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"ABSTRAKPembinaan ekosistem hutan dilakukan antara lain melalui kegiatan pembangunan hutan tanaman di wilayah-wilayah kritis dan lahan kosong. Dengan membangun hutan tanaman pada lahan-lahan kritis diharapkan akan memberi dampak positip, baik terhadap makhluk hidup yang ada di dalam hutan maupun masyarakat di sekitarnya.Pembangunan hutan tanaman dilakukan antara lain dengan cara tanam banjarharian dan cara tanam tumpangsari dengan penanaman jenis-jenis pohon yang cepat tumbuh. Kegiatan pembangunan hutan tanaman cukup penting dibicarakan karena menyangkut banyak aspek, baik aspek ekologi, maupun aspek sosial ekonomi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pembentukan vegetasi hutan tanaman melalui penerapan cara tanam banjarharian dan cara tanam tumpangsari. Penelitian memakai rancangan percobaan faktorial. Perlakuan adalah semua kemungkinan kombinasi taraf dari beberapa faktor, yakni jenis akasia dalam cara tanam banjarharian, jenis akasia dalam cara tanam tumpangsari, jenis albisia dalam cara tanam banjarharian dan jenis albisia dalam cara tanam tumpangsari. Analisis data melalui analisis keragaman, analisis uji jarak berganda Duncan, analisis tabel kontingensi disertai analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan vegetasi hutan dalam cara tanam tumpangsari tumbuh lebih cepat daripada dalam cara tanam banjarharian. Jenis akasia tumbuh lebih cepat dibanding albisia. Penutupan tajuk tanaman dalam cara tanam tumpangsari lebih luas daripada dalam cara tanam banjarharian. Kerapatan tegakan menunjukkan kecenderungan menyusutnya jumlah batang perhektar pertahun sekitar 116 batang baik dalam cara tanam banjarharian maupun dalam cara tanam tumpangsari. Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan bawah dan permudaan menunjukkan dalam cara tanam banjarharian jenis tanaman lebih beraneka dibanding dalam cara tanam tumpangsari. Kerapatan tumbuhan bawah dan permudaan menunjukkan tidak terdapat kerapatan individu yang menyolok antar kedua cara tanam. Jenis-jenis yang tumbuh dalam hal ini menunjukkan jenis-jenis yang mampu beradaptasi dengan lingkungan setempat. Jenis albisia terlihat tumbuh tertekan di lingkungan setempat dibanding jenis akasia. Untuk menghindari hutan rnonokultur melalui hanya menanami akasia yang sudah terlihat tumbuh baik, perlu mencari substitusi jenis albisia untuk pencampuran jenis dalam tegakan hutan. Jenis puspa yang gampang tumbuh di lingkungan setempat perlu dipertimbangkan dalam hal ini. Pemupukan yang dilakukan harus diupayakan secara baik terutama saat-saat awal penanaman di lapangan.Tumbuhan bawah dan permudaan yang didominasi oleh jenis-jenis pionir pada dasarnya meriipakan elemen penunjang terhadap fungsi hutan. Oleh karenanya tumbuhan bawah dan permudaan ini tidak perlu dibabat habis karena keberadaannya menyangkut peran fungsi hutan. Tumpangsari sangat berperan terhadap keberhasilan tanaman hutan, di samping itu akan pula memberi manfaat terhadap kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat setempat. Dampak kegiatan tumpangsari terhadap masyarakat sekitar sementara ini belum terlihat nyata, karena pemanfaatan tenaga kerja masih mengambil dari daerah di luar kawasan hutan. Pemanfaatan produk kayu di wilayah ini boleh disebut belum optimal karena masih hanya memperuntukkan hasil kayu sebagai bahan baku pulp saja. Pengembangan pemanfaatan produk kayu perlu dievaluasi, karena hendaknya pembangunan hutan mencakup peran ekologis maupun ekonomis.

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ABSTRACT

Forest ecosystems development has been done other through the plantation forest establishment in arid area and land bare. It is hope the plantation forest establishment gives positive impacts to the living organisms in the forest and the surroundings community.

Plantation forest establishment has been done by the daily wage system (banjarharian system) and the taungya system (tumpangsari system) with fast growing species. This activity is necessary to be considered dealing with many aspects, ecological aspects or social economical aspects.

This research aims to see vegetation growing of plantation forest through implementing daily wage system and taungya system. This research used factorial experimental design. The treatment was possibility of level combination from amount factor, acacia in daily wage system; acacia in taungya system; albisia in daily wage system and albisia in taungya system. Data analyzed by variance analysis, Duncan multiple range tests, contingency table completed by descriptive analysis.

