berada pada 10 ms ? 30 ms di bawah Formasi Talang Akar yang berada pada daerah tinggian dari struktur dan yang bukan merupakan tinggian, sehingga menunjukkan jebakan yang terjadi merupakan jebakan struktur dan stratigrafi.

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The Seismic Inversion method are important in the exploration nowadays, as tool to identify the basic physics of rocks, and also to determine the hydrocarbon in a reservoar. In this study, Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI) is extension of Elastic Impedance (EI) with modify the definition of Elastic Impedance beyond the range of physically meaningful angles by substituting tan χ for sin2θ in the two-term reflectivity equation. The primary variable now becomes χ rather than θ. The χ has vary between -90o and 90o , which gives an extension of EI for any combination of intercept and gradient. With combine χ optimum can create physic parameters reflectivity.

The aim this study is apply EEI method as tool to predict rock physic parameters include Lambda-Mu-Rho (LMR) can determine hydrocarbon presence in a reservoar. The study result is gained through the correlation between LMR log and EEI log model to get an optimum angle. The correlation extracting Lambda-Rho optimum angle is 18o with coefficient correlation 0.7 and Mu-Rho optimum angle is -45o with coefficient correlation 0.9. Lambda-Rho dan Mu-Rho inversion slices show the gas presence at 10 ms to 30 ms below Talang Akar Formation and also describe that the traps are stratigraphyc and structural."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian pada reservoar karbonat di Lapangan "D" yang terletak pada cekungan Jawa Timur. Inversi seismik extended elastic impedance (EEI) digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi distribusi reservoar hidrokarbon pada reef karbonat. Pada sudut tertentu (χ) diperoleh nilai korelasi yang tinggi antara log target dengan log EEI yang merupakan best chi angle yang digunakan dalam membuat volum seismik scaled reflectivity. Korelasi log EEI dengan log LMR cukup besar dengan nilai sudut χ sebesar 12º (r=0.987287478) untuk parameter Lamda Rho, sedangkan parameter Mu Rho diperoleh nilai sudut χ sebesar -13º (r=0.995584548). Post stack inversi seismik sparse spike digunakan terhadap volum scaled reflectivity untuk mendapatkan seismik cube LMR. Sebagai hasilnya, sensitivitas parameter LMR terhadap keberadaan hidrokarbon digunakan untuk mengetahui kandungan fluida reservoar. Sumur D-02 memiliki potensi kandungan hidrokarbon yang cukup banyak dibandingkan dengan sumur D-01. Kemudian hasil inversi EEI digunakan untuk mengetahui penyebaran reservoar karbonat yang berarah Utara semakin dalam menyebar kearah Selatan dan membelok kearah Barat Daya.

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A study of characterization of carbonate reservoir has been done in Field "D" located at East Java basin. Extended elastic impedance (EEI) seismic inversion was applied to identify the distribution of hydrocarbon reservoir in a reef carbonate. At a certain angle (  ) obtained high correlation between target log and EEI log that best chi angle which is used to make scaled reflectivity seismic cube. Correlation EEI log with target log is good enough at a value of  angle 12º (r = 0.987287478) for Lambda Rho parameters, while the Mu Rho parameter obtained the value of  angle -13º (r = 0.995584548). Post Stack Sparse Spike Seismic Inversion is applied to scaled reflectivity seismic cube to get LMR seismic cubes. As Results, sensitivity of LMR parameter with the presence of hydrocarbons is used the fluid content of reservoir. D-02 well has potential hydrocarbon content than D-01 well. Then, EEI inversion results are used to determinate carbonate reservoir distribution that its direction at North so deeply the distribution spread to South and divert to Southwest."

"Inversi Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI) merupakan teknik inversi seismik yang secara optimal dapat memprediksi karakter dan keberadaan reservoar hidrokarbon dengan perluasan sudat datang gelombang dari -90° hingga 90°. Pada penelitian Lapangan ?Q? Sub-Cekungan Jambi, inversi EEI mampu mengkarakterisasi reservoar batupasir dan memprediksi keberadaan gas maupun minyak melalui parameter Vp/Vs ratio, lambda-rho dan mu-rho. Dalam inversi EEI dilakukan korelasi untuk mencari nilai korelasi maksimum pada sudut chi (χ) tertentu dari setiap parameter dengan melakukan korelasi antara log EEI dengan log target. Nilai sudut chi (χ) optimum atau best-chi agle ini kemudian digunakan untuk membuat volume scaled reflectivity yang dipakai dalam pembuatan model awal dan juga inversi. Proses inversi dilakukan dengan menggunakan inversi post-stack model based yang baik digunakan pada reservoar lapisan tipis. Hasil inversi selanjutnya digunakan untuk mengetahui penyebaran reservoar dimana hasilnya menunjukkan adanya kemungkinan resevoar yang mengandung gas dan minyak. Pada penelitian, nilai Vp/Vs ratio berkisar antara 16-18, nilai mu-rho berkisar antara 25-35 (GPa*(g/cc)) dan lambda-rho untuk gas berkisar antara 20-22 (GPa*(g/cc)) dan lambda-rho untuk minyak berkisar 25-27 (GPa*(g/cc)).

