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"Pemakaian energi pada gedung merupakan sumber terbesar konsumsi energi. green building merupakan konsep penghematan energi yang berstandar internasional. Audit energi bangunan menggunakan simulasi software adalah salah satu cara untuk mengetahui bagaimana konsumsi energi bangunan dan mencari alternatif untuk mengurangi konsumsi energinya agar memenuhi kriteria sebagai gedung hemat energi. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan software EnergyPlus yang memiliki keunggulan dibanding software simulasi energi lainnya. Simulasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan sistem pendingin unitary dan VAV pada rancangan gedung MRC FT-UI. Dari hasil simulasi tersebut diketahui bahwa sistem VAV merupakan sistem yang lebih efisien dengan konsumsi energi sebesar 1386,67 GJ/tahun dan dapat menjaga dengan baik kondisi kenyaman ruangan pada temperatur 24,5 oC dan relative humidity antara 45%-65%.

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Energy used in buildings is the largest source of energy consumption. Green building is the concept of energy saving or energy efficient based on international standard. Energy audits of buildings using the simulation software is one of the way to find out how the building energy consumption and find alternatives to reduce the energy consumption of its buildings to meet the criteria as energy- efficient buildings. This study used the EnergyPlus software which has more advantage then the other energy simulation software. The simulation using unitary and VAV cooling system in the MRC FT-UI building. From the simulation results can be known that the VAV system is more efficient with energy consumption of 1386,68 GJ/year and can maintain good indoor comfort conditions at the temperature of 24,5 oC and relative humidity between 45% -65%."

"Heating load calculations are essential to optimize energy use in buildings during the winter season. Instantaneous heating loads are determined by the outdoor weather conditions. It is intended to develop a method to predict instantaneous building heating loads, depending on various combinations of current input parameters so as to apply HVAC equipment operations. Heating loads have been calculated in a representative apartment building for one month in Seoul using Energy Plus. The datasets obtained are used to train artificial neural networks. Dry bulb temperature, dew point temperature, global horizontal radiation, direct normal radiation and wind speed are selected as the input parameters for training, while heating loads are the output. The design of experiments is used to investigate the effect of individual input parameters on the heating loads. The results of this study show the feasibility of using a machine learning technique to predict instantaneous heating loads for optimal building operations."

"Bangunan mempunyai konsumsi energi yang besar untuk pendinginan ruang demi mempertahankan lingkungan termal yang nyaman, dengan konsumsi energi keseluruhan di bangunan mewakili 36% dari semua sektor industri. Sistem HVAC menyumbang 49% dari konsumsi listrik di bangunan. Meningkatkan kinerja termal menggunakan Penyimpanan Energi Termal (TES) pasif dapat mengurangi konsumsi listrik dengan menurunkan beban pendinginan. Studi ini berfokus pada PCM Solid-solid (SS-PCM), yang menyerap dan melepaskan panas tanpa perubahan fase, sehingga mempertahankan kenyamanan termal tanpa enkapsulasi, memperpanjang penggunaan HVAC, dan meningkatkan efisiensi energi. SS-PCM Linear Polyurethane 2000 (PUL-2K) diintegrasikan ke dalam Jendela Ganda (DGW) untuk mengurangi suhu bangunan secara pasif. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan ketebalan optimal SS-PCM dan penghematan energi yang dicapai dibandingkan dengan DGW biasa. Eksperimen menggunakan Glass-Reinforced Concrete (GRC) dengan sistem pendingin disertai variasi iradiasi (1000 W/m², 750 W/m², dan 500 W/m²), serta lima sampel ketebalan SS-PCM DGW (3 – 7 mm), studi menemukan bahwa DGW dengan SS-PCM PUL-2K secara efektif mengurangi suhu ruangan. Ketebalan optimal SS-PCM PUL-2K adalah 3 mm, menghasilkan penghematan energi rata-rata 12,49%. Secara keseluruhan, DGW dengan SS-PCM PUL-2K mencapai penghematan energi hingga 16,15%, dengan rata-rata 8,19%, menunjukkan potensi signifikan untuk TES dalam konservasi energi bangunan.

