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"Kendaraan bermesin diesel banyak digunakan di Indonesia. Kendaraan jenis ini mengeluarkan polutan terutama jelaga yang dapat direduksi dengan pemasangan katalitik konverter yang dapat mengkonversi jelaga menjadi CO2. Untuk mendapatkan katalitik konverter dengan ukuran yang optimum diperlukan model yang dapat mewakili profil konsentrasi jelaga, suhu konverter dan tekanan sepanjang konverter. Pada studi ini sebuah model untuk katalitik konveter pada kondisi adibatis menggunakan persamaan kinetika yang telah dipublikasikan sebelumnya. Penyelesaian terhadap model yang dikembangkan menggunakan program Polumath 5.X dan metode Runga Kutta.Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa terjadi kenaikan suhu sepanjang konverter dengan berkurangnya berat jelaga, sementara itu tekanan sepanjang konverter mengalami penurunan. Kenaikan berat jelaga di gas masuk konverter meningkatkan kebutuhan panjang konverter. Sebaliknya, kenaikan diameter katalis partikel tidak mempengaruhi berat jelaga sepanjang konverter dan suhu tetapi menghasilkan penurunan tekanan. Untuk mesin diesel 2500CC diperlukan sebuah katalitik konverter jenis packed bed berpenampang berbentuk elip dengan diagonal 14,5X7,5 cm dan diamater katalis 0,8 cm sepanjang 4,1cm.

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Modelling and Simulation of Packed Bed Catalytic Converter for Oxidation of Soot in Diesel Powered Vehicles Flue Gas. Diesel vehicle is used in Indonesia in very big number. This vehicle exhausts pollutants especially diesel soot that can be reduces by using a catalytic converter to convert the soot to CO2. To obtain the optimal dimension of catalytic converter it is needed a model that can represent the profile of soot weight, temperature and pressure along the catalytic converter. In this study, a model is developed for packed bed catalytic converter in an adiabatic condition based on a kinetic study that has been reported previously. Calculation of developed equations in this model uses Polymath 5.X solver with Range Kutta Method.

The simulation result shows that temperature profile along catalytic converter increases with the decrease of soot weight, while pressure profile decreases. The increase of soot weight in entering gas increases the needed converter length. On the other hand, the increase of catalyst diameter does not affect to soot weight along converter and temperature profile, but results a less pressure drop. For 2.500 c diesel engine, packed bed catalytic converter with ellipse?s cross sectional of 14,5X7,5 cm diagonal and 0,8 cm catalyst particle diameter, needs 4,1 cm length."

"Materials used in the manufacture of single - cylinder diesel engine is very diverse, which is determined by the function and the load experienced by the engine parts...."

"Buku yang berjudul "Shop manual : komatsu 125-2 series diesel engine" ini merupakan sebuah buku panduan manual mengenai mesin diesel."

"The use of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) as feedstock, and microwave heating technology are favored to reduce the cost of biodiesel. In order to identify the effect of using biodiesel from WCO Methyl Ester (WCOME) blends on diesel engine emissions and performance, WCOME blends were tested in a single-cylinder Direct Injection (DI) diesel engine at a constant speed of 2500 rpm and with five loads. For comparison, commercial diesel fuel, Petron Diesel Max (PDM), and biodiesel mixture from palm oil (POME) were also used. The performance and emission test results of the five test fuels: PDM, BP10, BP20, BW10, and BW20 were then compared with simulation results created by using GT-Power software. The experimental results indicated that using POME and WCOME blends led to increments in Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) of up to 5.9% and reduction in Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of up to 29.3% compare to PDM. These biodiesel blends also increased nitrogen oxide emissions and decreased carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions for all engine loads at a constant speed of 2500 rpm. The experimental testing of the cylinder peak pressure demonstrates significant increase with the increase of engine load for the four test fuels. All the simulation graphs show similar trends."

