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"Since the limulus test, a method for the evaluation of endotoxin levels using extract from horsehoc crabs (limulus, spp), was developed in the year 1969 by Levin and Bang, there have been reports on endotoxin from portal blood without negative gram bacterial infection, a condition known as endogenous endotoxemia."

"ABSTRAKUsing panel data from 42 developing countries in the year 1965-2010, this paper attempts to explain the impact of human capital (education) on economic growth under the endogenous growth theory. following the human capital and distance to frontier (DTF) growth model developed by Vandenbussche et al. (2006), henceforth VAM, human capital was defined as a weighted sum years of schooling, the proportion of educational attainment, and the fraction of skilled human capital. another two new definitions were proposed to articulate the importance of education structure, i.e. the relative share of educational attainment and continuing rate in tertiary education. A system generalised method of moments (GMM) estimation was undertaken, and the results show that the two proposed definitions of education are significant at least at 90 percent of confidence level on the total factor productivity (TFP) growth. hence, it is suggested that education structure matters for growth in developing countries."

"This study examines the link of trade liberalization policy with Philippine economic growth covering the period from 1974 to 2003. Using the arguments of the new endogenous growth theory (Romer, 1986, 1997; Lucas 1988, 1999; Srinivasan,2001), the paper tests the effects of trade liberalization policy on Philippine growth...."

"In the usual nash equilibrium of strategic noncooperative games, the mixed strategies of all the players are assumed to be stochastically independent...."

"Model pertumbuhan semi-endogen menekankan akumulasi modal manusia dan kemajuan teknologi dalam mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi. Modal manusia dan kemajuan teknologi adalah sumber-sumber pertumbuhan ekonomi. Pada saat sebagian besar negara di dunia berjuang untuk mengakumulasi modal manusia dan kemajuan teknologi yang cukup, negara-negara maju diberkahi dengan kemampuan istimewa dalam penelitian dan pengembangan. Jika demikian, maka yang ekstrem, negara-negara yang kekurangan modal manusia dan kemajuan teknologi akan terhenti dalam hal kemajuan ekonomi mereka.Kemajuan dalam penelitian mengenai dampak dari modal manusia sumber daya manusia dan kemajuan teknologi terhadap perekonomian telah memberikan wawasan yang luar biasa tentang bagaimana negara-negara di dunia berbeda satu sama lain. Namun ada lebih dari dua alasan untuk menjelaskan perbedaan antar negara. Acemoglu dkk. 2005 berpendapat bahwa institusi adalah yang paling kompleks namun merupakan satu-satunya penyebab wajar pertumbuhan ekonomi. Dengan demikian kebutuhan untuk mengembangkan indeks institusi akan memberikan penjelasan yang lebih dalam daripada sekedar kajian teori. Di sisi lain, kita dapat menguatkan indeks institusi dengan teori umum bahwa institusi berkualitas rendah akan berdampak pada ekonomi secara negatif.Penelitian ini akan memodifikasi model Jones 2002 dengan memasukkan karakteristik yang membedakan negara-negara di dunia. Upaya semacam itu diarahkan untuk memberi model pertumbuhan semi-endogen yang lebih umum agar dapat diterapkan ke semua negara di dunia.Studi ini bertujuan untuk memperluas pemahaman tentang penyebab pertumbuhan ekonomi dengan memasukkan indeks institusi dan menemukan bagaimana indeks tersebut dapat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi.

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The semi-endogenous growth model emphasizes the accumulation of human capital and technological progress in driving economic growth. Human capital and technological progress are sources of economic growth in this model. While majority of countries in the world are still struggling to accumulate sufficient human capital and technological progress, most developed countries are endowed with the privilege of research and development. If so, then to the extreme, countries that lack human capital and technological progress will stop in terms of their economic progress.Progress in research on the impact of human capital and technology progress on the economy has provided remarkable insight into how countries in the world differ from one another. But there are more than those two reasons to explain differences between countries. Acemoglu et al. 2005 argue that institutions are the most complex but are the only natural cause of economic growth. Thus the need to developing an institutional index will provide a deeper explanation than just a theoretical study. On the other hand, we can strengthen the institutional index with the general theory that low quality institutions will negatively impact the economy.This study will modify the Jones 2002 model by incorporating characteristics that distinguish countries in the world. Such efforts are directed to provide a more general semi-endogenous growth model so that it can be applied to all countries in the world.This study aims to broaden the understanding of the causes of economic growth by including an index of institutions and finding out how the index can affect economic growth."

"Semi-endogenous growth model emphasises human capital accumulation and technological advances in supporting economic growth. While most countries in the world lack the ability to accumulate their human capital and advance in technology, the privilege of research and development lies on part of developed nations. The increase in the stock of knowledge can come from different interactions with other countries in the world. But the crucial point to make is what underlies these differences among nations in the world. This study modifies Jones model by embedding characteristics that different countries in the world. Such an attempt is directed to produce a more general model of semi-endogenous growth to be applicable to all countries in the world. The end result of this study is to present a more general model that will be easily applicable to different countries in the world."