The result of the research indicated that the vegetation growing of plantation forest in taungya system was more rapidly than in daily wage system. The acacia grew faster than albisia. Forest canopy grew wider in taungya system than in daily wage system. Stand density decreased about 116 stems per year in both systems.

The diversity ground flora (ground cover and regeneration plants) indicated that in daily wage system was more diverse than in taungya system. The density of ground flora indicated that in both system didn't show difference density. The species of ground flora that grown, indicated that they were the species of adaptable to the environment.

The albizia growing was less suitable with the site condition compared with the acacia. It's needed more concern by the management to reevaluate this option of species. By supporting the combination species, to avoid monoculture forest it's necessary to consider puspa species that the species with the suitable ones. Fertilizing which done to avoid the loosing of nutrient should keep on undertaking.

The ground flora was dominated by pioneer species, basically as the supporting element to forest function. Therefore the ground flora shouldn't clear-cut because their existence has big role in forest function.

Taungya system has positive impact to succeed plant growing, beside that the system will give advantages to people surrounding the plantation forest. This condition has not been obviously shown because the manpower for this activity was recruited from other area.

The utilization of main products of plantation forest in this area was not considered optimal since they were still for pulp and popper row material only. Therefore the development in utilizing the wood, products is need to be considered as well as efficiency, because the forest. Establishment should including ecological aspects and economical aspects."

"Eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010 caused a dense cover of Acacia decurrens Willd., which is an Invasive Alien Plant Species (IAPS). The dense cover happened in all areas of Mount Merapi National Park (MMNP) in Java, Indonesia. This study was aimed to describe the relationship between major natural disturbance from volcanic eruption in triggering the invasion of A.decurrens in Mount Merapi National Park. Vegetation data were collected using line transect in two different sites. The first site was Cangkringan which was affected by pyroclastic flow and the second site was Selo which was not affected by pyroclastic flow. Distribution patterns and association of A.decurrens with other species in each location was analyzed using ordination analysis of the Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS). Microclimate such as temperature, humidity, light density and soil humidity was recorded in each location. Correlation between species abundance and microclimate data was assessed using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). The results showed that the population of A. decurrens was more dominant in Cangkringan than in Selo site. Cangkringan site was impacted with pyroclastic flow during Mount Merapi eruption in 2010, while Selo site was not affected. In Cangkringan, A.decurrens was distributed in clump, while in Selo the plant was randomly distributed. Ordination analysis using NMDS showed that there was positive association between A.decurrens and herbaceous plant. Negative association was observed between A.decurrens and other tree species. CCA analysis showed that temperature and light density was positively correlated with A. decurrens abundance. This study showed that the IAPS invasion in MMNP was correlated with the eruption of Mount Merapi."

"Acacia man glum V/illd, merupakan tanaman penghijauan dan tanaman yang kayunya mempunyai nilai ekonomi tinggij yang dapat digunakan untuk bahan baku pembuatan kertas, perabot rumah tangga, kayu bakar dan arang= Dalam upaya untuk menin^atkan budidaya tanaman A. man glum serta menunjang keberhasilan dalam proses pembentukan bintil akar bagi penin^>?;atan pertumbuhan tanaman tersebutj maka telah dilakukan penelitian pengaruh inokulasi bakteri Rhizobium sp. dengan berbagai tingkatan variasi kepekatan optik atau "Optical Density" sebesar 0,10; 0,20 dan 0,30 pada kecambah A. mangium terhadap pertumbuhan dan jumlah bintil akar tanaman, Basil Uji Beda Nyata dari Tukey pada taraf nyata o< =- 0,01 menunjukkan bahv;a inokulasi bakteri Rhizobium sp, dengan berbagai tin^atan variasi kepekatan optik berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman (Tinggi, berat basah dan berat kering) pada umur 2 dan 3 bulan dan terhadap pembentukan bintil akar pada umur 3 bulan, Inokulasi bakteri dengan OD sebesar 0,10; 0,20. dan 0,30 tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata antara ketiga perlakuan tersebut, tetapi menunjukkan pengaruh nyata jika dibandingkan terhadap kontrol. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahv^a inokulasi bakteri dengan OD sebesar 0,10 optimum untuk pertumbuhan tanaman 4* tnangium sampai dengan umur 3 bulan«"

