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"Sistem transmisi Voltage Source Converter-High Voltage Direct Current (VSC-HVDC) telah menjadi pilihan utama dalam transmisi daya jarak jauh karena keunggulannya dalam hal fleksibilitas dan stabilitas. Namun, tantangan utama dalam pengoperasian sistem VSC-HVDC adalah menjaga stabilitas dan performa optimal, terutama dalam kondisi transien dan saat terjadi gangguan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan kinerja sistem transmisi VSC-HVDC dengan menggunakan kontrol roportional-Integral Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (PI-ANFIS) dan membandingkan performanya dengan kontrol PI konvensional. Penelitian ini menggunakan pemodelan sistem transmisi VSC-HVDC dengan kontrol PI sebagai dasar. Data relasi input-output dari model tersebut kemudian digunakan untuk melatih model ANFIS. Setelah itu, model VSC-HVDC dengan kontrol PI-ANFIS dikembangkan dan dianalisis. Kinerja sistem dengan kontrol PI-ANFIS dievaluasi dalam kondisi transien dan saat terjadi gangguan, baik gangguan permanen maupun sementara.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kontrol PI-ANFIS mampu meningkatkan performa sistem transmisi VSC-HVDC secara signifikan dibandingkan dengan kontrol PI konvensional. Dalam kondisi transien, PI-ANFIS mampu mengurangi overshoot dan mempercepat settling time pada kendali daya aktif, daya reaktif, dan tegangan DC. Saat terjadi gangguan permanen, PI-ANFIS menunjukkan kemampuan yang lebih baik dalam menjaga kestabilan dan mempercepat waktu pemulihan sistem. Pada kondisi gangguan sementara, PI-ANFIS mampu mencapai kestabilan lebih cepat dan menjaga stabilitas dalam batas yang diinginkan. Keunggulan kontrol PI-ANFIS didasari oleh kemampuan adaptasi dan pembelajaran dari algoritma ANFIS, yang memberikan fleksibilitas tambahan dalam menghadapi kondisi dinamis dan gangguan tak terduga. Implementasi kontrol PI-ANFIS pada sistem transmisi VSC-HVDC tidak hanya meningkatkan kinerja sistem dalam jangka pendek, tetapi juga dapat memberikan manfaat ekonomi jangka panjang melalui peningkatan keandalan dan pengurangan biaya pemeliharaan sistem. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi signifikan dalam pengembangan teknologi kontrol cerdas untuk sistem transmisi daya yang lebih handal, efisien, dan adaptif. Hasil penelitian ini dapat menjadi landasan untuk penelitian lebih lanjut dan adopsi kontrol PI-ANFIS dalam aplikasi praktis pada sistem transmisi VSC-HVDC di masa depan.

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Voltage Source Converter-High Voltage Direct Current (VSC-HVDC) transmission systems have become the preferred choice for long-distance power transmission due to their advantages in flexibility and stability. However, the main challenge in operating VSC-HVDC systems is maintaining optimal stability and performance, especially under transient conditions and during disturbances. This research aims to analyze the performance of VSC-HVDC transmission systems using Proportional-Integral Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (PI-ANFIS) control and compare its performance with conventional PI control. This research uses modeling of the VSC-HVDC transmission system with PI control as a basis. The input-output relationship data from the model is then used to train the ANFIS model. Afterward, the VSC-HVDC model with PI-ANFIS control is developed and optimized. The performance of the system with PI-ANFIS control is evaluated under transient conditions and during disturbances, both permanent and temporary. The results show that PI-ANFIS control can significantly improve the performance of the VSC-HVDC transmission system compared to conventional PI control. Under transient conditions, PI-ANFIS is capable of reducing overshoot and accelerating settling time in active power, reactive power, and DC voltage control. During permanent disturbances, PI-ANFIS demonstrates better ability in maintaining stability and accelerating system recovery time. Under temporary disturbance conditions, PI-ANFIS achieves stability faster and maintains stability within desired limits. The superiority of PI-ANFIS control is based on the adaptability and learning capabilities of the ANFIS algorithm, which provides additional flexibility in dealing with dynamic conditions and unexpected disturbances. The implementation of PI-ANFIS control in VSC-HVDC transmission systems not only improves short-term system performance but can also provide long-term economic benefits through increased reliability and reduced system maintenance costs. This research makes a significant contribution to the development of intelligent control technology for more reliable, efficient, and adaptive power transmission systems. The results of this research can serve as a foundation for further research and the adoption of PI-ANFIS control in practical applications of VSC-HVDC transmission systems in the future."

