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"ABSTRAKThe effect of import tariff reduction on unemployment can be vary not only across sectors but also across regions, yet the empirical studies on regional analysis are still limited. this study investigates the effect of tariff reduction on unemployment in districts level in Indonesia spanning period 2000-2013. we follow the strategy of Topalova to construct regional tariff exposure in districts level. our empirical analysis use individual data approach to measure unemployment. By controlling the shifting in labor demand due to input tariff reduction, we find that impor tariff reduction leads to an increase in unemployment and the increase is higher in district with larger employment share in net importer sectors."

"Especially for Asian regions, rice is a strategic commodity because it is a staple food for most of the Asian people. In terms of agricultural land resources availability, several countries have become importers whereas the orthers exports...."

"Like many other Asian countries Indonesia inherited from colonial times a system of land taxation based on a detailed cadastre of all agricultural land. However in contrast with the experience of former colonial territories elsewhere in Asia the Indonesian government has in the post-1965 era been making a determined effort to revive land taxation as a source of revenue, and more important, to use the revenues as a means of promoting regional government initiative in the selection and carrying out of local develop¬ment projects. The tax is administered by a Directorate within the Ministry of Finance, whose regional offices are in charge of assessment down to individual taxpayers. Collection is done by village and regional government o`ficials while the use of funds is determined by kabupaten governments subject to certain regulations from the centre and provinces. In Java, Bali, Lombok, and South Sulawesi assessment is based on land records dating from the final decade of Dutch rule. In other parts of the archipelago where the colonial government did not assess a land tax on peasant agriculture, methods of current assessment are rather ad hoc with considerable differences between regions.Any evaluation of the functioning of an agricultural tax imposed in a poor agrarian economy such as Indonesia must take into account not only the standard criteria for assessing taxes such as equity, impact on resource allocation, administrative efficiency etc but also the rather more special¬ised arguments that have been developed in the literature for taxing agriculture and particularly agricultural land. Evidence available suggests that Ipeda in Indonesia contravenes the principle of equity in that, while widespread exemptions are given to urban income taxpayers, virtually all rural taxpayers have to pay both Ipeda and an assortment of other taxes some of which are assessed in a very regressive fashion. Rural producers are further penalised through government price policies for basic food staples such as rice and the renting of irrigated rice lands to the government sugar estates. There"

"One of the most worrying global issues facing agricultural interests today is the rapid conversion of productive agricultural land to non-agricultural uses. Indonesia has enacted the Sustainable Agriculture Land Protection Law (Lahan Pertanian Pangan Berkelanjutan / LP2B) as a crucial section of the Spatial Planning Regulations. Furthermore, the law has been ratified by a number of regional regulations. However, there are still misconceptions about LP2B among stakeholders which can magnify the difficulty of implementing the regulation. Using the historical method, this descriptive paper elaborates difficulties in protecting agricultural land due to misconceptions of stakeholders within the case study in Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. Misconceptions of stakeholders encompass three aspects: (1) land ownership (2) determination process and (3) implementation of LP2B protection. Difficulties did not automatically cease when the regulations had just enacted, instead, they continue into the application stage and become discourses in various cross-institutional forums. Furthermore, this paper synthesizes the author's own conceptions to rectify the misconceptions based on academic references and relevant statutory arguments. Stakeholders referred to in this paper were bureaucrats in agricultural and other institutions related to LP2B including the Regional Development Planning Agency, and the Ministry of Spatial Planning / National Land Agency. They were represented by officials, bureaucrats, or personnel who together with the author attended various coordination meetings, dissemination, workshops, focus group discussions, and similar forums that discussing LP2B and or other related topics in the period of 2014-2019. Policy implications are discussed."

"Studi pola pemanfaatan lahan pertanian di kabupatan Cianjur bagian utara dilakukan dengan mengacu pendapat Von Thunen yang menyatakan bahwa pemanfaatan lahan yang paling intensif terdapat di sekitar tempat pemukiman atau kampung dan semakin jauh dari pemukiman intensitas pemanfaatan lahan secara bertahap berkurang. Pendapat Von Thunen dapat ditafsirkan berorientasi pada besar kecilnya nilai keuntungan yang akan diperoleh petani. Sehubungan dengan itu dalam penelitian ini dilakukan modifikasi dengan memasukkan unsur jalan sebagai fungsi jarak dan biaya transportasi.Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan intensitas pemanfaatan lahan sawah, tegalan pada berbagai jarang dari pemukiman dan ketinggian. Dalam kaitannya dengan faktor ketinggian terdapat perbedaan dari segi jenis pemanfaatan lahan di sekitar pemukiman. Sedangkan dari segi jarak lokasi lahan pertanian, diperoleh gambaran bahwa semakin jauh jarang lokasi lahan pertanian yang kemudian membentuk titik lokasi jual beli antar petani dan pembeli nilai keuntungan petani semakin berkurang."

"Akhir-akhir ini luas lahan pertanian terus berkurang karena telah dialih fungsikan untuk keperluan lain. kajian ini menganalisis alih-fungsi lahan di Jogjakarta menggunakan model dinamis...."

