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"The aim of this research is to estimate dioxin/furan emission and concentration that can be used to present an altermative policy for emission reduction...."

"Dioxin/furan is one of the persistent organic pollutants (POP'S) that the government and public in Indonesia has not taken care of ,as there is currently no policy on reducing dioxin/furan emission,even according to previous reserach dioxin/furan emission has already high....."

"ABSTRAK Proses pemutihan (bleaching) pulp pada industri pulp dan kertas banyak menghasilkan limbah. Salah satu limbah yang dihasilkan adalah adsorbable organic halides (AOX) dan dioksin. Senyawa AOX dan dioksin dihasilkan dari reaksi antara kior (bleaching agent) dengan lignin yang terdapat dalam serat kayu. Dioksin adalah senyawa organo-klor paling toksik yang pernah dibuat manusia, telah terbukti bersifat karsinogen, menimbulkan banyak gangguan kesehatan pada manusia, serta kerusakan lingkungan. Untuk mengurangi dampak negatif akibat emisi dioksin, industri pulp dan kertas mulai mereduksi pemakaian elemen klor dengan bahan senyawa klor (non-elemen) sampai pada bahan bebas klor. Teknologi ini dikenal sebagai proses elemental chlorine free (ECF) dan totally chlorine free (TCF). Prediksi dampak negatif akibat emisi dioksin di masa mendatang dibuat dengan melakukan simulasi model system dynamics. Hasil simulasi model system dynamics menunjukkan kecenderungan meningkatnya kerusakan lingkungan jika tidak dilakukan intervensi, atau hanya dilakukan intervensi fungsional saja. Intervensi struktural yang kemudian diterapkan ternyata mampu menurunkan emisi dioksin, bahkan menihilkannya. Intervensi struktural yang dibuat dapat dijadikan dasar melakukan analisis kebijakan.

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ABSTRACTDioxin Waste Control Using Environmentally-Friendly Bleach (A Study on the Use of Chlorine-based Oxidator in Pulp Industry by a Simulation of System Dynamics Model for Policy Analysis)"

"[Dioksin merupakan senyawa berbahaya yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan kulit, hati, hingga menimbulkan kanker. Degradasi dioksin dapat dilakukan oleh mikroorganisme seperti kapang yang menghasilkan enzim ligninolitik. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kapang yang memiliki enzim ligninolitik sehingga berpotensi dalam mendegradasi dioksin. Aktivitas enzim ligninolitik terlihat dari penghilangan warna pada Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) dan Poly S-119. Metode penelitian meliputi seleksi pada medium padat dan cair, pengukuran aktivitas enzim ligninolitik, serta identifikasi isolat. Seleksi kapang pada medium padat dilakukan dengan medium yang mengandung RBBR dan Poly S-119. Seleksi cair dilakukan dengan mengukur degradasi warna dan aktivitas enzim ligninolitik (lakase, mangan peroksidase, dan lignin peroksidase). Isolat hasilseleksi diidentifikasi molekular 28S rRNA menggunakan primer NL-1 dan NL-4. Hasil seleksi padat menunjukkan sembilan isolat dengan zona degradasi, yaitu FIG- KT-540.1; F-IG-KT-539.2; F-IG-PT-6.3; F-IG-PT 1.16; F-IG-PT-2.14; F-IGPT- 2.5; F-IG-PT-2.7; F-IG-PT-3.1; dan F-IG-PT-2.11. Hasil seleksi cair menunjukkan dua isolat memiliki kemampuan mendegradasi warna tinggi yaitu FIG- KT-540.1 sebesar 59% mendegradasi warna RBBR dan F-IG-PT 1.16 sebesar 85% mendegradasi warna Poly S-119. Isolat F-IG-KT-540.1 dan F-IG-PT 1.16 memiliki aktivitas MnP yang tinggi sebesar 0,0132 dan 0,0186 ΔOD/ml sampel/menit. Identifikasi kedua isolat menunjukkan isolat F-IG-KT-540.1 adalah Aspergillus oryzae dengan nilai bootstrap 99 dan isolat F-IG-PT 1.16 adalah Penicillium charlesii dengan nilai bootstrap 98. Kesimpulan yaitu isolat F-IG-KT-540.1 dan F-IG-PT 1.16 yang memiliki kemampuan tinggi mendegradasi warna berpotensi mendegradasi dioksin. Penelitian lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui sinergi antara kedua isolat dalam mendegradasi dioksin.

