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"Morphological variability of xanthomena exile (Klebs) silva was studied studied under natural and cultural conditions. In 23 studied populations the length of filaments and lincar dimensions of cells varied in a wide range..."

"This book presents a snapshot of daily life for exiles and their dependants in eastern Siberia from the 1905 revolution up until the collapse of the Tsarist regime in 1917. This was an extraordinary period in Siberias history as a place of punishment. There was an unprecedented rise of Siberias penal use in this twelve-year window, and a dramatic increase in the number of exiles punished for political offences. This work focuses on the region of eastern Siberia, taking the regions of Irkutsk and Yakutsk in north-eastern Siberia as its focal points. Siberian exile was the antithesis of Foucaults modern prison. The state did not observe, monitor, and control its exiles closely, and indeed often did not even know where exiles were. Exiles were free to govern their daily lives. They were free of fences, and free from close observation and supervision. Despite these freedoms, Siberian exile represented one of Russias most feared punishments. This book seeks to explore what the punishment of Siberian exile entailed, and to humanize the individuals who made up the mass of exiles and the men, women, and children who followed them voluntarily into exile. This book is structured in a broad narrative arc that moves from travel to exile; life and communities in exile, work, and escape; and finally illness in exile. This book gives a personal, human, empathetic insight into what exilic experience entailed, and allows us to comprehend why eastern Siberia was regarded as a terrible punishment, despite its apparent freedoms."

"[ABSTRAK Dalam penelitian ini, penulis membahas tentang surat-surat yang ditulis olehEyang Hasan Maolani dari pengasingannya di Kampung Jawa, Tondano, untukkeluarganya di Desa Lengkong, Kabupaten Kuningan, Jawa Barat. Adapun korpuspenelitian ini adalah bundel naskah salinan fotokopi yang didapatkan dari salahsatu keturunannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyajikan edisi suntingan teks,menerjemahkan teks ke dalam bahasa Indonesia, dan menganalisis isi tekstersebut.Dalam menghasilkan edisi suntingan teks, penulis menerapkan pendekatanfilologis dengan metode ?edisi kritik?, yaitu menghadirkan edisi suntingan teksyang siap baca dan terbebas dari kesalahan-kesalahan. Sedangkan untukmenganalisis isi teks tersebut, diterapkan pendekatan intertekstual. Melaluipendekatan ini, penulis melakukan pembacaan atas teks-teks lain yang terkaitdengan teks surat-surat tersebut.Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa Eyang Hasan Maolani telah menulis 14 suratdalam kurun tahun 1854 hingga 1855. Kesimpulan tersebut tampak padapenulisan sistem penanggalan khas yang terdapat dalam surat-suratnya. Selain itu,melalui penyuntingan dan penerjemahan juga dapat dilihat bahwa penyusunanbundel surat-surat Eyang Hasan Maolani tidak dilakukan secara cermat sehinggasusunan halaman teks tampak tidak beraturan. Selanjutnya, melalui analisis isidapat diungkapkan bahwa bahasan utama surat-surat ini adalah penyampaianajaran-ajaran keagamaan dari Eyang Hasan Maolani kepada keluarganya. Bahasanutama tersebut terurai dalam tiga sub bahasan yakni konsep mencari ilmu, konsepibadah, dan rujukan keilmuan;ABSTRACT In this research, the writer discusses the letters written by Eyang Hasan Maolani

from his exile in Kampung Jawa, Tondano, which had been sent to his family in

Lengkong, Kuningan, West Java. The corpus of this research is a bundle of

photocopies of manuscripts that obtained from one of his descendants. The aims

of this study are presenting the editing text, translating the text to Bahasa, and

analyzing the content of the text.

In order to get the editing text, the writer applies the philological approach with

the 'critical edition' as the method which is present the editing text that is ready to

be read and is free from textual errors. As for analyzing the content of the text, the

intertextual approach has been applied. Through this approach, the writer had read

other texts related to the text of the letters.

