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"Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dan membandingkan kerangka hukum perdagangan karbon di Uni Eropa, China, dan Indonesia dengan fokus pada dua aspek utama: kerangka hukum dan kebijakan karbon di UE dan China, serta potensi adopsi dan penyempurnaan regulasi Indonesia berdasarkan pembelajaran dari kedua entitas tersebut. Menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan komparatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia telah membangun fondasi regulasi perdagangan karbon melalui Peraturan Presiden No. 98/2021, UU No. 7/2021, UU No. 4/2023, dan Permen LHK No. 21/2022, dengan fokus utama pada sektor kehutanan dan penerapan nilai ekonomi karbon. UE, dengan EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) yang mapan sejak 2005, menawarkan model komprehensif multisektor dengan mekanisme penyesuaian karbon lintas batas/carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM). Sementara itu, China meluncurkan ETS nasional pada 2021 dengan pendekatan berbasis intensitas karbon (carbon intensity), fokus awal pada sektor pembangkit listrik, dan rencana perluasan bertahap. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa meskipun Indonesia telah membuat kemajuan signifikan, masih ada ruang untuk penyempurnaan regulasi perdagangan karbon. Adopsi praktik terbaik dari UE dan China, disesuaikan dengan konteks nasional, dapat memperkuat efektivitas sistem perdagangan karbon Indonesia dalam mendukung pencapaian target pengurangan emisi dan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Rekomendasi ini diharapkan berkontribusi pada pengembangan dan penegakan hukum perdagangan karbon di Indonesia yang lebih komprehensif, efektif, dan selaras dengan tren global.

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This research aims to analyze and compare the legal frameworks for carbon trading in the European Union, China, and Indonesia, focusing on two main aspects: the current carbon trading legal frameworks in the EU, China, and Indonesia, and the potential adoption and improvement of Indonesian regulations based on lessons learned from these two entities. The research findings indicate that Indonesia has established a foundation for carbon trading regulations through Presidential Regulation No. 98/2021, Law No. 7/2021, Law No. 4/2023, and Ministry of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 21/2022, with a primary focus on the forestry sector and the implementation of carbon economic value. The EU, with its well-established Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) since 2005, offers a comprehensive multi-sector model with a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). Meanwhile, China launched its national ETS in 2021 with a carbon intensity-based approach, initially focusing on the power generation sector, with plans for gradual expansion. This study concludes that although Indonesia has made significant progress, there is still room for improvement in carbon trading regulations. Adopting best practices from the EU and China, adapted to the national context, can strengthen the effectiveness of Indonesia's carbon trading system in supporting emission reduction targets and sustainable development. These recommendations are expected to contribute to the development and enforcement of more comprehensive, effective, and globally aligned carbon trading laws in Indonesia."

"This study aims to examine the implementation of carbon pricing collection in Indonesia. This study also provides a review of the potentials for excise revenue, income tax (PPh), and value-added tax (VAT) from carbon emissions and an effort to build integrated supervision among stakeholders. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. The research data were obtained from a review of documents and regulations regarding carbon emissions. The research was conducted by comparing the best practices in the worldwide with the Indonesia government policy on carbon taxes. The results show a great potential for the country to apply carbon pricing collection through carbon taxes, carbon permits, or cap-and-trade (emission trading system). On the other hand, the collection of a tax on carbon or cap-and-trade schemes requires complex oversight. Therefore, a synergy among institutions is needed, such as the Directorate General of Taxes (DJP), the Financial Services Authority (OJK), and the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK). The digitization of the system and the establishment of a data warehouse are the main strategies to support the performance of the task force involving the three institutions in implementing joint audits. The recommendation from this research is that Indonesia should immediately implement the carbon pricing policy and form joint audits in monitoring its implementation. This research encourages further research on carbon pricing, carbon tax, PPh and VAT, as well as research on the economic impact of the policy at each level of carbon emission rates."