"Kabupaten Kolaka dalam 5 tahun terakhir mengalami perlambatan pertumbuhan pada kategori Industri Pengolahan. Pada tahun 2020 terjadi penurunan pertumbuhan mencapai 0,46% di Kabupaten Kolaka. Penurunan pertumbuhan telah dipengaruhi oleh pandemi Covid-19. Salah satu sektor manufaktur yang terdampak di Kabupaten Kolaka adalah industri kecil dan menengah (IKM). Fokus penelitian adalah mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis pemberdayaan industri kecil dan menengah di Kabupaten Kolaka dengan pendekatan endogenous development. Pendekatan penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dan jenis penelitian deskriptif seperti yang dikemukakan Newman (2016). Wawancara dilakukan kepada 21 informan dengan teknik informan penelitian menggunakan purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat karakteristik endogegenous development dalam pemberdayaan industri kecil dan menengah namun belum sepenuhnya didukung oleh kebijakan pemerintah daerah di Kabupaten Kolaka.

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The Kolaka Regency, in the last 5 years has experienced slowdown in growth in the Processing Industry category. In 2020 there was a decline of growth reaching 0.46% in the Kolaka Regency. The decline of growth has been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. One of the affected manufacturing sectors in Kolaka Regency is the small and medium industry (SMI). The focus of the research is to describe and analyze the empowerment of small and medium industry in the Kolaka Regency with an endogenous development approach. The approach of the study is the qualitative one, and the type of study according to the purpose of study by Newman (2016) is descriptive research. Interviews were conducted to 21 informants with the research informant technique using purposive sampling. The results of the study show that there are characteristics of endogenous development in the empowerment of small and medium industry but have not been fully supported by local government policies in the Kolaka Regency."

"Revolusi Industri 4.0 yang ditandai dengan pemanfaatan AI oleh individu dan masyarakat telah membawa dampak ambivalensi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, tidak hanya manfaat positif melainkan juga dampak viktimisasi terkait AI yang terus meningkat. Namun fenomena Viktimisasi AI (VAI) belum diteliti lebih dalam di luar cybercrime terkait AI. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki dinamika interaksi antara pengguna dan struktur AI dalam praktik kehidupan sehari-hari, terutama implikasi VAI dalam praktik sosial, bisnis dan politik. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui wawancara dengan korban dan pakar terkait, serta analisis berbagai artikel terkait. Hasil analisis mengungkapkan bahwa VAI merupakan produk dari pola hubungan pengguna dan struktur AI yang dinamis dalam praktik kehidupan sehari-hari. Adanya faktor endogen dan faktor eksogen yang mempengaruhi antara lain meliputi ketergantungan terhadap teknologi AI, kerentanan data dan karakter personal, keterpaksaan situasional akibat kebijakan terkait AI, dan kewajiban sistem dalam berbagai model AI. Implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah perlunya kebijakan hukum baru yang mendalam dalam hal pengembangan, implementasi dan penggunaan AI, serta kolaborasi lintas disiplin untuk mengatasi kompleksitas dan risiko yang terkait dengan pemanfaatan AI. Penelitian yang berkelanjutan di bidang viktimologi terkait VAI diharapkan dapat memberikan landasan etis dalam perlindungan dan pelayanan korban di era digital yang semakin maju.

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The Industrial Revolution 4.0 which is marked using AI by individuals and society has brings ambivalence to everyday life, not only positive benefits but also the impact of victimization related to AI which continues to increase. However, the phenomenon of AI Victimization (VAI) has not been researched more deeply outside of AI- related cybercrime. This research aims to investigate the dynamics of interaction between users and AI structures in daily life practices, especially the implications of VAI in social, business, and political practices. Using a qualitative approach through interviews with victims and related experts, as well as analysis of various related articles. The analysis results reveal that VAI is a product of user relationship patterns and dynamic AI structures in daily life practices. The presence of endogenous and exogenous factors that influence include, among others, dependence on AI technology, vulnerability of data and personal characteristics, situational compulsions due to AI-related policies, and system obligations in various AI models. The implication of this research is the need for new, in-depth legal policies regarding the development, implementation, and use of AI, as well as cross-disciplinary collaboration to overcome the complexity and risks associated with the use of AI. It is hoped that ongoing research in the field of victimology related to VAI can provide an ethical basis for protecting and serving victims in the increasingly advanced digital era."

