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"Coronary artery disease (CAD) is an important cause of death in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on regular hemodialysis. The high risk of CAD occurrence in ESRD patients is partially due to a high prevalence of established atherosclerotic risk factors, which are hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia. However, unique renal-related risk factors are also likely to contribute to this high risk of CAD. The high prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in ESRD patients is of interest because of the probable cardiovascular risk associated with the increase of total plasma homocysteine concentration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of homocysteine as a risk factor for CAD in non-diabetic ESRD patients on regular hemodialysis.Total fasting plasma homocysteine, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, hypertension and smoking habit were documented from 80 non-diabetic ESRD patients on regular hemodialysis (48 men, 32 women; mean age 54.5±6.5 years). Twenty-two (27.5%) among these patients suffered from CAD according to ECG and echocardiographic criteria. The risk of CAD was analyzed using a stepwise multiple logistic regression. Total fasting plasma homocysteine concentration and other risk factors for CAD were also determined in 80 age- and sex-matched normal controls.Total fasting plasma homocysteine concentration was significantly higher in non-diabetic ESRD patients than in normal controls (26.0±1.5 versus 14.6±1.3 fimol/L; p<0.01). Hyperhomocysteinemia was observed in 92.5% ESRD patients. Homocysteine concentration was significantly higher in ESRD patients with CAD than without CAD (33.8±1.4 versus 23.5+1.5 umol/L; p<0.01). High total plasma homocysteine concentration and hypertension were independently associated with CAD in non-diabetic ESRD patients on regular hemodialeine concentration in the upper tertile (>30.6 jxmol/L) had an adjusted odds ratio of 2.95 (CI, 1.02 to 8.53; p<0.05). In ESRD patients, the intake of folic acid is the only factor associated with total plasma homocysteine concentration. The increase of total plasma homocysteine concentration in normal controls was associated with increased age and smoking habit.This study concludes that a high total plasma homocysteine concentration is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease in non-diabetic ESRD patients on regular hemodialysis."

"Latar Belakang: Penyakit vaskular aterosklerotik merupakan penyebab penting morbiditas dan mortalitas pasien penyakit ginjal kronik PGK, terutama penyakit ginjal tahap akhir PGTA yang menjalani dialisis. Perbedaan potensial antara tindakan hemodilisis HD dengan Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis CAPD dapat memberi efek berbeda terhadap faktor risiko penyakit kardiovaskular PKV dan dalam mempengaruhi timbulnya PKV. Salah satu faktor yang mendorong timbulnya PKV pada pasien PGTA ialah retensi produk toksin uremik, di antaranya Beta-2 mikroglobulin b2M yang dihubungkan secara independen dan bermakna dengan PKV pada pasien aterosklerosis asimtomatik. Ketebalan tunika intima-media karotis KIMK merupakan petanda aterosklerosis pada pasien PGK. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan kadar b2M serum dan KIMK antara pasien HD dibandingkan pasien CAPD, dan korelasi antara kadar b2M serum dengan KIMK. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan secara potong lintang. Subjek adalah pasien PGTA yang rutin menjalani HD atau CAPD dan memenuhi kriteria penelitian, dilakukan pengumpulan data berupa karakteristik subjek, pemeriksaan fisik, pemeriksaan kadar b2M serum dan pemeriksaan KIMK dengan ultrasonografi. Dilakukan perbandingan rerata kadar b2M serum, rerata KIMK kanan, rerata KIMK kiri antara kelompok pasien HD dan CAPD dengan uji t tidak berpasangan dan uji Mann Whitney, serta uji korelasi Pearson antara kadar b2M serum dengan KIMK. Hasil: Dari 62 subjek penelitian yang terdiri 36 pasien HD dan 26 pasien CAPD, didapatkan kadar b2M serum pasien HD lebih tinggi tetapi tidak bermakna p 0,167; IK95 2,041-11,508, KIMK kanan lebih tebal bermakna pada pasien CAPD p 0,006, KIMK kiri lebih tebal tetapi tidak bermakna p 0,770, dan tidak didapatkan korelasi antara kadar b2M serum dengan KIMK kanan maupun kiri r 0,085 p 0,514 ; r 0,082 p 0,529. Kesimpulan: Kadar b2M serum tidak berbeda bermakna antara pasien HD dengan CAPD, KIMK kanan lebih tebal bermakna pada pasien CAPD, KIMK kiri tidak berbeda antara pasien HD dengan CAPD, tidak didapatkan korelasi antara kadar b2M serum dengan KIMK.

