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"Disertasi ini mengkaji masalah kesehatan jiwa, khususnya masalah stres yang dialami oleh penduduk miskin yang tergusur oleh proyek pembangunan yang dilaksanakan di tempat tinggal mereka. Obyek penelitian adalah masyarakat Marunda Besar di Kelurahan Marunda, Jakarta Utara.Kajian disertasi ini menunjukkan bahwa kompensasi material berupa biaya pindah tempat, yang kadangkala juga ditambah dengan penyediaan lokasi pemukiman baru sebagai suatu paket penggusuran, tidak menjamin penyelesaian masalah yang menimpa penduduk tergusur itu. Penggusuran ternyata memerlukan penyelesaian yang lebih terintegrasi, cermat dan penuh kepekaan, yang meliputi kesehatan jiwa mereka.Peningkatan stres dan disintegrasi sosial-budaya terjadi pada pihak yang tergusur karena proyek pembangunan mengakibatkan perubahan lingkungan fisik dan sosial-budaya yang cepat. Terdapat lebih banyak respons maladaptif daripada respons adaptif, karena adanya keterbatasan kemampuan budaya masyarakat dalam beradaptasi terhadap berbagai tantangan kehidupan yang terlalu berat; yang muncul karena kehadiran proyek pembangunan dan segala akibatnya itu_ Karena itu kajian mengenai masalah stres yang dialami oleh masyarakat yang sedang membangun menjadi obyek yang relevan dan merupakan suatu tuntutan bags penelitian antropologi.Penelitian ini mengacu kepada model teoritis yang dihasilkan oleh D.P. Lumsden mengenai sistem terbuka yang mengalami stres (amnen system under stress) dan teori integrasi-disintegrasi sosial-budaya yang diajukan oleh A.H. Leighton.Untuk mengukur tingginya stres, digunakan instrumen penelitian Daftar Isian Kesehatan Cornell Medical Index (CMI) yang telah dimodifikasi oleh Direktorat Kesehatan Jiwa, Depkes RI untuk digunakan di Indonesia. Dengan memodifikasi pula indikator-indikator Leighton agar sesuai dengan konteks sosial-budaya masyarakat Marunda Besar, dapat dihasilkan perhitungan korelasi antara skor disintegrasi sosial-budaya dan skor CMI.Dari penelitian ini telah diperoleh hasil yang mencakup empat pokok, yaitu:Pertama, berbagai masalah lingkungan alam dan lingkungan sosial-budaya yang berat yang harus dihadapi oleh Marunda Besar, berpengaruh negatif pada kesehatan jiwa mereka.Kedua, hasil pengukuran stres yang menggunakan kuesioner CMI menemukan adanya 73 orang dari 166 orang responden (43,98%) yang mengalami gangguan psikofisiologi yang bermakna. Angka persentasi ini cukup tinggi diperbandingkan dengan ukuran WHO yang menentukan prevalensi gangguan jiwa ringan dalam masyarakat pada umumnya hanya berkisar antara 40-80 orang di antara 1000 penduduk (4-8%).Ketiga, perhitungan korelasi antara skor dieintegrasi sosial-budaya dan skor CMI lebih rendah (0,271) daripada penemuan hasil penelitian Leighton yang menunjukkan korelasi yang lebih tinggi (sekitar 0,45). Korelasi yang lebih rendah ini tampak berkaitan dengan konsepsi tentang nilai kebersamaan dan kekeluargaan yang menimbulkan rasa aman, yang sebenarnya bersifat semu.Keempat, pembangunan di lingkungan itu ternyata telah menimbulkan penderitaan psikologi, sosial-budaya dan ekonomi pada penduduk setempat. Hal ini dapat dilihat sebagai kekurangtepatan orientasi pembangunan dalam bentuk model pembangunan yang mengutamakan manfaat ekonomi secara makro, umat kurang memperhatikan kepentingan masyarakat di tingkat mikro, spasial dan sektoral. Kajian tentang stres, disintegrasi sosial-budaya, dan respons maledaptif yang bersumber pada hambatan kemampuan budaya masyarakat dalam mengatasi berbagai tantangan dalam lingkungan, menunjukkan bahwa masalah kesehatan jiwa tidak dapat diabaikan dalam penanganan masalah penggusuran. Masalah penggusuran dan kesehatan jiwa harus diperlakukan sebagai bagian integral dari pelaksanaan proyek-proyek pembangunan.