"Dehidroepiandrosteron (DHEA) dan konjugat sulfatnya (DHEAS) adalah hormon steroid adrenal yang paling banyak diproduksi di dalam tubuh manusia. DHEA merupakan salah satu prekursor utama pads biosintesis hormon steroid endogen. Zat ini walaupun diklasifikasikan sebagai androgenik lemah dapat membentuk androgenik kuat sesuai jalur metabolismenya melalui androstenedion menjadi testosteron dan 5a-dihidrotestosteron (5a-DHT). Oleh sebab itu, maka mulai Januari 1997 penggunaan DHEA eksogen ini dimasukkan ke dalam daftar anabolik steroid androgenik sebagai doping bagi atlet oleh International Olympic Committee (IOC). Di Indonesia steroid ini dapat dibeli secara babas tanpa resep dokter sebagai suplemen atau health food. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian DHEA eksogen terhadap beberapa hormon steroid androgenik dan untuk melihat apakah terdapat suatu perubahan yang signifikan dan konsisten pada rasio metabolit setelah pemberian DHEA eksogen, dilakukan penelitian terhadap pengaruh pemberian DHEA terhadap beberapa metabolit hormon steroid androgenik dalam urine yaitu konjugat glukuronat dari testosteron (T), epitestasteron (Epi-T), 5a-androstan-3a,1713-dio1 (5a-diol), 5¢-androstan-3a-17P-dio1 (50-dio1), androsteron (A), etiokolanolon (Elio), DIVA dan konjugat sulfat dari DHEA (DHEAS), yang ditunjukkan pads perubahan rasio yang terjadi pada metabolit tersebut. Rasio metabolit yang diteliti adalah rasio TfEpiT, AJEtio, 5a-dio1J5~3-dial, DHEASIDHEA glukuronat dan AIT. Penelitian ini melibatkan 13 sukarelawan pria, bangsa Indonesia, memenuhi kriteria inidusi yaitu berbadan sehat, berumur 20 - 30 tahun, tidak minuet obat atau vitamin apapun serta makanan yang diduga mengandung hormon minimal dua minggu sebelum penelitian dilaksanakan dan selama penelitian berlangsung serta bersedia menandatangani informed consent. Kriteria sehat didasarkan pada tidak dijumpainya kelainan selama anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisik dan pemeriksaan laboratorium yang meliputi fungsi ginjal (ureum, kreatinin), fungsi hati (SGOT, SGPT), hematologi rutin (kadar hemoglobin, jumlah lekosit, hitung jenis lekosit dan laju endap darah), dan foto toraks. Pengambilan sampel urine baseline dilakukan 1 hari sebelum pemberian obat yaitu pada pukul 08.00, 12.00, 16,00, dan pukul 20.00. Setelah itu kapsul DHEA 50 mg diberikan setiap pukul 08.00 pagi selama lima hari berturut-turut dengan 200 ml air putih. Sampel urine diambil pada hari kelima setelah minum obat yang dilakukan pada jam ke-0 (pukul 8.00), 1 (9.00), 2 (10.00), 4 (12.00), 5 (13.00), 7 (15.00), 8 (16,00), 10 (18.00), 12 (20.00), 14 (22.00) dan 24 (pukul 8.00 hari berikutnya). Urin dikumpulkan dan diuji terhadap kadar masing-masing hormon steroid dengan menggunakan metode Gas Chromatography./Mass Selective Detector (GCIMSD).HASIL DAN KESIMPULANHasil penelitian menunjukkan rasio TIEpiT baseline pada pukul 8.00 sebesar 1,07 ± 1,15, mencapai puncak pada pukul 16.00 yaitu 1,18 ± 1,21, dan setelah pemberian DIVA eksogen pada pukul 8.00 sebesar 1,03 ± 1,15 dan mencapai puncaknya pada pukul 16.00 : 2,11 ± 2,53. Seorang sukarelawan yang mempunyai rasio TIEpiT baseline sebesar 3,4 pada pukul 8.00, menunjukkan peningkatan yang berarti setelah pemberian DHEA eksogen yaitu pada pukul 15.00, 16.00 dan 18.00 berturut-turut sebesar 9,71; 9,13 dan 8,55. Rasio AlEtio baseline pada pukul 8.00 sebesar 1,45 ± 0,54, mencapai puncak pada pukul 20.00 : 1,82 ± 0,68 ; setelah pemberian DHEA eksogen pada pukul 8.00 : 0,77 ± 0,49, mencapai puncak pads pukul 12.00: 1,51 ± 0,67. Kurva AlEtio sebelum pemberian DHEA (baseline) berada di atas nilai yang diperoleh setelah pemberian DHEA eksogen. Kurva rasio 5or-diol15 G3-diol sedikit berubah setelah pemberian DHEA eksogen dibandingkan dengan baseline, tetapi secara statistik tidak signifikan. Rasio DHEASIDHEA glukuronat setelah pemberian DHEA eksogen meningkat signifikan dibandingkan dengan baseline pada semua semua sukarelawan, rasio DHEASIDHEA glukuronat mencapai nilai maksimum pada pukul 16.00 sebesar 158,03 ± 95,63 setelah pemberian DHEA eksogen, berbeda bermakna dengan baseline pada jam yang sama yaitu: 18,49 ± 16,32 (p < 0,05). Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian DHEA eksogen secara oral dengan dosis 50 mg per hari selama 5 hari (1) mengubah rasio-rasio metabolit TIE, AlEtio dan DHEASIDHEA glukuronat ; (2) Seorang sukarelawan yang mempunyai rasio TIEpiT baseline relatif tinggi yaitu sebesar 3,4 mengalami peningkatan rasio T/EpiT menjadi 9,7. Angka ini melebihi batas rasio TIEpiT yang diperbolehkan oleh IOC yaitu 6 : 1 ; (3) Rasio DHEASIDHEA glukuronat meningkat signifikan setelah pemberian DHEA eksogen.