"Due to criticalenvironmental issues, increasing future energy supplies and decreasing reservedenergy resources are currently the subject of comprehensive research. The useof biomass as a renewable energy resource may be helpful in solving currentenergy shortfalls, particularly for countries that have abundant biomassresources. In this study, pyrolysis of coal, Acacia Mangium wood, and their respective blend samples wereinvestigated using proximate analysis and Thermogravimetric (TG?DTG). A mixtureof coal and A. Mangium wood with aweight ratio 100:0, 90:10, 50:50, 10:90, and 0:100, were used andnon-isothermal conditions at a constant heating rate of 5, 15, and 30°C/minwere applied. Thermal evolution profile analysis of the pyrolysis processconfirms that the reactivity of the fuel increased with the increasingproportion of the biomass in the fuel. The reactivity and maximum temperaturesincreased with the increasing heating rates. Proximate analysis showed thepotential of biomass of A. Mangiumwood to be used as a mixture with coal in terms of low ash and high volatilematter content."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian mengenai transformasi gen xiloglukanase pada A. mangium telah dilakukan oleh Hartati dkk pada tahun 2011, menghasilkan A. mangium transgenik yang mengoverekspresikan gen tersebut, sehingga pertumbuhan menjadi lebih cepat. Tanaman A. magium transgenik terus dipelihara dan disubkultur hingga saat ini. Oleh karena itu, penelitian yang dilakukan bertujuan untuk menguji stabilitas gen xiloglukanase pada A. mangium transgenik hasil perbanyakan in vitro. Penelitian terdiri atas dua bagian,yaitu analisis molekular dan morfologi. Hasil analisis molekular menunjukkan bahwa dari seluruh sampel yang digunakan, dua galur A. mangium transgenik, X11 dan X21, yang telah disubkultur beberapa kali menunjukkan keberadaan gen xiloglukanase. Hasil pengamatan morfologi tidak menunjukkan adanya pertumbuhan dalam hal tinggi dan diameter planlet, hal tersebut mungkin karena kultur yang digunakan mengalami kemunduran fisiologis.

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ABSTRACTThe study of xyloclucanase gene transformation in A. mangium was carried out by Hartati et al in 2011, yiedling a transgenic A. mangium that overexpressing the xyloglucanase gene, so the plants can grow more faster. The transgenic A. mangium is maintaned and subcultured continously. Therefore, the aim of study was to test the stability of xyloglucanase gene on transgenic A. mangium as a result of in Vitro propagation. Molecular and morphological approach were used in this research. The result showed that all of samples used, wild type A. mangium K , two line of transgenic A. mangium, X11 and X21 positively had xyloglucanase gene after the recurring subculture. The result of morphological observation did not show any alteration, because the culture used in the research undergo a physiological deterioration."

"Due to critical environmental issues, increasing future energy supplies and decreasing reserved energy resources are currently the subject of comprehensive research. The use of biomass as a renewable energy resource may be helpful in solving current energy shortfalls, particularly for countries that have abundant biomass resources. In this study, pyrolysis of coal, Acacia Mangium wood, and their respective blend samples were investigated using proximate analysis and Thermogravimetric (TG–DTG). A mixture of coal and A. Mangium wood with a weight ratio 100:0, 90:10, 50:50, 10:90, and 0:100, were used and non-isothermal conditions at a constant heating rate of 5, 15, and 30°C/min were applied. Thermal evolution profile analysis of the pyrolysis process confirms that the reactivity of the fuel increased with the increasing proportion of the biomass in the fuel. The reactivity and maximum temperatures increased with the increasing heating rates. Proximate analysis showed the potential of biomass of A. Mangium wood to be used as a mixture with coal in terms of low ash and high volatile matter content."

"This article introduces the research results of a site index classification for Acacia hybrid plantations in Dong Nai Province. The objectives of this study were to (i) determine a baseline age of Acacia hybrid plantations to establish their site indices and (ii) develop site index curves for Acacia hybrid plantations. Three standard plots were established for each age group of 1-10 years with 111 trees per plot; 108 trees were measured for the estimation of growth criteria. Three trees were used for tree truncation, and truncated trees did not count for the estimation of tree growth criteria. In this study, the site index (SI) for Acacia hybrid plantations was divided into three levels according to the total height of the dominant trees. The heights collected from 108 trees were used to build the functions of the SI, and three truncated trees were used to examine the possibilities of the functions of SI. Research results showed that the appropriate baseline age of Acacia hybrid plantations at Dong Nai Province is 8 years. The site indices of hybrid plantations were divided into three site levels of I, II, and III, corresponding to heights of 24, 20 and 16 m, respectively. To improve the effectiveness of Acacia hybrid plantation businesses, owners should focus on growing plantations at site index levels of I or II."