"This book provides a comparative analysis of both diesel and gasoline engine particulates, and also of the emissions resulting from the use of alternative fuels. Written by respected experts, it offers comprehensive insights into motor vehicle particulates, their formation, composition, location, measurement, characterisation and toxicology. It also addresses exhaust-gas treatment and legal, measurement-related and technological advancements concerning emissions. The book will serve as a valuable resource for academic researchers and professional automotive engineers alike. "

"Penelitian analisis tekno-ekonomi Crude Palm Oil (CPO) bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik viskositas dan densitas CPO sebagai bahan bakar mesin diesel serta dampak penggunaan CPO terhadap karakteristik mesin seperti performance, karakteristik parameter pembakaran, keandalan dan emisi gas buang yang dihasilkan.Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode pengujian operasi (running test) menggunakan 100% CPO selama 375 jam 58 menit pada mesin diesel Type MAK 8M453B dengan 8 cylinder inline dan daya mampu gross 1,200 KW. Suhu pemanasan CPO pada Flow Control Module selama pengujian dijaga pada rentang 77 ⁰C s.d 83 ⁰C untuk mendapatkan rentang viskositas kinematik CPO di inlet mesin  sebesar 11 cSt s.d. 13 cSt. Selama running test, dilakukan uji performance, uji karakteristik pembakaran (engine analyzer), uji emisi gas buang dan pengambilan sampel CPO. Sementara sebelum dan sesudah running test dilakukan uji sampel CPO serta minyak pelumas. Uji Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) juga dilakukan untuk mengetahui komposisi logam pada deposit.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa viskositas kinematik dan densitas CPO cenderung menurun ketika suhu dinaikkan dengan kurva berbentuk parabolic polinomial untuk viskositas kinematik dan cenderung linier untuk densitas. Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) pada beban maksimum 1.200 kW gross sebesar 0,298 liter/kWh. Persamaan polinomial SFC terhadap beban adalah y = 10^-07x² - 0,0003x + 0,4496. Kadar emisi gas buang NO_x sebesar 2.075,4 mg/Nm³ s.d. 2797,7 mg/Nm³, melebihi batasan standar baku mutu lingkungan (maksimum 1.400 mg/Nm³). Terbentuk deposit keras berupa lelehan di permukaan cylinder head, piston dan valve serta nozzle dengan kandungan komposisi logam Calcium (Ca) yang bersifat keras dan sulit dibersihkan. Akumulasi deposit menyebabkan tergoresnya dinding permukaan liner.Pengoperasian menggunakan bahan bakar CPO menurunkan tekanan pembakaran sebesar 14 % pada beban maksimum dibandingkan beroperasi menggunakan biodiesel/B20; menurunkan Indicated Horse Power (IHP) mesin rata-rata sebesar 7,44 %; memperpendek interval pemeliharaan periodik yang berdampak pada peningkatan signifikan pada kebutuhan biaya fix dan variable O&M dan penurunan capacity factor mesin. Kualitas minyak pelumas mengalami degradasi dengan indikasi kenaikan viskositas minyak pelumas dan terdapat kenaikan kontaminan logam silica (Si) dan besi (Fe).Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan pada analisis keekonomian, harga keekonomian CPO tahun 2018 sebesar Rp.7.238,11/liter, lebih rendah Rp. 1.142,73/liter terhadap harga indeks pasar rata-rata pada tahun 2018. Sementara pada tahun 2019, harga keekonomian bahan bakar CPO sebesar Rp. 6.515,25/liter, lebih rendah Rp. 1.002,54/liter terhadap harga indeks pasar rata-rata CPO pada tahun 2019 dan lebih rendah Rp. 1.857,42/liter terhadap harga suplier CPO di ULPLTD-MG Bontang.

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The techno-economic analysis of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) aims to determine the viscosity and density characteristics of CPO as diesel engine fuel and the impact of CPO use on engine characteristics such as performance, characteristics of combustion parameters, reliability and exhaust emissions produced.