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Background: Atherosclerotic vascular disease is a main cause of morbidity and mortality in chronic kidney disease patients, especially end stage renal disease undergoing dialysis. Potensial difference between hemodialysis HD and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis CAPD treatment could have a different effect on cardiovascular risk factors and may differentially influence the risk of developing CVD. One of the risk factors can induce CVD is uremic toxin retention. Beta 2 microglobulin b2M is a middle molecule uremic toxin independently and significantly related to CVD in patients with asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Carotid intima media thickness CIMT is a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis in chronic kidney disease patients.

Objectives: To know the difference of serum b2M level and CIMT in HD patients group compared to CAPD patients group, and to determine correlations between serum b2M level with CIMT.

Methods: We conducted a cross sectional study. Subjects were ESRD patients undergoing HD or CAPD which fulfilled study criteria were included in study. Data collection included subjects characteristics, physical examination, laboratory examination of serum b2M level, and measurement of CIMT by Doppler ultrasound. We used non pair student t test and Mann Whitney test to compare the mean of serum b2M level and the mean of left and right CIMT between HD group and CAPD group, and Pearson correlation test to serum b2M level and CIMT.

Results: Of 62 subjects, consisted of 36 HD patients and 26 CAPD patients, we found non significant higher serum b2M level in HD patients p 0,167 95 CI 2,041 11,508, significant thicker right CIMT in CAPD patients p 0,006, non significant thicker left CIMT in HD patients p 0,770, and there was no correlation between serum b2M level with right or left CIMT r 0,085 p 0,514 r 0,082 p 0,529.

Conclusions: Serum b2M level was not significant different between HD and CAPD patients, right CIMT was thicker in CAPD patients, left CIMT was not different between HD and CAPD patients, and no correlation between serum b2M level and CIMT."

"Latar belakang: Hiperfosfatemia pada penyakit ginjal kronik (PGK) terjadi akibat kegagalan ginjal dalam mengekskresi fosfat, tingginya asupan fosfat atau peningkatan pelepasan fosfat dari ruang intraselular. Hipertrofi ventrikel kiri (left ventricle hypertrophy/LVH) adalah perubahan jantung yang umum terjadi dan menjadi tanda awal penyakit kardiovaskular pada anak dengan PGK. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai hubungan antara kadar fosfat darah dengan fungsi sistolik serta penebalan ventrikel kiri jantung pada pada pasien anak penyakit ginjal kronik tahap akhir. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang di RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta terhadap anak PGTA tanpa ada kelainan jantung bawaan dari april-mei 2024 dengan dilakukan pemeriksaan fosfat darah dan ekokardiografi. Hasil: Terdapat 56 subyek dengan titik potong kadar fosfat darah 7,35 mg/dL. Didapatkan penurunan fungsi fraksi ejeksi dengan rasio prevalens pada pasien dengan hiperfosfatemia adalah 3,895 dengan IK 95% antara 2,552-9,773 (p = 0,002) serta kecenderungan hubungan kadar fosfat dengan penebalan LVMI (p = 0,680) dan disfungsi diastolik jantung kiri (p = 0,145). Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara kadar hiperfosfemia darah dengan fungsi sistolik pada pasien anak penyakit ginjal kronik tahap akhir. Tetapi tidak terdapat hubungan dengan peningkatan massa ventrikel kiri jantung dan diastolik jantung.