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Development Project, Relocation of Kampungs and Stress among the Marunda Besar Population, Northern JakartaThis dissertation examines the mental health problem, particularly stress, suffered by the poor facing relocation of their living quarters. The object of research was the population of Marunda Besar, Kelurahan Marunda, Northern Jakarta.

The research pointed out that material compensation in the form of moving expenses which sometimes was supplemented by the preparation of new location as a relocation package, did not guarantee in solving the problems' faced by the people. It turned out that re-location needed a more integrated 'solution, which is meticulous and subtle, towards the people's mental health.

An increase of the degree of stress and socio-cultural disintegration had been experienced by the relocated people, as the development project in the area created rapid environmental as well as socio-cultural changes. There were more maladaptive responses to these changing physical and socio-cultural environments than adaptive responses, since the existence of the project and its entire consequences had turned to be beyond the people's cultural ability to overcome_ Therefore the study on stress experienced by a developing community becomes a relevant one, which calls for an anthropological research.

This dissertation is based on the theoretical model by D.P. Lumeden concerning an open system under stress and the theory of socio-cultural integration-disintegration put forward by A. H. Leighton.

In measuring the degree of stress, the research instrument Cornell Medical Index (CMI) has been used. The instrument has been modified by the Directorate of Mental Health of the Department of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, for its use in Indonesia. With further modification on Leighton's indicators to make it relevant to the socio-cultural conditions of the Marunda Besar population, a correlation of the score of socio-cultural disintegration and CMI score could be made.

Four major findings have been gained as the following:

First, several grave environment as well as socio-cultural problems faced by the Marunda Besar population had a negative effect to the people's mental health.

Second, the results of the measurement of stress utilising CMI research instrument had proven that 73 out of 166 respondents {43.98%) suffered from psycho-physiological disorders. The percentage is much higher compared to the WHO measurements stating that the prevalence of mild mental disturbances in a community ranges between 40-80 people in every 1000 (4%-8%).

Third, the correlation between the socio-cultural disintegration score and the CMI score was lower (0.271) than the finding in the Leighton's study (around 0.45). The lower correlation is closely related to the conception on the people's cultural values of mutuality and brotherhood that create the sense of safety which is mostly imaginary.

Fourth, the development around the area turned out to have caused psychological, socio-cultural as well as economic sufferings to the local population. This can be viewed as an improper development orientation relying on the macro-economic development model with an emphasis on economic growth and gain, less sufficiently concerns with the interest of people at the micro, spatial and sectoral dimensions. The research on stress, socio-cultural disintegration, and maladaptive responses due to cultural constraints in overcoming environmental barriers, showed that mental health problem in connection with the management of relocation of people's living quarters demands serious attention. Relocation and the mental health of the relocated people should be treated as an integral part of the implementation of development projects.

Four major findings have been gained as the following:

First, several grave environment as well as socio-cultural problems faced by the Marunda Besar population had a negative effect to the people's mental health.

Second, the results of the measurement of stress utilising CMI research instrument had proven that 73 out of 166 respondents {43.98%) suffered from psycho-physiological disorders. The percentage is much higher compared to the WHO measurements stating that the prevalence of mild mental disturbances in a community ranges between 40-80 people in every 1000 (4%-8%).

Third, the correlation between the socio-cultural disintegration score and the CMI score was lower (0.271) than the finding in the Leighton's study (around 0.45). The lower correlation is closely related to the conception on the people's cultural values of mutuality and brotherhood that create the sense of safety which is mostly imaginary.

Fourth, the development around the area turned out to have caused psychological, socio-cultural as well as economic sufferings to the local population. This can be viewed as an improper development orientation relying on the macro-economic development model with an emphasis on economic growth and gain, less sufficiently concerns with the interest of people at the micro, spatial and sectoral dimensions. The research on stress, socio-cultural disintegration, and maladaptive responses due to cultural constraints in overcoming environmental barriers, showed that mental health problem in connection with the management of relocation of people's living quarters demands serious attention. Relocation and the mental health of the relocated people should be treated as an intregral part of the implementation of development projects."