"[Bau mulut (Halitosis) merupakan masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang dikeluhkan sebagian besar masyarakat. Komponen utama pada bau mulut adalah volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), yaitu hidrogen sulfida (H2S), metil merkaptan (CH3SH), dan dimetilsulfida ((CH3)2S). Salah satu bahan alami yang secara tradisional digunakan untuk mengurangi bau mulut adalah buah burahol (Stelechocarpus burahol). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi efek sediaan tablet hisap yang mengandung buah kepel dalam mengontrol bau mulut. Tiga puluh orang subyek sehat dibagi secara acak menjadi 2 kelompok, yaitukelompok tablet hisap eksrak buah kepel dan kelompok permen karet xilitol. Subyek menggunakan tablet hisap pada pagi setelah makan pagi dan siang setelah makan siang. Pemeriksaan bau mulut dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali, yaitu segera setelah bangun tidur, setelah makan pagi, dan siang hari sesudah makan siang. Variabel pemeriksaan bau mulut yang diukur adalah skor organoleptik, kadar H2S,kadar CH3SH, dan kadar (CH3)2S. Efek tablet hisap ekstrak buah burahol sebanding dengan permen karet xilitol dalam menurunkan kadar H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S dan skor organoleptik bau mulut pada subyek. Tablet hisap yang mengandung ekstrak buah burahol (Stelechocarpus burahol) efektif dalam mengontrol bau mulut sehingga dapat digunakan untuk pengobatan bau mulut (halitosis).;

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Oral malodour (Haitosis) as an oral problem that most people complain. In all cases, bad breath is caused by the presence of volatile organic compounds originating from the mouth or the expired air. The aim of this study is know of the effect of lozenges containing kepel fruit (Stelechocarpus burahol) in controlling oral malodour in normal subjects. Thirty normal subjects were divided into two groups

randomly, one groups received lozenges containing kepel fruits and the other groups received lozenges containing xilitol. Subjects receiving as much two tablets lozenges each day during one day, ie morning after breakfast and after lunch. Oral malodour examination performed three times, ie immediately after waking, after breakfast, and afternoon after lunch. Variable oral malodour is measured levels of H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S. The result were shown that lozenges containing kepel fruits (Stelechocarpus burahol) did not differ with lozenges containing xilitol in reducing the levels of H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S and organoleptics oral malodour in normal subjects. Lozenges containing kepel fruits (Stelechocarpus burahol) is effective in controlling oral malodour so it can be used for the treatment of oral malodour (Halitosis).;Oral malodour (Haitosis) as an oral problem that most people complain. In all cases,

bad breath is caused by the presence of volatile organic compounds originating

from the mouth or the expired air. The aim of this study is know of the effect of

lozenges containing kepel fruit (Stelechocarpus burahol) in controlling oral

malodour in normal subjects. Thirty normal subjects were divided into two groups

randomly, one groups received lozenges containing kepel fruits and the other

groups received lozenges containing xilitol. Subjects receiving as much two

tablets lozenges each day during one day, ie morning after breakfast and after

lunch. Oral malodour examination performed three times, ie immediately after

waking, after breakfast, and afternoon after lunch. Variable oral malodour is

measured levels of H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S. The result were shown that lozenges

containing kepel fruits (Stelechocarpus burahol) did not differ with lozenges

containing xilitol in reducing the levels of H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S and

organoleptics oral malodour in normal subjects.

Lozenges containing kepel fruits (Stelechocarpus burahol) is effective in

controlling oral malodour so it can be used for the treatment of oral malodour

(Halitosis).;Oral malodour (Haitosis) as an oral problem that most people complain. In all cases,

bad breath is caused by the presence of volatile organic compounds originating

from the mouth or the expired air. The aim of this study is know of the effect of

lozenges containing kepel fruit (Stelechocarpus burahol) in controlling oral

malodour in normal subjects. Thirty normal subjects were divided into two groups

randomly, one groups received lozenges containing kepel fruits and the other

groups received lozenges containing xilitol. Subjects receiving as much two

tablets lozenges each day during one day, ie morning after breakfast and after

lunch. Oral malodour examination performed three times, ie immediately after

waking, after breakfast, and afternoon after lunch. Variable oral malodour is

measured levels of H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S. The result were shown that lozenges

containing kepel fruits (Stelechocarpus burahol) did not differ with lozenges

containing xilitol in reducing the levels of H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S and

organoleptics oral malodour in normal subjects.

Lozenges containing kepel fruits (Stelechocarpus burahol) is effective in

controlling oral malodour so it can be used for the treatment of oral malodour

(Halitosis)., Oral malodour (Haitosis) as an oral problem that most people complain. In all cases,

bad breath is caused by the presence of volatile organic compounds originating

from the mouth or the expired air. The aim of this study is know of the effect of

lozenges containing kepel fruit (Stelechocarpus burahol) in controlling oral

malodour in normal subjects. Thirty normal subjects were divided into two groups

randomly, one groups received lozenges containing kepel fruits and the other

groups received lozenges containing xilitol. Subjects receiving as much two

tablets lozenges each day during one day, ie morning after breakfast and after

lunch. Oral malodour examination performed three times, ie immediately after

waking, after breakfast, and afternoon after lunch. Variable oral malodour is

measured levels of H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S. The result were shown that lozenges

containing kepel fruits (Stelechocarpus burahol) did not differ with lozenges

containing xilitol in reducing the levels of H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S and

organoleptics oral malodour in normal subjects.