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Background: Hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurs due to renal failure to excrete phosphate, high phosphate intake or increased phosphate release from the intracellular space. Left ventricle hypertrophy (LVH) is a common heart change and an early sign of cardiovascular disease in children with CKD. This study aimed to assess the relationship between blood phosphate levels to decreased systolic and diastolic function and thickening of the left ventricle in pediatric patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease. Method: This was a cross-sectional observational study at RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta with PGTA children without congenital heart defects. Paremeters for function and LVM were assessed by Doppler echocardiography and blood phosphate examination. Results: There were 56 subjects with a cut point for blood phosphate levels of 7.35 mg/dL. It was found that a decrease in ejection fraction function with a prevalence ratio in patients with hyperphosphatemia was 3.895 with a 95% CI between 2.552-9.773 (p = 0.002) as well as a trend in the relationship between phosphate levels and LVMI thickening (p = 0.680) and left heart diastolic dysfunction (p = 0.145) Conclusion: There is association between blood levels of phosphemia and systolic function in pediatric patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease. However, there is no association with increased left ventricular mass index and dyastolic function."

"Hemodialisis adalah terapi pengganti ginjal yang banyak dipilih pasien CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease) dengan ERSD (End Stage Renal Disease). Komplikasi intradialisis dapat dialami pasien selama menjalani hemodialisis. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendeskripsikan komplikasi intradialisis yang dialami pasien CKD saat menjalani hemodialisis. Desain penelitian menggunakan desain deskriptif. Lima puluh pasien di unit hemodialisis RS PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta dilibatkan dalam penelitian ini. Pasien diobservasi selama hemodialisis untuk mengetahui komplikasi intradialisis yang terjadi berupa hipotensi, kram otot, mual, mutah, sakit kepala, nyeri dada, demam dan menggigil, hipertensi, sindrom disequilibrium, aritmia, hemolisis dan emboli udara.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 96% pasien mengalami komplikasi intradialisis berupa hipertensi (70% pasien), sakit kepala (40%), hipotensi (26%), kram otot (18%), aritmia (12%), mual dan muntah (10%), sesak nafas (10%) serta demam dan menggigil (2%). Nyeri dada, sindrom disequilibrium, hemolisis dan emboli udara tidak dialami pasien. Frekwensi hipertensi intradialisis adalah 55% dari keseluruhan prosedur hemodialisis yang diamati dan paling banyak dialami pasien pada jam ke empat. Frekwensi hipotensi intadialisis adalah 12% dari keseluruhan prosedur hemodialisis yang diamati, dan paling banyak dialami pada jam pertama. Rata-rata tekanan darah mengalami penurunan pada jam pertama dan mengalami peningkatan pada jam ke empat. Sesak nafas saat hemodialisis dialami pasien dengan frekwensi 4% dari keseluruhan hemodialisis.Rekomendasi penelitian ini adalah agar perawat selalu memantau kondisi pasien selama hemodialisis dan melakukan asuhan perawatan pada pasien hemodialisis secara individu untuk mengantisipasi terjadinya komplikasi agar komplikasi intradialisis bisa diminimalkan.

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Hemodialysis is the renal replacement therapy used for CKD patients with ERSD. During hemodialysis, the patient may develop intradialysis complications. The purposes of the study was to describe the intradialysis complications on CKD patients during hemodialysis. Descriptive design used in this study. Fifty four patient at PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Hospital were collected from 79 hemodialysis patients. The patients were observed during hemodialysis specifically oriented for intradialysis complications such as hypotension, cramps, nausea, vomiting, headache, chest pain, fever, shivering, hypertension, dialysis disequilibrium, arrhythmia, hemolysis and air embolism.

The result of this study showed that intradialysis complications occurred in 96% of the patients like hypertension (70% of the patients), headache (40%), hypotension (26%), muscle cramps (12%), arrythmia (12%), nausea (10%), vomit (10%), dyspnea (10%), fever and shivering (2%). Chest pain, dysequilibrium syndrome, hemolysis and air embolism were not occured. The frequency of intradialysis hypertension was 55% of hemodialysis, most occurred at fourth. The frequency of intradialysis hypotension was 5% of hemodialysis, most occurred at first. Blood pressure decreased significally at first hour and increased significally at fourth. Dyspnea occurred in 4% of hemodialysis.