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Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI) inversion method is a seismic inversion technique that optimally can predict the character and the presence of hydrocarbon reservoir with the expansion of the angle?s coming wave from -90 ° to 90 °. In the field of research 'Q' Sub-Basin Jambi, EEI is able to characterize sandstones reservoir and predict the existence of gas or oil through the parameter of Vp / Vs ratio, lambda-rho and mu-rho. EEI is performed in correlation to seek the maximum correlation value at an optimum chi (χ) angle of each parameter specified by the correlation between the targets? logs with the EEI?s logs. Optimum chi (χ) angle or a best-chi angle is then used to create a scaled volume reflectivity that is used in making the initial model and also in inversion process. Inversion is done using post-stack inversion based model which is best used on thin reservoir layer. Inversion results are then used to determine the spread of the reservoir where the results indicate the possibility resevoar containing gas and oil. In the study, the value of Vp / Vs ratio ranged between 16-18, the mu-rho values ​​ranged between 25-35 (GPa * (g / cc)), the lambda-rho values for gas ranged between 20-22 (GPa * (g / cc)) and for oil ranged between 25-27 (GPa * (g / cc)).

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"[ABSTRAKLapangan AAA merupakan lapangan gas yang terdapat pada lingkungan DeltaMahakam, Cekungan Kutai, Kalimantan Timur. Lapangan AAA merupakan bagiandari lapangan gas dengan produksi terbesar di Indonesia yang telah dieksplorasi dandiproduksi lebih dari 40 tahun. Salah satu tahapan penting setelah proses eksplorasiadalah mengaplikasikan metode karakterisasi reservoar untuk pengembanganlapangan. Karakterisasi reservoar dalam penentuan distribusi lithologi dan fluidasangat penting dilakukan untuk mengetahui daerah berprospek ekonomis yang belumditembus oleh sumur produksi.Pada penelitian ini karakterisasi reservoar yang digunakan adalah metode AnalisaAVO dan Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI). Analisis AVO mengunakan data prestack3D gather dan bantuan velocity cube. Data DTS yang digunakan pada penelitianini terdapat pada sumur 3A45, 3A50, dan 3A45. Metode Extended Elastic Impedance(EEI) dimulai dengan penentuan sudut Chi (X) pada nilai koeffisien korelasi yangmaksimum (mendekati nilai 1) dan analisis crossplot untuk menentukan nilai cut-offindikator lithologi dan indikator fluida pada setiap parameter fisika dari data sumur.Hasil analisis menyebutkan bahwa fluida pada daerah penelitian merupakan AVOkelas III. Indikator lihtologi (reservoar dan non reservoar) dapat dipisahkan denganparameter Gamma Ray (reservoar bernilai 20 – 60 GAPI) dan Density (reservoarbernilai 1.75 – 2.17 g/cc). Sedangkan indikator fluida (gas dan water) dapatdipisahkan dengan parameter Lambda-Rho (gas bernilai 1.5 – 9 Gpa*g/cc), Lambdaper Mu (gas bernilai 0.5 – 2.5), Vp per Vs (gas bernilai 1.5 – 2.2), dan Poisson Ratio(gas bernilai 0.16 – 0.35). Hasil inversi Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI) pada GTS3A menyebutkan bahwa inversi Lambda-Rho mempunyai akurasi 78.57% (MFA) dan85.71% (MFB), inversi Lambda per Mu mempunyai akurasi 50% (MFA) dan 85.71%(MFB), inversi Vp per Vs mempunyai akurasi 71.42% (MFA) dan 71.42% (MFB),Inversi Poisson Ratio mempunyai akurasi sebesar 71.42% (MFA) dan 78.57% (MFB).

