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"ABSTRAKBackground: diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of blood dialysis worldwide and a major etiology of End-Stage Renal Disease cases in Indonesia. Previous studies showed a relevant link between A1166C polymorphism of Angiotensin II Type-1 Receptor (AT1R) gene and glomerular hyper-filtration as a part of pathogenesis of DN. The aim of this study was to elaborate the association between A1166C AT1R polymorphism and susceptibility of individual with type-2 diabetes to DN in Malay Indonesian population. Methods: a case-control study of 120 consecutive patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (40 patients in each groups for macro-albuminuria, micro-albuminuria, and normo-albuminuria) was conducted for A1166C AT1R gene polymorphism. The A1166C polymorphism of the AT1R gene was determined based on PCR/RFLP. Results: the mutant C allele was found in 5%, 13.75%, and 12.5% in normo-, micro-, and macro-albuminuria patients respectively. The heterozygote AC genotype was found significantly higher in micro-albuminuria, compared to normo-albuminuria group. Heterozygote AC genotype (OR 3.2 [1.01-10.08], p=0.03) and C allele (OR 2.8[0.95-8.67], p=0.038) were significantly higher in DN, indicating A1166C AT1R gene polymorphism as a risk factor for DN in Malay Indonesian population with type-2 diabetes. Conclusion: there was positive association between A1166C AT1R polymorphism and susceptibility of type-2 diabetics to DN in Malay Indonesian Population. It also indicated that the A1166C AT1R polymorphism could play a role in early pathogenesis of DN."

"Resep jamu kuno Au Fere II (Persea americana dan Vigna cylindrica) dari daerah Maluku dipercayai memiliki khasiat sebagai antihipertensi sejak masa lampau, meskipun belum terdapat bukti ilmiah terkait efeknya pada tekanan darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak Au Fere II terhadap kadar angiotensin II plasma pada model tikus Two-Kidney-One-Clip (2K1C). Studi dilakukan terhadap enam kelompok tikus, yaitu kelompok sham (n=4) dan lima kelompok 2K1C (n=20). Tikus 2K1C diinduksi dengan pemasangan mikroklip stainless steel 0,2 mm pada arteri ginjal kiri selama lima minggu. Kelompok tikus 2K1C (>140/100 mmHg, n=4 per kelompok) dibagi menjadi kelompok kontrol negatif (2K1C: tidak diberi perlakuan), kontrol positif (CAP: kaptopril 4,5mg/200g BB), dosis 1 ekstrak Au Fere II (D1: 0,495mL/200g BB), dosis 2 (D2: 0,99mL/20g BB), dan dosis 3 (D3: 1,98mL/200g BB). Pemberian perlakuan dilakukan secara per oral sekali sehari selama satu minggu. Pemberian perlakuan tersebut memengaruhi tekanan darah dan kadar angiotensin II plasma, serta tidak memengaruhi rasio berat ginjal basah/berat badan. Tekanan darah sistolik (D1 dan D3) dan diastolik (D1, D2, dan D3) menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna jika dibandingkan terhadap kelompok 2K1C, namun tidak menunjukkan adanya aktivitas yang dose-dependent dari tiga dosis yang diujikan. D3 mengalami penurunan tekanan darah paling efektif dibandingkan dengan D1 dan D2. Selain itu, kadar angiotensin II plasma seluruh kelompok perlakuan juga lebih rendah dibandingkan terhadap kelompok 2K1C, meskipun tidak bermakna secara statistik. Hasil penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa resep jamu kuno Au Fere II menunjukkan potensi sebagai antihipertensi dengan menurunkan tekanan darah dan kadar angiotensin II plasma.

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The Au Fere II ancient herbal recipe (Persea americana and Vigna cylindrica) from Maluku was believed to have antihypertensive properties since the past, although there has been no scientific proof regarded its effect on blood pressure. This study aimed to determine the effect of Au Fere II extract on angiotensin II plasma levels in the Two-Kidney-One-Clip (2K1C) rat model. The study was conducted on six groups, the sham group (n=4) and five groups of 2K1C rats (n=20). The left kidney artery was clipped with a 0.2mm stainless steel microclip for five weeks. Twenty hypertensive rats (>140/100mmHg) were assigned into five groups (n=4), negative control (2K1C: not treated), positive control (CAP: captopril 4.5mg/200g BW), dose 1 Au Fere II extract (D1: 0.495mL/200g BW), dose 2 (D2: 0.99mL/200g BW), and dose 3 (D3: 1.98mL/200g BW). The treatment was given orally once/day for one week. Au Fere II reduced blood pressure and plasma angiotensin II levels but did not affect the kidney's-wet-weight/body-weight ratio. Systolic (D1, D3) and diastolic blood pressure (D1, D2, D3) were significantly lower compared to the 2K1C group but did not show any dose-dependent activity of the three doses tested. D3 was shown the most effective reduction in blood pressure compared to D1 and D2. Angiotensin II plasma levels in all treatment groups decreased compared to the 2K1C group, although it was not statistically significant. These results suggest that Au Fere II could potentially be used as an antihypertensive by lowering blood pressure and angiotensin II plasma levels.

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