The study recommended for nurse always to monitor the patient condition during hemodialysis and give individual nursing care for hemodialysis patient to anticipate intradialysis complication, that can be minimize the intradialysis complications."

"ABSTRAK Manajemen yang paling sering dilakukan pada penyakit gagal ginjal kronik tahap akhir atau End stage renal Disease ESRD adalah hemodialisis. Hemodialisis merupakan manajemen kompleks yang dapat menimbulkan banyak permasalahan seperti ketidakseimbangan caran dan elektrolit, malnutrisi dan sepsis. Peningkatan selfcare dibutuhkan untuk meningkatkan status cairan, kepatuhan regimen pengobatan dan outcome HD secara psikosial. Selfcare dapat ditingkatkan menggunakan Therapeutic Patient Education TPE , suatu metode edukasi yang terdiri dari pemberian motivasi dan pemberian edukasi sesuai dengan kebutuhan pasien. Studi kasus ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peningkatan selfcare melalui edukasi. Indikator dari peningkatan selfcare adalah hasil nilai selfcare yang dikaji menggunakan Selfcare agency scale dan IDWG Interdialitic Weight Gain atau berat badan antar dialisis pasien. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa TPE dapat meningkatkan skor SCAS sebesar 26 dari total skor 50 . Poin penting dalam SCAS yang meningkat dalam diri pasien adalah kemampuan untuk melakukan monitoring terhadap berat badan, monitor intake output cairan, tekanan darah, nadi, dan akses vaskuler. Peningkatan selfcare pada pasien juga meningkatkan kemampuan pasien dalam menikmati hidup dan kemampuan untuk kembali bersosialisasi. Secara klinis pasien menunjukkan perbaikan nilai IDWG sesuai dengan anjuran yaitu 3 -5 BB kering pasien. Nilai IDWG menunjukkan kepatuhan pasien dalam diet dan restriksi cairan. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa TPE merupakan metode efektif untuk meningkatkan selfcare. Faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan edukasi pada pasien adalah tingkat pendidikan, dukungan sosial, kesesuaian materi edukasi dengan kebutuhan dan kesiapan pasien untuk menerima edukasi. Perawat perlu meningkatkan kemampuan selfcare pasien ESRD on HD untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan dan kemampuan pasien mengevaluasi kondisinya, serta psikososial pasien. Kata Kunci: Asuhan Keperawatan, Edukasi klien terapetik, ESRD, Hemodialisis, IDWG ,Indonesia, Selfcare

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ABSTRACT The most frequent management of end stage renal disease ESRD is hemodialysis. Hemodialysis HD is a complex management that may raise problems such as fluid and electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition and sepsis. Increased in selfcare is required to improve the balance of fluid status, medication regimen adherence and HD outcomes psychologically. Selfcare can be improved using Therapeutic Patient Education TPE , the TPE is an educational method consisting of motivation and educational provision accords to patient needs. This case study aims to analyze the improvement of selfcare through therapeutic patient education program. Indicators of selfcare improvements are increase of SCAS score Selfcare agency scale and IDWG Interdialytic Weight Gain . The results showed that the TPE increased the SCAS scores by 26 of the total score 50 . Important ability in SCAS which increased were the ability to monitor weight gain daily, monitor fluid intake output, blood pressure, pulse, and vascular access. Increased self care in patients also improved the patient 39 s ability to enjoy life and the ability to re socialize with patient rsquo s family. Clinically patients showed an improvement in IDWG values according to the recommendation which was 3 5 of the patient rsquo s dry weight. The IDWG value indicates the patient compliance in diet and fluid restriction. This showed that TPE was effective methodes to increase selfcare of the patient. Factors that affect the success of education in the patients were the level of patient rsquo s education, social support, suitability of educational materials to the needs and the readiness of patients to receive education. Nurses need to improve the selfcare abilities of ESRD patients on HD to enhance adherence and the ability of patients to evaluate their condition, as well as patients psychosocial in order to increase their HD outcome. Keywords ESRD, Hemodialysis, IDWG, Indonesia, Nursing Care, Selfcare, Therapeutic Patient Education"