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"ABSTRACTFor a private firm the primary concern of stakeholders from management, employees and shareholders is sustainability. Not so much about ethics, particularly if survival is at stake. Business environment however is not always friendly. Uncertainty could come from government regulations. Many regulations are created to correct for negative externalities from private firm operation. Facing the possibility of business stoppage, many firms would have no choice but to pay grease money to speed up the process.One example of regulation that may have adverse impact on manufacturing is import restriction or import licensing on vital imported inputs. In order to produce high quality product firms often have import critical inputs simply because the domestic industry is unable to meet the quality or simply it does not exist. Particularly so is an export-oriented firm that has to compete in the global market.Interestingly, import bans, import restrictions and other types of quantitative restrictions may not be binding. The execution of prohibitive regulations is mainly in the hand of lower level bureaucrats. With weak supervision from the upper echelon, private firms with their survivability at stake may have to forego "ethics" by bribing lower level bureaucrats in order to obtain vital inputs.Using the annual survey of Indonesia manufacturing we examine the behaviour of manufacturing in the post-commodity boom era after 2012 when the country is becoming more protectionist. The initial hypothesis suggests that exporting firms use imported inputs proportionally higher than non-exporters. As a result, when the government restricted import in the post commodity boom era, the proportion of bribe and representation expense is higher than their non-exporting counterparts. This behaviour is also observed when instead, FDI versus non FDI firms are compared. Overall there is no increase on the firm export orientation."

"Delving into the effects of microfinance in both rural and urban communities, this book will be of interest to researchers of women studies, microfinance, and development economics."

"Geared towards policy makers, researchers, academics, and business and management professionals, The Gains and Pains of Financial Integration and Trade Liberalization helps readers develop new theories and models for analysing the future trends in finance and trade-related issues."

"This book presents a novel integrated theory within which this case study on Finland and contemporary modeling of underlying causes of tropical deforestation are developed. Finland remains the world’s second largest net exporter of forest products, while maintaining the highest forest cover in Europe. A transition from deforestation to sustainable industrial forestry took place in Finland during the first part of the 20th century. The underlying causes of this transition are compared via our theory with deforestation in 74 contemporary tropical countries. Both appear similar and support our theory."

"Indonesia memiliki potensi dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi, namun belum dapat merealisasikan tersebut karena beberapa faktor. Untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini, beberapa penelitian menyarankan bahwa Indonesia harus memanfaatkan sektor Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (ICT). Sejauh ini, sudah banyak penelitian yang membahas dampak dari pemanfaatan ICT terhadap perekonomian, namun belum banyak yang membahas terhadap konteks Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat dampak ICT terhadap perekonomian dalam skala mikro. Penelitian ini menggunakan akses terhadap ICT sebagai variable independen dan pendapatan individual sebagai variabel dependen, yang mana data tersebut ditarik dari Survey Ekonomi Nasional 2017. Hasilnya adalah, betul, akses terhadap ICT memengaruhi pendapatan individu. Selanjutnya, ada beberapa temuan dalam penelitian ini seperti: perempuan merasakan dampak yang lebih banyak dari laki-laki dalam penggunaan ICT terhadap pendapatan, pekerja di sektor primer dan sekunder tidak diuntungkan lebih banyak dibandingkan sektor tersier.

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Indonesia has a lot of potential in terms of economic growth, but lacking in several departments to realize it. To counter this, several studies has suggested that Indonesia must embrace the field of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Several research has studied the impact of ICT development toward economic growth, but none has been conducted in Indonesia. This study aims to highlight and find out whether ICT adoption in Indonesia could truly impact the economy on micro level. The study uses ICT access as independent variable and individual income as the dependent variable, which are gained from Survey Ekonomi Nasional 2017. The result is, indeed, access toward ICT really do impact an individual’s income. Furthermore, some surprising findings emerges in this study as follows: women have a tendency to reap more benefits by having an access toward ICT compared to men, Workers in primary and secondary sector does not gain more benefit by having an access toward ICT if compared to tertiary sector.

 

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"This monograph, the first English book available on “modernization science,” interprets its concepts, methodologies, general theories, first and second modernization, six level-specific, six field-specific and three sector-specific modernizations, modernization policy and evaluation, and the principles and methods of national development since the 18th century. It provides clear, systematic, up-to-date information on this new discipline with more than 173 figures and 265 tables, and covers 131 countries and 97% of the global population."

"“Born global” (BG) firms have attracted many researchers throughout the last decade. The emergence of this phenomenon initially posed a serious challenge to the validity and applicability of the traditional “stage” theory of internationalization; however, scholars have more recently been able to reconcile traditional and new theories into a single framework for studying the process of internationalization. This volume applies both network theory and knowledge-based theory to analyze export assistance in the context of internationalization of low-tech BG firms in developing countries (with an in-depth study of the apparel industry in Bangladesh). ;"

"This book provides an overview of the state of animal agriculture and present methodologies and proposals to develop policies that result in sustainable and profitable animal production that will protect human and environmental health, enhance livelihood of smallholders and meet consumer needs. The book combines lessons of the past, factual foundation to understand the present, analytical tools to design and improve policies, case studies that provide both empirical grounding and applications of some of the strategies suggested in this book, and finally, a proposal for the way forward. The book is divided into five parts. The first section of the book will provide an analysis of the evolution of animal agriculture in the context of the development of farming systems over the years. The second part of the book will provide an overview of some of the major strands of literature on the economics and health of animal agriculture. The third and fourth sections of the book emphasize an important case study, avian influenza with applications in Southeast Asia and Africa. Finally, the book summarizes the state of knowledge and current trajectory of animal agriculture and provides policy recommendations to both control animal disease and support research that would lead to prosperous, sustainable animal agriculture in the future. This volume contains contributions from leading researchers in agricultural economics environmental economics, veterinary science, and natural resource management and will be of interest to academics and students in those fields as well as policy-makers in government or international organizations that focus on animal agriculture, health and the environment."

"In this context, transfer of technical knowledge from the larger organizations and its global epistemic communities to member communities is becoming a policy tool to “convince” participants in the international system to have similar ideas about which rules will govern their mutual participation. In the realm of finance and banking regulation, the primary focus is on transfer of specialized and procedural knowledge in technical domains (such as accounting procedures, payment systems, and corporate governance principles), thereby promoting institutional learning at national and local levels. In this volume, the authors provide in-depth analysis of initiatives to demonstrate how this type of knowledge generated at the international organization level, is codified into global standards, and disseminated to members, particularly in the developing world, where the legal and regulatory infrastructure is often lacking."

"In this volume, Vivienne Wang and Elias G. Carayannis apply both theoretical approaches and empirical analysis to explore the dynamics of innovation in developing countries, with a particular emphasis on R&D in manufacturing firms. Their research addresses such questions as, do innovations advance the competitive positions of manufacturing firms in developing countries?Does the pace of innovation matter, in particular, in socio-economic and socio-political contexts? To what degree can national innovation systems and policies influence development? To what extent do a firm’s innovation commitments correlate with the protection of intellectual property rights? What roles do foreign direct investment and relationships with clusters and networks play? The resulting analysis not only challenges traditional theoretical approaches to innovation, but provides suggestions for improving business practice and policymaking."