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"This book explores one of the most significant trends in the evolution of global tax systems by asking how, within less than half a century, the value-added tax (VAT) has risen from relative obscurity to become one of the world's most dominant revenue instruments. Despite its significance, very little is known about why so many countries have adopted the VAT and, in particular, why different countries adopt the types of VAT that they do. The popular mythology provides that the merits of the VAT have underpinned its global spread; however, this book contends that much scholarship confuses the question of why the VAT has risen to dominance with the issue of what makes a good VAT. This book combines policy and legal analysis to propose a new way of understanding the rise of this important revenue instrument so as to better reflect the realities of the VATs that are actually implemented."

"This book discusses how taxation can contribute to a sustainable economic development. It analyses the role and functions of taxes and tax audits with special focus on sustainable development, considering not only the fiscal functions of taxes but also their economic, social, and environmental effects. The book sheds light on the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on taxation and discusses principles of good governance in tax administration. The author also analyses the preconditions and indicators for cross-border tax fraud and the possibilities for counteraction. Furthermore, the book examines tax reliefs and rates, and how the different types of taxation – flat, progressive, and regressive taxes, can impact economic, social, and environmental development. In the last section, the author discusses how to achieve economic, social, and environmental effects through taxation. This book will appeal not only to academics working in this field, but also to practitioners whowould like in-depth insights into these topics."

"Salah satu fungsi utama bank umum adalah sebagai intermediasi. Nasabah penyimpan memanfaatkan jasa bank untuk menyimpan dana sedangkan debitur memanfaatkan jasa bank untuk mendapatkan dana pinjaman. Transaksi simpan-pinjam di perbankan (bank konvensional) termasuk transaksi yang dikecualikan dari pengenaan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai padahal kebijakan pengecualian pengenaan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai dalam sektor keuangan ini dapat menyebabkan distorsi dalam perekonomian. Beberapa metode pendekatan untuk mengenakan PPN pada sektor perbankan pernah dikemukakan, salah satunya adalah metode reverse charging yang dikemukakan Howell H. Zee.Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk meiakukan evaluasi atas kemungkinan diterapkannya teori 'reverse charging' dalam transaksi simpan-pinjam di perbankan. Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan adalah Metode Deskriptif Kualitatif yaitu melakukan penelitian alas transaksi simpan-pinjam yang dilakukan di bank konvensional. Dari beberapa literatur, ada beberapa hal yang mendasari dilakukannya exemption atau pengecualian atas pengenaan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai pada sektor jasa keuangan salah satunya adalah masalah kompleksitas administrasi. Untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya nilai tambah pada aktivitas simpan-pinjam di perbankan nasional, dilakukan pengkajian mengenai definisi 'Nilai Tambah' dalam transaksi simpan-pinjam di bank konvensional dikaitkan dengan Legal Character dari PPN.Metode pendekatan untuk pengenaan PPN pada transaksi simpan-pinjam dimulai dari dasar pemikiran penggunaan metode cash flow. Inti dari metode Cash Flow ini adalah memperlakukan anus kas yang terjadi pada transaksi keuangan sama seperti transaksi non-keuangang (arus kas masuk adalah penjualan, arus kas keluar adalah pembelian). Pemikiran dan usulan metode untuk pengenaan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai pada sektor perbankan mengalami perkembangan. Dimulai dari metode Arus Kas , metode reverse Charging dan yang terakhir metode Modified Reverse Charging. Konsep metode reverse charging adalah mengalihkan tanggungjawab untuk memungut PPN dari nasabah penyimpan ke bank. Pada umumnya usulan metode pengenaan PPN masih mengkaitkan antara nasabah penyimpan dengan debitur padahal faktor tersebut yang menjadi penyebab kompleksitas administrasi pengenaan PPN.Besarnya prosentase PPN dari sektor perbankan (untuk transaksi simpan-pinjam) sama seperti prosentase PPN pada transaksi lainnya (saat ini 10%). Alas PPN 10% tersebut kemudian dibebankan kepada nasabah penyimpan dan debitur dengan porsi tertentu. Porsi yang dibebankan kepada debitur lebih besar dibandingkan porsi yang dibebankan ke nasabah penyimpan karena jasa yang diberikan bank kepada debitur lebih besar daripada yang diberikan kepada nasabah penyimpan.

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Main function of a banking sector is an intermediary. The bank-funding customer will need bank to deposit their money while the debtor will borrow the money from the bank. Bank transactions is exemption from Value Added Tax (VAT) charging, whereas the exemption policy of VAT on this financial sector shall cause distortion in economic. Some approaches method to charge VAT on banking sector has ever been presented, one of the methods is ?reverse charging?, which presented by Howell H. Zee.

The aim of the thesis is to evaluate probability of implementing the theory of reverse charging in banking sector. Therefore the research method was conducted through Qualitative Descriptive Method and the object of the research are loan and saving transaction in commercial bank. From some literatures, there are several reason stipulated due to the exemption on VAT in Financing Service including banking sector. Value added in bank transaction was discussed many times. Is there any value added in banking sector? To answer the question we have to understand the meaning of terminology 'value added' and 'value added' in banking sector. Approaching method to charge VAT on banking sector especially on Loan and Saving activity is begun from the logical basic of using cash flow method.

The essence of 'cash flow' method is treating the flow of cash same as transaction in non-banking sector (cash in-flow treated as Sales and cash out-flow treated as purchases). Method and theory to charge VAT on banking sector has developed. Starting from cash flow method with Tax Calculation Account' (TCA). Using truncating then developed this TCA method. Zee (2005) proposed a new approach for charging VAT in banking sector using "Reverse Charging" Method before modified it by "Modified Reverse Charging" method.

The major idea of 'reverse charging is to shifting the obligation to collect the VAT from bank customer (funding customer) to the bank. Background of the idea was because there is many number of the bank-funding customer and a lot of them is a non tax- register. VAT rate from banking sector shall be same as the VAT rate in other industry (10%). And shall be charge to both side of bank customer (funding customer and debtor)."