The research method was carried out by running test using 100% CPO for 375 hours 58 minutes on a diesel engine MAK Type 8M453B with 8 inline cylinders and a gross capable power of 1,200 kW. CPO heating temperature in the Flow Control Module during testing is maintained in the range of 77 ⁰C to 83 ⁰C to get the kinematic viscosity range of CPO at the engine inlet of 11 cSt to 13 cSt. During the running test, a performance test, a combustion characteristics test (engine analyzer test), a flue gas emission test and CPO sampling was conducted. While before and after running test CPO and lubricant oil samples were tested. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) test was also carried out to determine the metal composition of the deposit.

The results showed that kinematic viscosity and CPO density tended to decrease when the temperature was raised with a polynomial shaped parabolic curve for kinematic viscosity and tended to be linear for density. Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) at a maximum load of 1,200 kW gross is 0,298 liters/ kWh. The SFC polynomial equation for load is y = 10^-07x² - 0,0003x + 0,4496. NOx exhaust gas emission levels of 2,075.4 mg/Nm³ s.d. 2,797.7 mg/Nm³, exceeding the limits for environmental quality standards (maximum 1,400 mg/Nm³). A hard deposit formed in the form of a melt on the surface of the cylinder head, piston and valve as well as a nozzle with a metal composition of Calcium (Ca) which is hard and difficult to clean. Accumulated deposits cause scratching of the liner surface.

Operations using CPO fuel reduce combustion pressure by 14% at maximum load compared to operating using biodiesel/ B20; reduce machine Indicated Horse Power (IHP) by an average of 7.44%; shortening periodic maintenance intervals which results in a significant increase for fix and variable O&M costs and a decrease in engine capacity factor. The quality of the lubricating oil is degraded with an indication of an increase in the viscosity of the lubricating oil and an increase in metal (Si) and iron (Fe) contaminants.

Based on economic analysis, the economic price of CPO in 2018 is Rp.7,238.11 /liters, lower Rp. 1,142.73 /liters against the average market index price in 2018. While in 2019, the economic price of CPO fuel is Rp. 6,515.25 / liters, lower Rp. 1,002.54 / liters against the CPO average market index price in 2019 and lower Rp. 1,857.42 / liters of CPO supplier prices in ULPLTD-MG Bontang."

"ABSTRAKMotor bakar diesel biasa digunakan untuk kendaraan berdimensi besar karena diperlukan tenaga yang besar. Selain mengeluarkan tenaga yang besar kendaraan bermotor bakar diesel dikenal dengan getaran dan juga kebisingan yang besar. Jika kendaraan kecil menggunakan motor berbahan bakar diesel maka getaran dan kebisingan yang dihasilkan akan lebih besar daripada motor bakar otto biasa. Sedangkan pada kendaraan kecil seperti sedan salah satu faktor yang dipertimbangkan untuk menggunakan mobil tersebut adalah faktor kenyamanan. Getaran dan kebisingan yang ditimbulkan bisa menjadi faktor yang menggangu kenyamanan bila melewati batas yang telah ditentukan. Pada penelitian ini penulis mengambil data getaran dan kebisingan pada titik tertentu yang telah ditentukan dengan metode Transfer path analysis. Hasil dari pengambilan data tersebut akan dibandingkan dengan standar yang telah ditentukan oleh ISO dan juga Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup tentang batas baku getaran dan kebisingan.

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ABSTRACTDiesel engine is commonly used for large dimensional vehicles because it requires a lot of power. Besides known for releasing a large amount of power, diesel engine known as produce a high vibration and noise. If a small vehicle such as city car uses a diesel engine then the vibration and noise generated will be larger than the usual otto engine. While on a small vehicle like a city car, one factor that is considered by consumer to use the car is a comfortable factor. Vibration and noise can be a factor that disturbs comfort when it exceeds a predetermined limit. In this research the writer take the data of vibration and noise at certain point which have been determined by Transfer Path Analysis method. The results of the data retrieval will be compared with the standards specified by the ISO as well as the Ministry of the Environment concerning the vibration and noise standard limits."