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Dioxins are harmful compounds which can damage skin, liver, and cause cancer. It can be degraded by microorganisms such as fungi with its ligninolytic enzymes. The research aim was to obtain fungi that has ligninolytic enzymes which potentially degrade dioxin. Activity of ligninolytic enzymes was showed from decolorization of Remazol Brilliant Blue R and Poly S-119 dye. Methods of the research include selection on solid medium and liquid medium, measurement of ligninolytic activity, and identification of fungal isolates. Selection on solid medium was carried out using RBBR and Poly S-119 dye. Selection on liquid medium was carried out through measurement on the color degradation and activity of ligninolytic enzymes (laccase, manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase). The potential isolates in liquid selection medium were identified on 28S rRNA with NL-1 and NL-4 primers. The result showed that nine isolates have

the degradation zone in a solid medium. They were F-IG-KT-540.1; F-IG-KT- 539.2; F-IG-PT-6.3; F-IG-PT 1:16; F-IG-PT-2:14; F-IG-PT-2.5; F-IG-PT-2.7; FIG- PT-3.1; and F-IG-PT-2.11. In liquid selection medium, F-IG-KT-540.1 and FIG-

PT 1.16 isolates showed high capability to degrade dyes. Percentage of RBBR degradation in isolate F-IG-KT-540.1 was 59% and percentage of Poly S-119 degradation in isolate F-IG-PT-1.16 was 85%. Both F-IG-KT-540.1 and F-IG-PT 1.16 isolate have high activity of MnP. Activity of MnP of those isolate were 0,0132 and 0,0186 ΔOD/ml/minutes respectively. The result of identification showed that F-IG-KT-540.1 isolate was Aspergillus oryzae with value of

bootstrap 99 and F-IG-PT-1.16 isolate was Penicillium charlesii with value of bootstrap 98. From this research, F-IG-KT-540.1 and F-IG-PT 1.16 isolates which have capability to degrade dyes potential for degrading dioxin. Further research is needed to determine the synergy between isolates F-IG-KT-540.1 and F-IG-PT- 1.16 to degrade dioxin., Dioxins are harmful compounds which can damage skin, liver, and cause cancer.

It can be degraded by microorganisms such as fungi with its ligninolytic enzymes.

The research aim was to obtain fungi that has ligninolytic enzymes which

potentially degrade dioxin. Activity of ligninolytic enzymes was showed from

decolorization of Remazol Brilliant Blue R and Poly S-119 dye. Methods of the

research include selection on solid medium and liquid medium, measurement of

ligninolytic activity, and identification of fungal isolates. Selection on solid

medium was carried out using RBBR and Poly S-119 dye. Selection on liquid

medium was carried out through measurement on the color degradation and

activity of ligninolytic enzymes (laccase, manganese peroxidase, and lignin

peroxidase). The potential isolates in liquid selection medium were identified on

28S rRNA with NL-1 and NL-4 primers. The result showed that nine isolates have

the degradation zone in a solid medium. They were F-IG-KT-540.1; F-IG-KT-

539.2; F-IG-PT-6.3; F-IG-PT 1:16; F-IG-PT-2:14; F-IG-PT-2.5; F-IG-PT-2.7; FIG-

PT-3.1; and F-IG-PT-2.11. In liquid selection medium, F-IG-KT-540.1 and FIG-

PT 1.16 isolates showed high capability to degrade dyes. Percentage of RBBR

degradation in isolate F-IG-KT-540.1 was 59% and percentage of Poly S-119

degradation in isolate F-IG-PT-1.16 was 85%. Both F-IG-KT-540.1 and F-IG-PT

1.16 isolate have high activity of MnP. Activity of MnP of those isolate were

0,0132 and 0,0186 ΔOD/ml/minutes respectively. The result of identification

showed that F-IG-KT-540.1 isolate was Aspergillus oryzae with value of

bootstrap 99 and F-IG-PT-1.16 isolate was Penicillium charlesii with value of

bootstrap 98. From this research, F-IG-KT-540.1 and F-IG-PT 1.16 isolates which

have capability to degrade dyes potential for degrading dioxin. Further research is

needed to determine the synergy between isolates F-IG-KT-540.1 and F-IG-PT-

1.16 to degrade dioxin.]"