Lozenges containing kepel fruits (Stelechocarpus burahol) is effective in

controlling oral malodour so it can be used for the treatment of oral malodour

(Halitosis).]"

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang perancangan sistem aktuator kendali sirip berbasis motor brushless DC. Penggunaan motor brushless DC karena ukuran/dimensi motor jenis ini lebih kecil dibandingkan model brushed DC. Dengan keunggulan ini, motor brushless DC sangat tepat dipakai pada aktuator sirip wahana terbang kendali karena keterbatasan ruang peletakan modul aktuator ini. Perancangan dilakukan berdasarkan model simulasi yang dikembangkan terlebih dahulu. Model matematika dipergunakan tidak hanya untuk sistem aktuator tetapi juga model torsi beban. Model matematik torsi beban yang diturunkan merupakan fungsi sudut defleksi. Untuk mencapai tujuan pengendalian yaitu mendapatkan sudut defleksi sirip yang sesuai dengan yang diperintahkan maka diaplikasikan metode kendali PI dan kendali struktur berubah (Variable Structure Control). Metode kendali ini diterapkan baik pada kendali kecepatan maupun kendali posisi. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa kedua pengendali mampu mencapai kriteria yang ditetapkan. Namun begitu pengendali VSC memberikan performansi yang memuaskan (fast reaching dan low chattering) dibandingkan kendali PI.

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This Thesis describes research of designing control systems of fin actuator based brushless DC motor. The brushless DC motor is found to be the promising motor rather than DC motor because of its small dimension. With this advantage, brushless dc motor is fit as the actuator for air vehicle because the limitation of space for the actuator. The design process is using simulation model which have been developed. Mathematical model is used for describing actuator system and also the load torque. Mathematical model of load torque is derived to obtain the function of deflection angle. The control strategy PI and Variable structure control is used to obtain the desired fin's deflection angle. These control methods are implemented for the speed and position control. The simulation shows that both of the controllers able to achieved the best results. But the VSC give more good performance rather than PI control methods because of its fast reaching and low chattering"

"This Green Book offers the outstanding expertise of CIGRE professionals about Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) in one concise handbook. FACTS are used to enhance AC power networks, by providing fast control of power flows and AC voltage and AC phase angles. They can be used to defer the need for additional power lines, by controlling the power flow on lines to achieve maximum utilisation of the existing lines, and/or by improving the power quality, e.g. when large disturbing loads are connected to the network. This Green Book on FACTS provides comprehensive information about the use of Power Electronics for AC system control and for Power Quality Improvement in its over 1000 pages. This book has been written by experts in the field, who come from Transmission System Operators, Network owners, manufacturers, and consultants in this field. This Green Book on FACTS covers a large range of topics in its 6 sections, as follows:1. AC Systems Characteristics, AC network control using conventional means and AC network control using FACTS Controllers2. Technical Descriptions of all current FACTS controllers, power electronic Topologies for FACTS, SVCs, STATCOM, TCSC and the UPFC and its variations3. Application Examples of all FACTS controllers, which include a description of controllers using saturation of iron as well as examples of all current FACTS controllers4. Planning and Procurement, including economic appraisals and cost benefit analysis, planning studies, environmental considerations, functional specifications5. Implementation of FACTS controllers, including integration and design studies, equipment design and testing and commissioning6. FACTS operation and lifetime management."

"This book introduces concepts and technologies of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It describes state of the art safety communication protocol called Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC), currently being considered for adoption by the USDOT and automotive industry in the US. However, the principles of this book are applicable even if the underlying physical layer protocol of V2X changes in the future, e.g. V2X changes from DSRC to cellular-based connectivity.Fundamental ITS concepts include topics like global positioning system; Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle to Pedestrian (V2P), and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communications; human-machine interface; and security and privacy. Fundamental concepts are sometimes followed by the real-life test experimental results (such as in V2P Chapter) and description of the performance metrics used to evaluate the results. This book also describes equations and math used in the development of the individual parts of the system.This book surveys current and previous publications for trending research in the ITS domain. It also covers state of the art standards that are in place for the DSRC in the US, starting from the application layer defined in SAE J2735 all the way to physical layer defined in IEEE 802.11.The authors provide a detailed discussion on what is needed to extend the current standards to accommodate future needs of the vehicle communications, such as needs for future autonomous vehicles. Programs and code examples accompany appropriate chapters, for example, after describing remote vehicle target classification function a pseudo code and description is provided. In addition, the book discusses current topics of the technology such as spectrum sharing, simulation, security, and privacy.The intended audience for this book includes engineering graduate students, automotive professionals/engineers, researchers and technology enthusiasts."