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"Pendahuluan: Penyakit respirasi merupakan masalah kesehatan dengan angka kejadian tinggi di Indonesia. Penyakit respirasi kronik seperti asma, pneumonia, tuberkulosis, dan Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronik (PPOK) juga merupakan penyebab mortalitas yang tinggi di Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kondisi lingkungan rumah terhadap prevalensi penyakit respirasi kronik yaitu PPOK, batuk kronik, tuberkulosis paru, asma, pneumonia, dan infeksi fungal pada penghuni rumah susun di Jakarta.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode cross-sectional dengan alat ukur berupa kuesioner. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 120 keluarga yang tinggal di rumah susun menengah kebawah di Jakarta pada tahun 2012. Variabel lingkungan yang diteliti meliputi ventilasi, pencahayaan, kepadatan hunian, sarana sanitasi, suhu udara, dan kelembaban udara.Hasil: Dari 120 keluarga, didapatkan 513 data penghuni rumah susun dengan prevalensi penyakit respirasi secara total sebesar 41,9%, secara rinci yaitu prevalensi tuberkulosis paru sebesar 7,6%, PPOK sebesar 1,8%, asma sebesar 1,0%, infeksi fungal sebesar 0,8%, pneumonia sebesar 0,2%, batuk kronik sebesar 0,6%, dan Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA) sebesar 32,9%. Hasil analisis menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara prevalensi penyakit respirasi kronik dengan ventilasi rumah susun (p=0,042) , dan dengan pencahayaan dalam rumah susun (p=0,003).Kesimpulan: Penyakit respirasi kronik memiliki hubungan dengan keadaan lingkungan yaitu ventilasi dan pencahayaan pada penghuni rumah susun di Jakarta.

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Introduction: Respiratory disease is one of the highest prevalence health problem in Indonesia. Chronic respiratory disease such as asthma, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) are the top leading cause of mortality in Indonesia. The objective of this study is to know the relationship between flat environmental condition and prevalence of chronic respiratory disease, which is COPD, chronic cough, tuberculosis, asthma, pneumonia, and fungal infection of flat occupiers in Jakarta.Method: This study was an observational research using cross-sectional design. Data was obtained through questionnaire. This study was conducted on 120 families who live in lower middle flats in Jakarta on 2012 The environmental variables of this study specifically include ventilation area, natural lighting in the house, occupancy density, basic sanitation facilities, temperature, and humidity of the flats.Result: From 120 family, 513 data of flat occupiers in Jakarta is obtained with the prevalence of respiratory disease in a total of 41.9%, specifically tuberculosis with prevalence of 7,6%, COPD with 1,8%, asthma with 1,0%, fungal infection with 0,8%, pneumonia with 0,2%, chronic cough with 0,6%, and acute respiratory infection with 32,9%. Significant relationship was obtained between prevalence of chronic respiratory disease and ventilation area (p=0,042), and also with natural lighting in the house (p=0,003).Conclusion: In conclusion, the ventilation area and natural lightning in the house are the environmental factors contributing for the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease of flat occupiers in Jakarta."