"Tesis ini merupakan hasil penelitian tentang upaya pengentasan kemiskinan melalui pelaksanaan Program BRDP di desa Pagar Agung Kecamatan Seluma Kabupaten Seluma, Propinsi Bengkulu. Program ini muncul seiring dengan terjadinya krisis ekonomi tahun 1998 dan gempa bumi tektonik pada tahun 2000 yang berkekuatan 6,5 skala rikter yang berimplikasi meningkatnya jumlah penduduk miskin dari tahun ke tahun di Propinsi Bengkulu, dimana 23,37 % dari jumlah penduduk 1.592.926 jiwa tahun 2002, masih tergolong miskin.Hal ini disebabkan karena posisi tawar yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat sangat lemah, karena dihadapkan pada kondisi berusaha yang tidak kondusif, akibatnya menimbulkan kerawanan-kerawanan sosial dan terjadinya eksploitasi penggundulan hutan secara besar-besaran terutama pada hutan lindung Taman Nasional. Kerinci Sebelat (TNKS) untuk membuka ladang atau kebun yang akhirnya mengancam kelestarian hutan lindung yang ada di perbatasan Propinsi .Jambi, Sumatera Selatan dan Bengkulu, kondisi ini terjadi karena mereka tidak mampu mengatasi masalah dan memanfaatkan potensi yang ada untuk mereka kembangkan di desa, disamping itu belum adanya lembaga yang dapat menyatukan pandangan, gerak langkah mereka secara bersama-sama untuk keluar dan kemelut kemiskinan yang ada.Menyikapi hal tersebut di atas, maka pemerintah mengintervensi desa-desa yang rawan kemiskinan dengan menggulirkan salah satu program pengentasan kemiskinan yaitu melalui program BRDP (Bengkulu Regional Development Project). Sebenarnya telah ada program-program serupa dilaksanakan sebelumnya, namun belum mampu mengurangi jumlah penduduk miskin di Propinsi Bengkulu. Hal ini diduga masih kuatnya campur tangan pihak aparat pelaksana pada tingkat proses maupun tingkat pelaksanaannya, yang indikasinya belum memberdayakan dan memanfaatkan dana dimasyarakat, sehingga masyarakat cenderung terabaikan dan kurang diikutsertakan dalam pengambilan keputusan, untuk itu adanya kemungkinan segelintir masyarakat sebagai pengelola programlproyek yang menuai manfaatnya.Program BRDP merupakan program pemberdayaan yang dimaksudkan untuk memperbaiki keadaan kesejahteraan masyarakat pedesaan melalui pengembangan usaha ekonomi produktif dengan bantuan dana bergulir. Namun dalam pelaksanaannya, apakah program ini mampu membawa perubahan dalam peningkatan pendapatan di masyarakat, untuk itu perlu dilakukan penelitian yang lebih, mendalam dalam rangka untuk mengetahui bagaimana proses pemberdayaan masyarakat melalui pelaksanaan program di lapangan, serta bagaimana hasil yang dicapai dalam pelaksanaan program tersebut dan kendala/hambatan apa saja yang terjadi dalam pelaksanaan di lapangan.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptip yang mendeskripsikan dan menganalisa data berdasarkan temuan di lapangan dari informasi-informasi yang didapat dan informan yang terpilih sebanyak 18 orang, dan mereka adaiah orang-orang yang terlibat Iangsung dalam kegiatan program BRDP baik di tingkat Propinsi, Kabupaten dan Desa.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses pemberdayaan melalui pelaksanan program BRDP di masyarakat masih diwarnai dengan penyimpangan-penyimpangan yang dilakukan oleh pihak pengelola yang indikasinya belum sepenuhnya melibatkan peran aktif masyarakat. Penyimpangan banyak terjadi pada tahap persiapan dan tahap pelaksanaan. Setiap pengambilan keputusan didasarkan atas musyawarah desa, namun banyak hasil keputusan yang dilaksanakan bersifat semu karena dominasi kepentingan dari berbagai pihak masih terialu kuat. Untuk itu hasil yang dicapai dari proses pemberdayaan masyarakat melalui pelaksanaan program ini secara keseluruhan masih belum maksimal, karena terbukti banyaknya masyarakat yang masih menunjukkan sikap apatis terhadap pelaksanaan program yang cenderung hanya menginginkan untuk mendapatkan pinjaman uang. Sedangkan ditinjau dari peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat menunjukkan adanya indikasi perubahan, dimana tampak telah meningkatnya daya bell masyarakat dan telah adanya gairah untuk menyekolahkan anaknya pada jenjang yang lebih tinggi serta masyarakat telah mulai menerapkan informasi-informasi teknologi walaupun dalam prakteknya masih terdapat kendafalhambatan yang dihadapi baik ditingkat pelaksana maupun pada tingkat masyarakat itu sendiri.Agar program ini benar-benar dapat memberikan manfaat kepada masyarakat diharapkan pihak pengelola proyek/program balk tingkat pusat, propinsi maupun kabupaten serta pihak LSM dalam pelaksanaannya lebih banyak memperioritaskan keberpihakan kepada masyarakat. Masyarakat perlu diberikan pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang memadai agar usaha yang dikelolanya tidak bersifat spekulatif. Untuk mencapai hasil yang maksimal perlu lebih menanamkan kesadaran dan motivasi yang kuat baik kepada aparat pelaksana maupun kepada masyarkat. Sedangkan untuk menghidari faktor-faktor hambatan dalam pelaksanaan program dilapangan dapat diadakan pendekatan secara individual dan pendekatan kelompok."

