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"We investigate consumer price convergence for 82 Indonesian cities using monthly data from 2014 to 2019. To do so, we employ recent techniques of club convergence and weak sigma convergence. The results reveal, first, consumer price divergence, implying price rigidities across the cities. Second, we find four clubs, suggesting that Indonesian cities converge along four unique transition paths. Third, we find weak evidence of consumer price convergence, suggesting that prices among Indonesian cities adjust, but not freely. Policy should therefore consider unique convergence paths for each club to promote stronger consumer price convergence."

"This research is aimed to identify -disparity of per capita income in of the Kasaba border area (Kalimantan-Sarawak-Sabah) in West Kalimantan and East Kalimantan over the period 2001-2007. It was done by observing the coefficient variation that shows whether the sigma convergence happened or not. The other aims are to examine the determinant of beta convergence using OLS regressions with panel data. The results show that sigma convergence was not happened in West Kalimantan and East Kalimantan over the period 2001-2007. This indicated that the disparity of per capita income was happened. Beta convergence analysis indicated that absolute convergence was happened with convergence rate is 4.46 percent per year and the half-life convergence is 15.45 years. Development expenditure variable, work force participation rate and educational attainment were gave positive influence. On the other hand population growth variable was gave negative influence to the conditional convergence with convergence rate is 4.39 percent per year and the half-life convergence is 15.71 years."

"Dengan menggunakan data panel 505 kabupaten/kota di Indonesia selama periode pelaksanaan desentralisasi dari tahun 2001-2017, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji tentang indikasi konvergensi perekonomian antar daerah di Indonesia dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal terhadap konvergensi pendapatan perkapita antar daerah di Indonesia. Indikator desentralisasi fiskal menggunakan indikator pendapatan dan indikator belanja daerah. Indikator pendapatan daerah terdiri dari pendapatatan asli daerah, dana bagi hasil, dan dana transfer. Indikator belanja daerah fokus pada belanja sektor pendidikan, sektor kesehatan, dan sektor infrastruktur. Menggunakan analisa konvergensi statis, penelitian ini menemukan bukti bahwa terjadi konvergensi pendapatan perkapita antar kabupaten/kota di Indonesia. Analisa konvergensi dinamis dengan model absolute convergence dan conditional convergence. Hasil estimasi model absolute convergence menunjukkan terjadinya konvergensi pendapatan perkapita antar kabupaten/kota di Indonesia dengan tingkat konvergensi sebesar 7 persen. Sedangkan hasil estimasi model conditional convergence menghasilkan tingkat konvergensi sebesar 19 persen ketika tenaga kerja, investasi, angka partisipasi pendidikan, dan indikator desentralisasi fiskal disertakan dalam model.

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Using panel data of 505 regency/municipality in Indonesia during the implementation period of decentralization from 2001-2017, this study aims to examine indications of economic convergence between regions in Indonesia and to determine the effect of fiscal decentralization policies on the convergence of per capita income between regions in Indonesia. Fiscal decentralization indicators use income indicators and regional expenditure indicators. Regional income indicators consist of local revenue, revenue sharing funds and transfer funds. Regional expenditure indicators focus on spending on the education sector, the health sector, and the infrastructure sector.

Using a static convergence analysis, this study found evidence that there was a convergence of per capita income between regency/municipality in Indonesia. Analysis of dynamic convergence with absolute convergence and conditional convergence models. The absolute convergence model estimation results show the convergence of per capita income between regency/municipality in Indonesia with a convergence rate of 7 percent. While the estimation results of the conditional convergence model produce a convergence rate of 19 percent when labor, investment, education participation rates, and indicators of fiscal decentralization are included in the model."

"In the past decade, convergence of regional per capita income has been a frequent object of regional studies- In the case of Indonesia, research on this issue has been exploited for many years- However, differences in methods of analysis often yield different results. Further more, prior studies do not elaborate the advantages of each method. This paper will focus on this issue with stressing on searching of the appropriate methods-Rather a-convergence, we use Theil index to analyze regional disparity and found that regional convergence in Indonesia does not appear to be a simple monotonic process, but seems to vary over time -and hence requires explanation. From here, we suggest that the use of long-term interval in regression of &? convergence analysis will destroy the relationship among variables. The use of least square methods only suitable for absolute convergence analysis. We conclude that the most appropriate methods for conditional ^convergence are instrumental methods. As an alternative one, we suggest panel-data methods.We found that the convergence rate in Indonesia is slow at 2,59 percent per year over 1975-2000. With conditional convergence analysis, we found that the difference on growth rate can be explained systematically by a set of explanatory variables. The inclusion of these variables makes the convergence rate become faster which is 3.97 percent per year. Most of this variables are under controlled by government. In summary, we conclude that government policies have significant influence for rapid and sustainable regional economic growth."