"Hazardous waste will be an environmental problem if not managed properly. Co processing in cement industry which use hazardous waste as alternative material and fuel, is expected to be a solution of hazardous waste management. This research was conducted at cement factory. Sustainability factor in co processing activities needs to be studied. Co processing activities need to be analyzed by economic benefits, social acceptability, and environmental requirements to fulfill sustainability. Economic benefit analysis was conducted by efficiency approach for cement factory, cost efficiency of hazardouse waste management, and labor required. Analysis of social acceptance was conducted by analysis of perception of stakeholders. The fulfillment of environmental requirements was conducted by comparing environmental quality standards and liabilities in licenses issued by the government. The result of this study is co processing activities meet the rules of sustainability. PT. ITP has conducted hazardous waste management for 41 hazardous waste generators, 22 types of hazardous waste, and 7,861.23 tons of hazardous waste in July 2015 June 2016. PT. HI has conducted hazardous waste management for 71 hazardous waste generators, 53 types of hazardous waste, and 59,494.91 tons of hazardous wastev in July 2015 June 2016. The average efficiency per year obtained from 1 the use of alternative raw materials of 1.5 for PT.ITP and 1.42 for PT. HI 2 alternative fuel usage of 2.22 and for PT.ITP and 11.03 for PT.HI. Hazardous waste management is cheaper if managed through co processing. For the community, co processing activities provide jobs opportunity. The stakeholders accept co processing activities with average of 76 and has a frequency of distribution 39 for perception strongly agreed. Co processing has fulfilled environmental requirements consisting of compliance with air quality standards, dioxin, furans, compatibility of hazardous waste type, and product SNI compliance.

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Limbah bahan berbahaya dan beracun B3 akan menjadi permasalahan lingkungan apabila tidak dikelola dengan tepat. Kegiatan co-processing di pabrik semen dengan memanfaatkan limbah B3 sebagai bahan baku dan bahan bakar alternatif dianggap dapat menjadi solusi dalam pengelolaan limbah B3. Penelitian dilakukan di pabrik semen yaitu PT. ITP dan PT. HI yang telah melakukan kegiatan co-processing, namun kegiatan ini perlu dikaji keberlanjutannya. Untuk memenuhi kegiatan co-processing yang berkelanjutan, perlu dilakukan kajian manfaat ekonomi, analisis keberterimaan sosial, dan kajian pemenuhan persyaratan lingkungan. Kajian manfaat ekonomi dilakukan dengan pendekatan efisiensi bagi pabrik semen, efisiensi biaya pengelolaan limbah B3, dan tenaga kerja yang dibutuhkan. Analisis keberterimaan sosial dilakukan melalui analisis persepsi pihak yang berkepentingan dengan menggunakan metode analisis skala Linkert. Pemenuhan persyaratan lingkungan dikaji dengan cara membandingkan baku mutu lingkungan, kesesuaian limbah B3 yang dimanfaatkan, dan pemenuhan standar produk. Hasil riset ini adalah kegiatan co-processing memenuhi kaidah keberlanjutan berdasarkan manfaat ekonomi, keberterimaan sosial, dan pemenuhan persyaratan lingkungan. Pabrik semen PT. ITP telah melakukan pengelolaan limbah B3 terhadap 41 perusahaan penghasil limbah B3, sebanyak 22 jenis limbah B3, dan 7.861,23 ton limbah B3 selama periode Juli 2015-Juni 2016. Adapun PT. HI telah melakukan pengelolaan limbah B3 terhadap 71 perusahaan penghasil limbah B3, sebanyak 53 jenis limbah B3, dan berjumlah 59.494,91 ton limbah B3 selama periode Juli 2015-Juni 2016. Efisiensi rata-rata per tahun yang diperoleh dari 1 penggunaan bahan baku alternatif sebesar 1,5 bagi PT.ITP dan 1,42 bagi PT. HI 2 penggunaan bahan bakar alternatif sebesar 2,22 dan bagi PT.ITP dan 11,03 bagi PT.HI. Penghasil limbah B3 mengeluarkan biaya pengelolaan yang lebih murah apabila dikelola melalui co-processing. Bagi masyarakat kegiatan co-processing memberikan lapangan pekerjaan. Pihak yang berkepentingan menerima keberadaan kegiatan co-processing dengan nilai rata-rata 76 dan memiliki frekuensi distribusi 39 untuk persepsi sangat setuju. Kegiatan co-processing telah memenuhi persyaratan baku mutu emisi udara, dioksin, furan, kesesuaian jenis limbah B3, dan pemenuhan syarat SNI produk."