"Angel Medinilla will provide you with a comprehensive understanding of what Agile means to an organization and the manager’s role in such an environment, i.e., how to manage, lead and motivate self-organizing teams and how to create an Agile corporate culture. Based on his background as a “veteran” Agile consultant for companies of all sizes, he delivers insights and experiences, points out possible pitfalls, presents practical approaches and possible scenarios, also including detailed suggestions for further reading."

"ABSTRACTThe distraction of tropical rain forest in developing world has destroyed the forest ecological balance and affected its Inhabitants. In Indonesia, Increasing pressure on farm and forest lands has led the State Forest Corporation (SFC) to device a social forestry program. One of which was Implemented In Sanggau district, West Kalimantan province. The project, called Social Forestry Development Project (SFDP), aimed at establishing forest management system which allow for adequate income generation for the local population while preserving the forest ecological stability. The nutrition related activities of the project involved development of agricultural production, Income generation, development of Infrastructure facilities, and nutrition education. The study was conducted to Investigate the changes In nutritional situation of forest communities after three years Implementation of the SFDP In Sanggau district, West Kalimantan province. Two-repeat cross-sectional study was carried out In five sub villages of the project areas. Thirty households with under five children from each sub village were randomly selected from the list of total households that have under five children. Totally 152 households with 206 under five children from the first survey (April, 1993) and 151 households with 190 under five children from the second survey (September, 1996) were covered. Data on demographic characteristics, the nutritional status of under five children, socioeconomic conditions, sanitation conditions, food availability, food intake, child feeding practices, health services, exposure to Infectious diseases, and mothers' health and nutritional conditions were collected In both 1993 and 1996 surveys. Lower stunting prevalence (50.9% Vs 69.5%) and improved HAZ (-2.09 ± 1.46 Vs -2.70 ± 1.23) of children are observed in the area In 1996 compared to that In 1993. Suggesting that the project benefited the linear growth of children. The economic condition and food availability of the households In the area, as indicated by the Increase In percentage of households who owned radio and television (43.3% Vs 21.1% and 12.1% Vs 2.7%, respectively) and the decrease In percentage of those who experience food shortage (48.2% Vs 79.6%), was Improved. Significant Improvement was also observed In household consumption frequency of some food items and the ownership of KMS as well as Immunization coverage among the under five children. However, the sanitation condition and weaning practices in the area remained unchanged or even become worse and has led to high occurrence of diarrhea and Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI). It was concluded that, the SFDP benefited linear growth of children by Improving the condition of some nutritional determinants. Therefore, the continuation and improvement of all current nutritional related activities of the project is recommended. Since the sanitation condition and weaning practices in the area was still bad, other recommendation would be an Introduction of latrine and clean water supply and weaning time for Infant at the age of 4-6 months instead of at younger age (less than 4 months)."