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Buildings consume a substantial amount of energy for space cooling to maintain a comfortable thermal environment, with the overall energy consumption in buildings representing 36% of all industrial sectors. HVAC systems account for 49% of electrical energy in buildings. Enhancing thermal performance using passive Thermal Energy Storage (TES) can reduce electrical energy consumption by lowering the cooling load. This study focuses on Solid-solid PCM (SS-PCM), which absorbs and releases heat without phase change, thus maintaining thermal comfort without encapsulation, extending HVAC usage, and improving energy efficiency. The SS-PCM Linear Polyurethane 2000 (PUL-2K) is integrated into Double Glazed Windows (DGW) to passively reduce building temperatures. The research aims to determine the optimal SS-PCM thickness and the energy savings achieved compared to standard DGW. Using a Glass Reinforced Concrete (GRC) Box with a cooling system, various irradiations (1000 W/m², 750 W/m², and 500 W/m²), and five thickness samples of SS-PCM DGW (3 – 7 mm), the study found that DGW with SS-PCM PUL-2K effectively reduces room temperature. The optimal thickness of SS-PCM PUL-2K is 3 mm, yielding an average energy savings of 12.49%. Overall, DGW with SS-PCM PUL-2K achieved energy savings up to 16.15%, with an average of 8.19%, indicating significant potential for TES in building energy conservation."

"ABSTRAKGedung adalah bangunan sipil yang membutuhkan konsumsi energi terbesar. Dengan pengembangan konsep Green Building adalah merencanakan passive design dengan melakukan optimalisasi desain fasad bangunan sehingga berdampak pada efisiensi energi dan penurunan life cycle cost. Bagaimana rekomendasi desain fasad bangunan yang optimum dalam upaya efisiensi energi, dan bagaimana rekomendasi fasad sehingga menurunkan life cycle cost. Window wall ratio adalah salah satu faktor sangat berpengaruh pada luasan area Gedung yang menggunakan pencahayaan alami, dan mempengaruhi besarnya energi yang dibutuhkan dalam mendinginkan suhu ruangan.Perhitungan Overal Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) digunakan untuk menghitung besaran external load yang mempengaruhi energi pendinginan dalam bangunan.

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ABSTRACTBuildings are civil buildings that require the greatest energy consumption. By developing the concept of Green Building is planning a passive design by optimizing the design of the building facade so that it impacts on energy efficiency and decreases life cycle costs. How to recommend the optimum building facade design in an effort to improve energy efficiency, and how to recommend the facade so as to reduce the life cycle cost. Window wall ratio is one of the factors that greatly influences the area of a building that uses natural lighting, and influences the amount of energy needed to cool the room temperature.Calculation of Overal Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) is used to calculate the amount of external load that affects cooling energy in buildings."

"In Nigeria, the economic problem of allocating energy to medicare have long been a major concern and standardized indices to be used as guidance are non-existent. This paper determines energy indices for assessment of how Nigerian hospitals prioritize their energy utilization. Systematic field surveys followed by in-depth statistical analysis were adopted. The hospitals were stratified into four categories for the investigation. Then, questionnaires were designed, randomly administered and their responses generated in conversation with workers at 70 hospitals in Nigeria. Results of the analysis show that an average hospital in Nigeria, depending on its category, uses energy as follows: rural 66.936kWh/day; urban 343.23 kWh/day; specialist 454.872 kWh/day and teaching 1,944.394 kWh/day. Lighting is shown as a critical energy function and accounts for as much as 15%, 36%, 40.5% and 69.5% of daily energy use in rural, urban, specialist and teaching hospitals, respectively. A productivity based energy performance indicator for each hospital category works out to be 3.346 kWh/bed space/day, 2.367 kWh/bed space/day, 4.548 kWh/bed space/day and 19.443 kWh/bed space/day, respectively, for typical rural, urban, specialist and teaching hospitals. The respective Building Energy Index (BEI) values for the categories of hospitals are as follows: rural 0.13 kWh/m2/day; urban 0.077 kWh/m2/day; specialist 0.088 kWh/m2/day and teaching 0.277 kWh/m2/day. The low BEI implies that the buildings have lower rates of sick building syndrome symptoms. Also, auto-generation is predominantly used in all the hospitals, when grid utility supply is unavailable."