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ABSTRACTAAA field is a gas field that located in Delta Mahakam environment, Kutei Basin,East Kalimantan. AAA field is a part of giant gas field which has biggest productionin Indonesia already explored and produced almost over 40 years. One of importantsteps after exploration of the field is to conduct a reservoir characterization for fielddevelopment. Reservoir characterization to determine lithology distribution and fluidcontent is very important to know the prospect area which has economical values andnot penetrated yet by infill wells or production wells.Reservoir characterization method that has been used in this study are AVO analysisand Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI). Pre-stack 3D gather data and velocity cubeused for AVO analysis in this study. DTS logs only available in 3A45, 3A50, and3A55. Extended Elastic Impedance method started with determination of Chi (X)angle that has maximum correlation coefficient (near to 1 value) and cross-plotanalysis to determine cut-off value for lithology indicator and fluid indicator in eachwell data parameter.Analysis results show that fluid class in this study is AVO class III. Lithologyindicator (reservoir and non reservoir) can be separated by Gamma Ray (value ofreservoir between 20 – 60 GAPI) and Density (value of reservoir is between 1.75 –2.17 g/cc). Fluid indicator (gas and water) can be separated by Lambda-Rho (valueof gas is between 1.5 – 9 Gpa*g/cc), Lambda per Mu (value of gas is between 0.5 –2.5), Vp per Vs (value of gas is between 1.5 – 2.2), and Poisson Ratio (value of gas isbetween 0.16 – 0.35). Results of Extended Elastic Impedance inversion in GTS 3Ashow that Lambda-Rho inversion has 78.57% accuracy (in MFA) and 85.71%accuracy (in MFB), Lambda per Mu inversion has 50% accuracy (in MFA) and85.71% accuracy (in MFB), Vp per Vs inversion has 71.42% accuracy (in MFA) and71.42% (in MFB), Poisson Ration has 71.42% accuracy (in MFA) and 78.57%accuracy (in MFB).;AAA field is a gas field that located in Delta Mahakam environment, Kutei Basin,East Kalimantan. AAA field is a part of giant gas field which has biggest productionin Indonesia already explored and produced almost over 40 years. One of importantsteps after exploration of the field is to conduct a reservoir characterization for fielddevelopment. Reservoir characterization to determine lithology distribution and fluidcontent is very important to know the prospect area which has economical values andnot penetrated yet by infill wells or production wells.Reservoir characterization method that has been used in this study are AVO analysisand Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI). Pre-stack 3D gather data and velocity cubeused for AVO analysis in this study. DTS logs only available in 3A45, 3A50, and3A55. Extended Elastic Impedance method started with determination of Chi (X)angle that has maximum correlation coefficient (near to 1 value) and cross-plotanalysis to determine cut-off value for lithology indicator and fluid indicator in eachwell data parameter.Analysis results show that fluid class in this study is AVO class III. Lithologyindicator (reservoir and non reservoir) can be separated by Gamma Ray (value ofreservoir between 20 – 60 GAPI) and Density (value of reservoir is between 1.75 –2.17 g/cc). Fluid indicator (gas and water) can be separated by Lambda-Rho (valueof gas is between 1.5 – 9 Gpa*g/cc), Lambda per Mu (value of gas is between 0.5 –2.5), Vp per Vs (value of gas is between 1.5 – 2.2), and Poisson Ratio (value of gas isbetween 0.16 – 0.35). Results of Extended Elastic Impedance inversion in GTS 3Ashow that Lambda-Rho inversion has 78.57% accuracy (in MFA) and 85.71%accuracy (in MFB), Lambda per Mu inversion has 50% accuracy (in MFA) and85.71% accuracy (in MFB), Vp per Vs inversion has 71.42% accuracy (in MFA) and71.42% (in MFB), Poisson Ration has 71.42% accuracy (in MFA) and 78.57%accuracy (in MFB)., AAA field is a gas field that located in Delta Mahakam environment, Kutei Basin,East Kalimantan. AAA field is a part of giant gas field which has biggest productionin Indonesia already explored and produced almost over 40 years. One of importantsteps after exploration of the field is to conduct a reservoir characterization for fielddevelopment. Reservoir characterization to determine lithology distribution and fluidcontent is very important to know the prospect area which has economical values andnot penetrated yet by infill wells or production wells.Reservoir characterization method that has been used in this study are AVO analysisand Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI). Pre-stack 3D gather data and velocity cubeused for AVO analysis in this study. DTS logs only available in 3A45, 3A50, and3A55. Extended Elastic Impedance method started with determination of Chi (X)angle that has maximum correlation coefficient (near to 1 value) and cross-plotanalysis to determine cut-off value for lithology indicator and fluid indicator in eachwell data parameter.Analysis results show that fluid class in this study is AVO class III. Lithologyindicator (reservoir and non reservoir) can be separated by Gamma Ray (value ofreservoir between 20 – 60 GAPI) and Density (value of reservoir is between 1.75 –2.17 g/cc). Fluid indicator (gas and water) can be separated by Lambda-Rho (valueof gas is between 1.5 – 9 Gpa*g/cc), Lambda per Mu (value of gas is between 0.5 –2.5), Vp per Vs (value of gas is between 1.5 – 2.2), and Poisson Ratio (value of gas isbetween 0.16 – 0.35). Results of Extended Elastic Impedance inversion in GTS 3Ashow that Lambda-Rho inversion has 78.57% accuracy (in MFA) and 85.71%accuracy (in MFB), Lambda per Mu inversion has 50% accuracy (in MFA) and85.71% accuracy (in MFB), Vp per Vs inversion has 71.42% accuracy (in MFA) and71.42% (in MFB), Poisson Ration has 71.42% accuracy (in MFA) and 78.57%accuracy (in MFB).]"