"Imunisasi adalah upaya untuk secara aktif meningkatkan kekebalan seseorang melawan terjadinya penyakit, sehingga jika terkena penyakit itu tidak akan sakit atau hanya nyeri ringan. Imunisasi dasar adalah salah satu imunisasi rutin dilakukan terus menerus dan terus menerus, dan diberikan kepada bayi sebelum 1 tahun untuk mencegah beberapa kejadian penyakit (hepatitis B, TBC, difteri, pertusis, tetanus, polio, meningitis dan campak). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui deskripsi faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan status imunisasi dasar yang tidak lengkap untuk anak-anak berusia 1-2 tahun di Indonesia pada tahun 2017. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross-sectional dengan analisis multivariat regresi logistik berganda. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dari survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) 2017. Sampel besar diperoleh dari hasil perhitungan uji selisih dua proporsi dan. Sampel yang digunakan adalah 6.091 wanita berusia 15 - 49 tahun yang memiliki anak berusia 1-2 tahun dan menerima imunisasi. Hasil Analisis multivariat menunjukkan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan signifikan status imunisasi dasar yang tidak lengkap adalah jenis kelamin anak (nilai-p = 0,011; OR adj = 1.158; 95% CI: 1.034 - 1.296), jumlah anak yang hidup (p-value = 0,007; OR adj = 1.228; 95% CI: 1.057 - 1.427), tingkat pendidikan ibu (p-value = 0,000; OR adj = 1,301; 95% CI: 1.139 - 1.486), perawatan antenatal (p-value = 0,000; OR adj = 2.574; 95% CI: 2,078 - 3,187), tempat pengiriman (p-value = 0,006; ATAU ajd = 1,259; 95% CI: 1,069 - 1,484), dukun bayi (p-value = 0,000; OR adj = 2,213; 95% CI: 1,712 - 2,861), dan kepemilikan KMS (p-value = 0,000; OR adj = 2,776; 95% CI: 2.293 - 3.360). Faktor yang memiliki efek terbesar pada status imunisasi dasar tidak lengkap adalah Kepemilikan KMS. Karena itu, perlu ada perhatian pada status imunisasi dasar tidak lengkap pada anak untuk meningkatkan cakupan dan pemerataan kesehatan di setiap populasi.

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Immunization is an effort to actively increase one's immunity against the occurrence of disease, so that if exposed to the disease it will not hurt or only mild pain. Basic immunization is a routine immunization carried out continuously and continuously, and is given to babies before 1 year to prevent several events of the disease (hepatitis B, tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, meningitis and measles).

This research aims to determine the description of the factors associated with incomplete basic immunization status for children aged 1-2 years in Indonesia in 2017. The study design used was cross-sectional with multivariate analysis of multiple logistic regression. The data used are secondary data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). A large sample was obtained from the calculation of the difference test of two proportions and. The sample used was 6,091 women aged 15 - 49 years who have children aged 1-2 years and receive immunizations.

The results of multivariate analysis showed that factors significantly related to incomplete basic immunization status were child sex (p-value = 0.011; OR adj = 1,158; 95% CI: 1,034 - 1,296), number of children living (p-value = 0,007; OR adj = 1,228; 95% CI: 1,057 - 1,427), mother's education level (p-value = 0,000; OR adj = 1,301; 95% CI: 1,139 - 1,486), antenatal care (p-value = 0,000; OR adj = 2,574; 95% CI: 2,078 - 3,187), place of shipment (p-value = 0.006; OR ajd = 1.259; 95% CI: 1.069 - 1,484), traditional birth attendants (p-value = 0,000; OR adj = 2,213; 95% CI: 1,712 - 2,861), and KMS ownership (p-value = 0,000; OR adj = 2,776; 95% CI: 2,293 - 3,360). The factor that has the greatest effect on incomplete basic immunization status is KMS ownership. Therefore, attention needs to be paid to the incomplete basic immunization status of children to increase health coverage and equity in each population."

"Inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins and histamines can cause pain. Non steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been indicated to reduce pain on inflammatory conditions. Pharmacologically, NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandins which are synthesized from arachidonic acid by blocking cyxlooxygenase-1 and 2 enzymes. Prostaglandins are known to be overexpressed on inflammatory, premalignant and malignant conditions. The prostaglandins promote tumour development by enhancing tumour cells proliferation, tumour angiogenesis, and tumour cell metastatic opportunity, and by inducing antiapoptotic gene expression. Epidemiological and biomedically, there is significant evidence that NSAIDs could inhibit tumour development. NSAIDs inhibit expression transcription factors, angiogenic factors of tumour angiogenesus, tumour metastasis and depresse expression of antiapoptotic genes. The avidence suggest that potentially NSAIDs could prevent tumour development, besides being analgetic-antiinflammatory drugs."