"Sampai saat ini, sebagian besar sumber energi masih berasal dari energi tak terbarukan yang dapat memicu peningkatan emisi gas buang berbahaya, salah satunya, yaitu gas karbon monoksida (CO). Teknologi penyisihan gas berupa kontaktor membran dapat menjadi solusi alternatif karena keunggulannya yang memiliki area kontak yang luas dengan ukuran kontaktor relatif kecil, serta konsumsi energi dan biaya relatif rendah dibandingkan dengan teknologi konvensional. Penelitian ini berfokus pada proses absorpsi gas buang mesin diesel (CO) menggunakan modul membran serat berongga polysulfone sebagai perangkat perpindahan massa dengan bantuan pelarut Tembaga (II) Klorida (CuCl2) dan Trietilamina (TEA) sebagai absorben. Gas buang mesin diesel akan dialirkan pada bagian tube membran, sedangkan pelarut berada di bagian shell dan bersifat statis. Variabel bebas yang diuji pada penelitian ini adalah laju alir gas umpan dan konsentrasi pelarut CuCl2. Berdasarkan data hasil penelitian dengan laju alir gas umpan yang konstan sebesar 100 mL/menit dan konsentrasi perlarut CuCl2 tertinggi 1 M diperoleh efisiensi penyisihan gas CO dan fluks tertinggi berturut-turut senilai 70,09 % dan 2,628x10-6 mmol/cm2.s, sementara pada konsentrasi CuCl2 terendah 0,01 M diperoleh CO loading tertinggi sebesar 1,031 mmolCO/molCuCl2.s. Kemudian, dengan konsentrasi pelarut CuCl2 yang konstan 0,1 M, didapatkan efisiensi senilai 61,41% pada laju alir gas umpan terendah 100 mL/menit, sementara fluks dan CO loading tertinggi yang dapat dicapai berturut-turut sebesar 1,978x10-6 mmol/cm2.s dan 7,767x10-2 mmolCO/molCuCl2.s pada laju alir gas umpan tertinggi 200 mL/menit.

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Until now, most energy sources still come from non-renewable energy which can lead an increase in harmful exhaust emissions, one of which is carbon monoxide (CO). The gas removal technology such as membrane contactor can be an alternative solution because of its advantages in having a large contact area with a relatively small contactor size, as well as relatively low energy consumption and low cost compared to conventional technologies. This research focuses on the absorption of diesel engine exhaust gases (CO) using polysulfone hollow fiber membrane modules as a mass transfer device and with the support of solvents Copper (II) Chloride and Triethylamine (TEA) as absorbents. Diesel engine exhaust gas will flow through the membrane tube, while the solvent is static in the shell section. The independent variables tested in this study are feed gas flow rate and CuCl2 solvent concentration. Based on research data with a constant feed gas flow rate of 100 mL/minute and the highest CuCl2 concentration of 1 M, the highest CO removal efficiency and flux were obtained respectively at 70.09% and 2.628x10-6 mmol/cm2.s, while at the lowest CuCl2 concentration of 0.01 M, the highest CO loading was obtained at 1.031 mmolCO/molCuCl2.s. In addition, with a constant CuCl2 concentration of 0.1 M, gas removal efficiency of 61.41% was obtained at the lowest feed gas flow rate of 100 mL/minute, while the highest flux and CO loading that could be achieved were respectively 1.978x10-6 mmol /cm2.s and 7.767x102 mmolCO/molCuCl2.s at the highest feed gas flow rate of 200 mL/minute."

"This book discusses efforts to control the low-frequency vibration transmission of typical power equipment and pipeline systems of ships, exploring the use of active and passive hybrid vibration isolation and adjustable dynamic vibration absorption technologies. It also proposes an adaptive feed-forward control strategy and studies a distributed feed-forward control hardware system. In addition, the book presents a three-way dynamic vibration absorption theory used to design a pipeline-system adjustable dynamic vibration absorber, which offers a number of advantages, such as compact structure, easy assembly and disassembly, low power consumption, excellent vibration control effect and wide frequency band adjustable ability, etc. This book is a valuable resource for researchers and engineers in the fields of noise and vibration control, active control systems, active vibration isolation and adaptive dynamic vibration absorption."