"Untuk mewujudkan kedaulatan pangan terlebih dahulu harus terdapat ketersediaan pangan yang cukup dan menjamin hak atas pangan bagi rakyat yang berasal dari sumber daya lokal. Karena kebutuhan akan lahan untuk pembangunan semakin besar akibat laju pertumbuhan penduduk dan industrialisasi, maka alih fungsi lahan pertanian menjadi non pertanian menjadi sesuatu yang sulit dihindari. Jika alih fungsi lahan ini tidak diantisipasi dan tidak dilakukan upaya perlindungan terhadap lahan pertanian maka akan mengancam ketersediaan pangan yang cukup dan tidak tercapainya kedaulatan pangan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode yuridis normatif.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa untuk mewujudkan kedaulatan pangan diperlukan ketersediaan lahan pertanian yang dapat ,menghasilkan pangan yang cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangan masyarakat. Dengan adanya pengaturan mengenai Perlindungan Lahan Pertanian Pangan Berkelanjutan dalam Undang-undang Nomor 41 Tahun 2009 beserta peraturan pelaksanaanya memberikan jaminan atas keberadaan lahan pertanian untuk ketersediaan pangan yang cukup agar dapat tercipta kedaulatan pangan. Dalam mewujudkan lahan pertanian pangan berkelanjutan ini pemerintah mengupayakan ekstensifikasi lahan dengan pengadaan lahan pertanian pangan berkelanjutan dan mengendalikan alih fungsi lahan pertanian menjadi non pertanian. Diperlukan pula pelaksanaan kewajiban dari Pemerintah Daerah untuk menjamin ketersediaan pangan bagi masyarakat melalui perlindungan lahan pertanian pangan berkelanjutan dengan merumuskannya dalam bentuk instrumen hukum serta perencanaan lahan pertanian yang baik di daerah yang menjadi lokasi pengadaan lahan pertanian pangan berkelanjutan.

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To realize food sovereignty, there must be sufficient food availability and guarantee the right to food for the people who come from local resources. Because the need for land for development is greater due to the rate of population growth and industrialization, then the conversion of agricultural land to non-agriculture becomes something that is difficult to avoid. If the conversion of land is not anticipated and no safeguards against agricultural land are carried out, it will threaten adequate food availability and not achieve food sovereignty. This research was conducted by normative juridical method.The results of this study indicate that to realize food sovereignty, the availability of agricultural land is needed, producing enough food to meet the food needs of the community. With the regulation regarding the Protection of Sustainable Food Agriculture in Law No. 41 of 2009 along with its implementing regulations, it guarantees the existence of agricultural land for sufficient food availability so that food sovereignty can be created. In realizing this sustainable food agriculture land, the government seeks to expand the land by procuring sustainable food agricultural land and controlling the conversion of agricultural land into non-agricultural land. Also required is the implementation of obligations from the Regional Government to ensure food availability for the community through sustainable food agriculture land protection by formulating it in the form of legal instruments as well as good agricultural land planning in the area where sustainable food agriculture is procured."

"Evolusi pembangunan pertanian di negara maju dan di negara berkembang seperti Indonesia, terutama dalam evolusi luas lahan yang dikuasai petani dan jumlah petani menunjukkan tren yang berlawanan. Di negara maju, pembangunan telah meningkatkan luas lahan pertanian per petani dan menurunkan jumlah petani secara nyata. Namun, tren yang sebaliknya terjadi di negara berkembang. Di samping sektor pertanian di Indonesia melemah, hal tersebut merupakan dampak negatif dari industrialisasi yang belum berhasil. Implikasinya adalah Indonesia harus merancang dan merencanakan pembangunan sebagai proses transformasi seluruh sektor ekonomi secara terintegrasi dengan menciptakan pertanian yang kokoh sebagai landasannya. Trasformasi ekonomi harus mencapai target paling tidak setiap penurunan 1% nilai PDB pertanian dalam PDB nasional diikuti oleh penurunan tenaga kerja pertanian minimal 2%. Tenaga kerja yang keluar dari pertanian ini harus mendapat tingkat kesejahteraan atau pen-dapatan yang lebih tinggi dari keadaan sebelumnya agar tingkat kemakmuran petani meningkat dan ekonomi berkembang. Perancangan dan perencanaan transformasi ekonomi yang harus dilandasi oleh karakteristik inheren Indonesia yaitu sebagai negara kepulauan yang sangat kaya akan sumber daya laut dan jumlah penduduk terbesar keempat di dunia sehingga letaknya memiliki potensi tenaga kerja dan pasar yang besar, di sepanjang khatulistiwa dengan iklim tropika sehingga memerlukan daya adaptasi yang tinggi terhadap ciri iklim tropika yaitu basah, panas dan lembap; serta memiliki keragaman budaya yang tinggi sebagai potensi kreativitas di satu pihak tetapi tinggi pula biaya komunikasi dan pengambilan keputusan di pihak lain. "