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SCOPE AND METHODS : Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate ester dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) are quantitatively the largest products of adrenal cortex and the most abundant steroids in peripheral blood. DHEA is one of the major precursors for the biosynthesis of the endogenous steroids. It is classified as having weak androgenic activity, but it can be converted in peripheral tissues via androstenedione to testosterone and 5a-dihydrotestosterone (5a-DHT), both are classified as having strong androgenic activity. Exogenous DHEA is considered to be a doping drug and listed in the class of prohibited anabolic agents by International Olympic Committee since January 1997. In Indonesia, this steroid can be purchased legally as healthfood and over the counter product. In the present study, we investigate the effects of DIVA oral administration to the urinary excretion of some DHEA metabolites in healthy volunteers. Thirteen volunteers, 20 - 30 years old, all men, fulfilled the inclusion criteria (healthy, no previous or chronic disease), passed the medical examination (physical exams, blood chemistry determination, chest X-ray), and signed a letter of informed consent. All volunteers had undergone 2 weeks wash-out periode of free medicines, vitamines and all kind of food that influence hormonal level. Each volunteer took 50 mg of exogenous DHEA orally in the morning at h. 8.00 for 5 days. Baseline urine value was collected a day before exogenous DHEA at hour 8.00, 12.00, 16.00 and 20.00 and at h. 8.00, 9.00, 10.00, 12.00, 13.00, 15.00 16.00 18.00, 20.00, 22.00 and 8.00 (next day) respectively after exogenous DHEA. Urinary excretion glucuronide (and free) metabolites of testosterone (T), epitestosteron (E), androsterone (A), etiocholanolone (Elio), 5a-androstane-3a, 173-diol (5a-dial), 5¢-androstane-3a,170-dio1 (50-diol) and DHEA, and also sulfate metabolite of DHEA was determined by Gas Chromatography/Mass Selective Detector (GCIMSD).

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION : The results showed that the TIE ratio at h. 8.00 was 1.07 ± 1.15, peaked at h. 16.00: 1.18 ± 1.21 before and at 8.00: 1.03 ± 1.15, peaked at h. 16.00 :2.11 ± 2.53 after exogenous DHEA. One volunteer had a high baseline TIE ratio of 3.4 at h. 8.00 before and at h. 15.00, 16.00, and 18.00 respectively were 9.71; 9.13 and 8.55 after exogenous DHEA. The AfEtio ratio at h. 8.00 was 1.45 ± 0.54; peaked at h. 20.00 : 1.82 ± 0.68 before and at h. 8.00 : 0.77 ± 0.49, peaked at h. 12.00 : 1.51 ± 0.67 after exogenous DHEA. The AJEtio curve before exogenous DHEA was entirely above the value obtained after exogenous DHEA. Although the curve of ratio of 5a-dio11513-dial after exogenous DHEA was slightly different from that of the curve before exogenous DHEA, it was not statistically significant. The DHEASIDHEA glucuronide at various time points after exogenous DHEA was significantly higher than that before exogenous DHEA; the ratio of DHEASIDHEA glucuronide reached a maximum value of 158.03 ± 95.63 after exogenous DHEA in comparison with 18.49 ± 16.32 at h. 16.00 before exogenous DHEA (p < 0,05). To conclude, oral administration of exogenous DHEA of 50 mg once daily for 5 days (1) alter ratios TIE, AlEtio and DHEASIDHEA glucuronide; (2) One volunteer had a high baseline TIE ratio of 3.4 and after receiving exogenous DHEA the ratio was further increased to 9.71, significantly exceeding the limit value permitted by IOC 6:1 ; (3) The ratios of DHEASIDHEA glucuronide after receiving exogenous DHEA in comparison with those before exogenous DHEA were significantly increased at various time points."