"During the past thirty years Sumatra has undergone the highest deforestation rate in all of Indonesia. This is the result of the Indonesian forest management that mainly focuses on wood exploitation. In addition, the high rate of human settlements and unplanned development has accelerated the conversion of forests into palm plantations, rubber, coffee, tea and other crops. These conversions will ultimately decrease the biodiversity of Sumatra, therefore it is very important than effective conservation areas be placed to conserve the biodiversity of Sumatra.This thesis is a compilation of two scientific papers entitled 1) The Decrease of Ecosystem Types and Its Representation in Conservation Areas of Sumatra and 2) Development, Distribution. and Management of Conservation Areas in Sumatra. The first paper discusses the causes of the area decrease of each ecosystem types and its representation in conservation areas and also to give recommendations if whether an ecosystem type is not represented. The second paper discuses area development and distribution of conservation areas in Sumatra from 1967-2000; analyses the level of management in conservation areas from the point of view of regional autonomy in governance, funding and human resources. Gap analysis and descriptive methods were use to asses ecosystem types that are currently represented in conservation area. Data is compiled from a variety of resources, mostly from competent institution, such as Dept. of Forestry, Dept. of Agriculture, Dept. of Transmigration, State Office of The Ministry of Environment, and Central Biro of Statistics and non-government organizations (CIFOR, CI-IP, WWF, Wetland International, Birdlife, Walhi, and other local NGO's).The main causes of degradation and shrinkage of ecosystems in Sumatra are illegal logging, extensive transmigration, illegal mining, plantations, and forest fires, The Sumatran ecosystems can be divided into 15 types, One of them-the heath forests has not been represented in any conservation areas. Seven types of ecosystem have less than 10% representation in conservation areas. They are: semi-evergreen rainforest (1 %), ironwood forests (2%), peat swamp forest (2%), mangrove forests (4%), lowland evergreen rainforest (5%), freshwater swamp forests (6%), and tropical pine forest (7%). Six other ecosystems that are represented adequately (more than 10%) are: mountain moist forest (14%), lowland limestone forests (15%); sandy-beach forests (15%) sub alpine forest (21%), limestone mountain forests (29 %), and coral reefs (30%). There is one ecosystem not discussed (rivers and lakes) because of the lack of data and information. Ecosystems that aren't adequately represented in conservation areas are mostly in low land forest; these regions have in fact undergone deforestation and conversions. Adding conservation areas for these ecosystems can be done by legislating already existing conservation area proposals.The development of conservation area management in Sumatra is towards the making of National Parks, which encompasses 75% (3.430.390 ha) of the total conservation areas (4.567.750 ha). Besides of being large, in area wise, national parks have more funding and human resources. Parks also accommodate the various functions of conservation areas. Judging from its size, more than 81% (3.699.878 ha) of the total conservation areas in Sumatra are small (less than 50.000 ha) which spreads over low land areas, The distribution of conservation areas in Sumatra is 60% (2.653.000 ha) on high land areas.Sumatra's national parks are funded averagely below parks in Java. Parks in Sumatra are run at an average of Rp 2.500 per hectare, where else in Java, it is Rp 37.000 per hectare. The same situation applies to ratio of land to human resources. In Sumatra one forest service employee must cover 3.500 hectares of park area, meanwhile in Gunung Gede Pangranggo National Park (Java) one employee has to cover 158 hectares. Noting the various problems in Sumatra such as illegal settlements, illegal logging, illegal cattle herding, poaching, forest fires and etc. the current condition is far from adequate. Even with limited funding, by utilizing management systems like ICDP (Integrated Community Development Project), IPAS (Integrated Protected Areas System) or Ecosystem Management, the goals of conservation will hopefully be reached."