"Kemajuan teknologi komunikasi mendorong lahirnya konvergensi media. Konvergensi menyebabkan adanya perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi di seputar lingkungan media, mulai dari segi organisasi, sistem, hingga para pekerjanya. Kemudian konvergensi media pun melahirkan tuntutan-tuntutan baru bagi para pekerja media, terutama jurnalis. Jurnalis dituntut untuk memiliki berbagai keterampilan yang dapat memdukungnya dalam memproduksi informasi ke beragam bentuk media. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dibuat agar dapat menggambarkan keterampilan apa saja yang seharusnya dimiliki seorang jurnalis jika dia bekerja di lingkungan media yang terkonvergensi. Selain itu akan diangkat pula hambatan yang dialami para jurnalis serta kesiapan mereka dalam menghadapi era konvergensi media di Jakarta, Indonesia.

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Innovation in communication technologies leads the world to media convergence. Convergence also causes some changes inside the media itself; on the organizational level, the system level, and the workers level. Convergence demands new skills requirement for journalist. There are new set of skills that journalist must have to support them producting information for different kinds of media. This research goal is to give a detail description about journalist?s ?must-have? skills in the era of media convergence. There are also some descriptions about obstacles that journalist have to deal with and their preparation for working in media convergence era."

"Penelitian ini memberikan bukti empiris terjadinya konvergensi pertumbuhan ekonomi antara provinsi di Indonesia. Model pertumbuhan neoklasik menyatakan bahwa dalam jangka panjang perekonomian akan mengalami konvergensi, di mana perekonomian daerah miskin akan tumbuh lebih cepat dibandingkan perekonomian daerah kaya (β-convergence). Kondisi tersebut kemudian mendorong terjadinya penurunan dispersi antar provinsi (σ-convergence). Analisis σ-convergence dilakukan dengan menghitung standar deviasi dari log pendapatan per kapita, sedangkan analisa β-convergence dilakukan melalui model absolute convergence dan conditional convergence. Model absolute convergence mencoba melihat pengaruh initial PDRB per capita terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, sedangkan model conditional convergence mencoba menambahkan sumber pertumbuhan lainnya. Hasil estimasi σ-convergence dan β-convergence menunjukkan terjadinya konvergensi pertumbuhan ekonomi antar-provinsi. β-convergence dengan menggunakan data panel (1995-2005) yang menunjukan laju konvergensi adalah sebesar 2% per tahun (absolute convergence), sedangkan hasil estimasi model conditional convergence menunjukan laju konvergensi sebesar 4.8% per tahun saat variabel lain seperti modal noninfrastrktur, tenaga kerja dan modal infrastruktur disertakan dalam estimasi. Saat variabel dummy krisis dan population growth turut dimasukan, hasil menunjukkan laju konvergensi melambat (2.9% per tahun), dan mengalami peningkatan (3% per tahun) saat variabel dummy otonomi daerah dimasukkan dalam model."

"Perawatan dengan gigi tiruan cekat merupakan perawatan yang cukup banyak dilakukan untuk mengatasi kasus kehilangan gigi. Salah satu perawatan dengan gigi tiruan cekat adalah gigi tiruan jembatan. Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan perawatan dengan gigi tiruan jembatan. Preparasi gigi merupakan hal yang paling penting karena preparasi gigi akan menghasilkan bentuk untuk menjadi fondasi bagi gigi tiruan tersebut. Preparasi gigi penyangga yang optimal untuk pembuatan gigi tiruan jembatan sukar dilakukan dengan sempurna. Pada preparasi gigi penyangga, syarat mekanis untuk mendapatkan retensi dan resistensi yang baik adalah pembentukan dinding aksial dengan derajat kemiringan/konvergensi tertentu. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat derajat konvergensi mesiodistal pada preparasi gigi penyangga berdasarkan lokasi gigi di RSGMP FKG UI. Data diperoleh dari 20 model kerja yang didapat dari pasien gigi tiruan jembatan di klinik Prostodonsia RSGMP FKG UI secara konsekutif. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 40 gigi penyangga yang telah dipreparasi dengan satu kali pengamatan terhadap sudut konvergensi mesiodistal menggunakan kamera digital. Setelah itu dihitung rata-rata sudut konvergensi mesiodistal yang dibentuk dan dikelompokkan berdasarkan lokasi gigi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sudut konvergensi mesiodistal yang paling kecil dibentuk adalah pada preparasi gigi anterior rahang atas kiri dan sudut konvergensi mesiodistal yang terbesar adalah pada preparasi gigi molar rahang atas kiri. Berdasarkan penelitian tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa semakin posterior lokasi gigi yang dipreparasi, semakin besar derajat konvergensi mesiodistal yang dibentuk. Hal ini mungkin disebabkan karena akses untuk gigi posterior lebih sulit, yaitu berkaitan dengan visualisasi yang terbatas. Selain itu, gigi posterior memiliki bentuk anatomis dengan keliling/diameter permukaan yang lebih besar dibanding dengan gigi anterior sehingga sulit untuk mendeteksi sudut dengan derajat kecil.