The research concluded that 14 letters had been written by a Eyang Hasan

Maolani in the period 1854 to 1855. The conclusions appear on the writing of a

typical calendar system contained in his letters. In addition, through the editing

and the translation, we can see that the bundle of the letters had not been drafted

carefully so that the arrangement of pages of text appears irregularly.

Furthermore, through content analysis, the writer reveals that the main topics of

these letters is the delivery of religious teachings from Eyang Hasan Maolani to

his families. The main topic is reflected in the three sub-topics. They are the

concept of seeking knowledge, the concept of worship, and scientific references;In this research, the writer discusses the letters written by Eyang Hasan Maolani

from his exile in Kampung Jawa, Tondano, which had been sent to his family in

Lengkong, Kuningan, West Java. The corpus of this research is a bundle of

photocopies of manuscripts that obtained from one of his descendants. The aims

of this study are presenting the editing text, translating the text to Bahasa, and

analyzing the content of the text.

In order to get the editing text, the writer applies the philological approach with

the 'critical edition' as the method which is present the editing text that is ready to

be read and is free from textual errors. As for analyzing the content of the text, the

intertextual approach has been applied. Through this approach, the writer had read

other texts related to the text of the letters.

The research concluded that 14 letters had been written by a Eyang Hasan

Maolani in the period 1854 to 1855. The conclusions appear on the writing of a

typical calendar system contained in his letters. In addition, through the editing

and the translation, we can see that the bundle of the letters had not been drafted

carefully so that the arrangement of pages of text appears irregularly.

Furthermore, through content analysis, the writer reveals that the main topics of

these letters is the delivery of religious teachings from Eyang Hasan Maolani to

his families. The main topic is reflected in the three sub-topics. They are the

concept of seeking knowledge, the concept of worship, and scientific references;In this research, the writer discusses the letters written by Eyang Hasan Maolani

from his exile in Kampung Jawa, Tondano, which had been sent to his family in

Lengkong, Kuningan, West Java. The corpus of this research is a bundle of

photocopies of manuscripts that obtained from one of his descendants. The aims

of this study are presenting the editing text, translating the text to Bahasa, and

analyzing the content of the text.

In order to get the editing text, the writer applies the philological approach with

the 'critical edition' as the method which is present the editing text that is ready to

be read and is free from textual errors. As for analyzing the content of the text, the

intertextual approach has been applied. Through this approach, the writer had read

other texts related to the text of the letters.

The research concluded that 14 letters had been written by a Eyang Hasan

Maolani in the period 1854 to 1855. The conclusions appear on the writing of a

typical calendar system contained in his letters. In addition, through the editing

and the translation, we can see that the bundle of the letters had not been drafted

carefully so that the arrangement of pages of text appears irregularly.

Furthermore, through content analysis, the writer reveals that the main topics of

these letters is the delivery of religious teachings from Eyang Hasan Maolani to

his families. The main topic is reflected in the three sub-topics. They are the

concept of seeking knowledge, the concept of worship, and scientific references, In this research, the writer discusses the letters written by Eyang Hasan Maolani

from his exile in Kampung Jawa, Tondano, which had been sent to his family in

Lengkong, Kuningan, West Java. The corpus of this research is a bundle of

photocopies of manuscripts that obtained from one of his descendants. The aims

of this study are presenting the editing text, translating the text to Bahasa, and

analyzing the content of the text.

In order to get the editing text, the writer applies the philological approach with

the 'critical edition' as the method which is present the editing text that is ready to

be read and is free from textual errors. As for analyzing the content of the text, the

intertextual approach has been applied. Through this approach, the writer had read

other texts related to the text of the letters.

The research concluded that 14 letters had been written by a Eyang Hasan

Maolani in the period 1854 to 1855. The conclusions appear on the writing of a

typical calendar system contained in his letters. In addition, through the editing

and the translation, we can see that the bundle of the letters had not been drafted

carefully so that the arrangement of pages of text appears irregularly.

Furthermore, through content analysis, the writer reveals that the main topics of

these letters is the delivery of religious teachings from Eyang Hasan Maolani to

his families. The main topic is reflected in the three sub-topics. They are the

concept of seeking knowledge, the concept of worship, and scientific references]"