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"This book presents a system of critical appraisal applicable to clinical, epidemiological and public health studies and to many other fields. It assumes no prior knowledge. The methods are relevant to students, practitioners and policymakers. The book shows how to assess if the results of one study or of many studies show a causal effect. The book discusses study designs: randomised and non-randomised trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and surveys, showing the presentation of results including person-time and survival analysis, and issues in the selection of subjects. The system shows how to describe a study, how to detect and assess selection biases, observation bias, confounding, and chance variation, and how to assess internal validity and external validity (generalisability). Statistical methods are presented assuming no previous knowledge, and showing applications to each study design. Positive features of causation including strength, dose-response, and consistency are discussed. The book shows how to do systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and discusses publication bias. Systems of assessing all evidence are shown, leading to a general method of critical appraisal based on 20 key questions in five groups, which can be applied to any type of study or any topic. Six chapters show the application of this method to randomised trials, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, and case-control studies. An appendix summarises key statistical methods, each with a worked example. Each main chapter has self-test questions, with answers provided."

"Apoteker adalah profesi yang memberikan pelayanan farmasi klinik dengan berorientasi pada pasien, bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil terapi obat dan mengurangi risiko efek samping. Dalam praktiknya, apoteker sebagai decision maker pada konsep 10-star pharmacist, diharapkan untuk mengambil keputusan yang baik, dimana hal tersebut dapat dicapai dengan pendekatan pengobatan berbasis bukti atau evidence-based medicine (EBM). Penggunaan bukti yang dapat diandalkan sangat penting dalam membuat keputusan terhadap terapi untuk pasien. Contohnya adalah pasien dengan penyakit kardiovaskular di Indonesia yang semakin berkembang, sedangkan tiap pasien memiliki kondisi unik yang mungkin memerlukan penanganan yang berbeda-beda. Keputusan penggunaan obat selalu mempertimbangkan kemanan dan khasiat, sehingga dapat meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien dengan risiko yang minimal. Dalam laporan ini, jurnal tentang efek obat kardiovaskular oleh Ma et al., (2021) ditelaah secara kritis berdasarkan EBM, dan jurnal oleh Adesuyan et al., (2022) dirangkum. Telaah kritis jurnal tentang efek obat kardiovaskular yang mengacu pada appraisal tools oleh Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). Hasil dari telaah kritis jurnal oleh Ma et al., (2021) menegaskan keandalan data studi, namun diperlukan penelusuran lebih lanjut untuk memastikan keamanan penggunaan 4-5 obat kombinasi untuk mengatasi stroke iskemik dan serangan iskemik transien pada populasi Indonesia. Ringkasan tinjauan sistematis dari Adesuyan et al., (2022) menunjukkan bahwa obat antihipertensi golongan angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) dapat secara signifikan mengurangi risiko Alzheimer's disease, dengan analisis sensitivitas dan heterogenitas yang tinggi sebagai penegasnya.

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A pharmacist is a profession who provides patient-oriented clinical pharmacy services, aiming to improve the results of drug therapy and reduce the risk of side effects. In practice, pharmacists as decision-makers in the 10-star pharmacist concept, are expected to make good decisions, which can be achieved through an evidence-based medicine (EBM) approach. The use of reliable evidence is essential in making therapeutic decisions for patients. For example, with the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular disease in Indonesia, each patient may have unique conditions that require individualized treatment. Decisions regarding drug use always consider safety and efficacy to enhance the patient's quality of life with minimal risk. In this report, a journal about the effects of cardiovascular drugs by Ma et al., (2021) is critically appraised based on EBM, and a journal by Adesuyan et al., (2022) is summarized. Critical appraisal of journal on the effects of cardiovascular drugs referring to appraisal tools by the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP). The results of a critical appraisal of the journal by Ma et al., (2021) confirm the reliability of the study data, but further investigation is needed to ensure the safety of using 4-5 combination drugs to treat ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attacks in Indonesian population. The systematic review journal summary from Adesuyan et al., (2022) shows that angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) antihypertensive drugs can significantly reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease, with high sensitivity and heterogeneity analysis as confirmation."