"ABSTRAKTablet lepas lambat merupakan tablet yang didesain untuk melepaskan zat aktif secara perlahan-lahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat dan mengkarakterisasi eksipien sambungsilang dari koproses xanthan gum-gum akasia CL-Ko-XGGA sebagai matriks sediaan tablet lepas lambat dengan gliklazid sebagai model obat. Eksipien CL-Ko-XGGA merupakan hasil sambungsilang dari eksipien koproses xanthan gum-gum akasia Ko-XGGA menggunakan natrium trimetafosfat dengan perbandingan masing-masing eksipien, yaitu 1:2, 1:1, dan 2:1. Eksipien Ko-XGGA dan CL-Ko-XGGA dikarakterisasi secara fisika, kimia, dan fungsional. Eksipien CL-Ko-XGGA 1:2, 1:1, 2:1 memiliki derajat substitisi DS berturut-turut 0,067; 0,082; 0,088, serta kekuatan gel sebesar 14,03; 17,27; 20,70 gF. Eksipien tersebut memiliki sifat alir dan kemampuan mengembang yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan eksipien Ko-XGGA. Eksipien CL-Ko-XGGA diformulasikan dalam tablet lepas lambat sebagai matriks dengan metode granulasi basah dan seluruh formula memenuhi persyaratan evaluasi tablet. Pelepasan gliklazid dari tablet F1-F6 dalam medium dapar fosfat pH 7,4 natrium lauril sulfat 0,2 selama 12 jam menunjukkan profil pelepasan obat diperlambat dan dapat digunakan selama 8 hingga 32 jam. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam sediaan tablet lepas lambat eksipien CL-Ko-XGGA 2:1 memiliki kemampuan menahan pelepasan obat lebih baik dari eksipien CL-Ko-XGGA 1:2 dan 1:1.

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ABSTRAKSustained release tablet is solid dosage form which is designed to release drugs slowly. This research was intended to prepare and characterize the cross linked excipient of coprocessed xanthan gum acacia gum CL Co XGGA as a matrix of sustained release tablet with gliclazide as the drug model. CL Ko XGGA excipient was cross linked results of coprocessed excipient of xanthan gum acacia gum Co XGGA using sodium trimetaphosphate, in the ratio of each excipient 1 2, 1 1, and 2 1. Co XGGA and CL Co XGGA excipients were characterized physically, chemically, and functionally. The degree of substitution DS of CL Co XGGA 1 2, 1 1, 2 1 excipients were respectively 0.067 0.082 0.088, and gel strength were respectively 14.03 17.27 20.70 gF. Those excipients had improved flow properties and swelling capability compared with the Co XGGA excipients. CL Co XGGA excipients were formulated in sustained release tablet as matrix by wet granulation method and all formulas passed tablet evaluation tests. The release of gliclazide from tablets F1 F6 in phosphate buffer medium pH 7.4 sodium lauryl sulphate 0.2 for 12 hours showed sustained release profile and can be used up to 8 until 32 hours. In conclusion, CL Co XGGA 2 1 excipient have better ability to retain drug release than CL Co XGGA 1 2 and 1 1 excipients in the sustained release tablets."

"Thionic Fluvisols soil in Southern Vietnam is like typical acid sulfate soil in the tropics and is severely polluted due to human activities. Salinity intrusion and industrial wastewater contamination are the main cause of environmental degradation in soil ecosystem. This research was aimed to determine a link between biochemical soil properties and land use types to provide suitable solutions for afforestation and soil restoration. Soil sampling was conducted in five different land use types at four soil layers (O, AB, Bj and Cp). The five land use types were sugarcane crop; Melaleuca plantation; 2-year Acacia plantation; 5-year Acacia plantation; and control (grass-covered land). The results showed that soil in those five land use types were very acidic (pH ≤ 4) having poor-nutrient condition with  range of  orthophosphate  content of 378 - 640 mg/kg, N-NH4  of 586 - 999 mg/kg and N-NO3 of 830 - 1,112 mg/kg. Concentration of toxic ions was very high with large variation among land use types and soil depths i.e. 1,799 – 12,403 mg SO42-/kg; 22 - 1,645 mg exchangeable Fe/kg and 34 - 88 mg Al3+/kg soil. The lowest concentration of exchangeable Fe3+ and SO42- ions were found in sugarcane and Melaleuca plantations, respectively. Twenty-three sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and two iron-oxidizing bacteria were identified. All these bacteria were initially identified as Thiobacillus sp. Sugarcane and Melaleuca plantations exhibited the most diverse Thiobacillus species which linked to reduction of exchangeable Fe and SO42- concentrations in these two land use types. This study indicated that Thiobacillus sp. could grow well in the Thionic Fluvisols. It is proposed that Melaleuca and sugarcane species could reduce iron and sulfur contents in Thionic Fluvisols in the tropics"