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Fixed prostheses is becoming more frequent and common treatment in field of dentistry for replacing a missing tooth. An example of such treatment is by utilizing a bridge. There are a number of factors that influences the successful outcome of bridge work treatment. Tooth preparation is considered as the most important stage in any dental restoration because it serves as the foundation in any restoration procedure. Optimal abutment tooth preparation in bridge construction is usually difficult and is rarely achieved perfectly. During abutment tooth preparation, mechanical requirements for good retention and resistance can be obtained by a form of convergence angle/taper. The objective of this study is to investigate the degree of mesiodistal convergence in abutment tooth preparation based on tooth location in Dental Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia. The data used are extracted consecutively from 20 working models developed for bridge patients in the hospital, and with 40 abutment teeth already prepared from a single observation of mesiodistal convergence angle using a digital camera. Mesiodistal convergence angle are measured in order to derive average values and, than, to be grouped based on teeth locations. This study reveals that the smallest mesiodistal convergence angle is formed in left upper jaw anterior tooth preparation, while left upper jaw molar tooth preparation produced the largest mesiodistal convergence angle. Based on the analysis derived in this study, it can be concluded that when the location of the treated tooth is more posterior, the angle of mesiodistal convergence will become larger. This may be due to the fact that posterior teeth are normally more difficult to be reached since visually it is more limited. In addition, posterior teeth have larger surface area due to wider circumference or diameter compared to anterior teeth and, hence, causing more difficulties in detecting angle with less degrees."

"Perkembangan teknologi komunikasi dan informasi dewasa ini membawa perubahan signifikan terhadap media. Media massa konvensional semacam radio, televisi, surat kabar, film, rekaman suara (sound recording) terkonvergensi berkat berkat kehadiran teknologi digital dan internet yang mampu meleburkan industri media, komputer, dan telekomunikasi menjadi satu. Dengan demikian, penulisan sejarah media konvensional yang cenderung memisah-misahkan berbagai bentuk media kini tidak relevan lagi. Sejarah media mesti ditulis ulang secara terkonvergensi sebagai sebuah kesatuan utuh. Makalah ini berupaya mengkaji sejarah media secara terkonvergen dalam konteks keindonesiaan dengan menggunakan konsep-konsep dalam buku “Media Convergence History” sebagai pisau analisisnya. Makalah ini merupakan kajian literatur yang tidak menggunakan pendekatan kronologi dalam pembahasannya dan memilih pendekatan ‘flashback’ sebagaimana digunakan dalam buku “Media Convergence History” (Janet Staiger dan Sabine Hake, 2009). Dari kajian literatur-literatur yang diperoleh, menyimpulkan bahwa konvergensi media di Indonesia terutama bergerak dalam dimensi industri (industrial convergence) dan budaya (cultural convergence). Technological convergence menuju media baru web 2.0 terhambat oleh lemahnya penegakan hukum terhadap cyber crime.

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The development of information and communication technology today brings significant changes to the media . Conventional mass media such as radio , television , newspapers , films , sound recordings are converged due to the presence of digital technology and the internet which also merge the media industry , computer , and telecommunications . Thus , the writing of conventional media history which tend to isolate various forms of media now no longer relevant . The history of media must be rewritten as a converged and unified entity . This paper seeks to examine the history of media in the context of Indonesia through convergence perspective by using amount of concepts adopted from the book " Media Convergence History " ( Janet Staiger and Sabine Hake , 2009) as the tools of analysis. This paper does not use a chronological approach to its discussion, yet chooses the ' flashback approach' as used in the book " Media Convergence History ". The result of literaure study conducted concluds that the convergence of media in Indonesia is mainly engaged in industrial dimensions ( industrial convergence ) and cultural dimension (cultural convergence ) . Technological convergence towards new media web 2.0 is hampered by the lack of law enforcement against cyber crime ."