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"This study analyzes the accuracy of the estimated time-integrated activity coefficient (eTIAC) in Reduced-Time-Points (RTP) fitting using the Bayesian method with biokinetic data of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in kidneys. Data were collected at 1,24,48,72, and 168 hours (h) post-injection (p.i.) from 10 metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer (mHSPC) patients as All-Time-Point (ATP) data. The two-, three-, and four-TP combinations in the RTP method are extracted from ATP. Data were fitted using sum-of-exponential (SOE) functions. ATP fitting provided parameters, and scaled data variance, used to calculate reference TIAC (rTIAC) and prior information for RTP fitting. Three methods were investigated: The effect of variance weighting (absolute [BFa] mean and median estimated fractional standard deviation [eFSD], and relative [BFr] variance weighting); Optimal TP in RTP fitting; The effect of the blood circulation rate parameter (lambda bc) in SOE function. Calculated root-mean-square errors (RMSE) by comparing eTIAC to rTIAC. Results: BFa median eFSD was the best variance weighting. The optimal TP was 48 h p.i. The best RTP fitting combinations were two-TP, three-TP, and four-TP is [1h,72h], [1h,24h,72h], [1h,24h,72h, 68h] with RMSE 3.28%, 1.9%, and 0.89%, respectively. The addition of the lambda bc had RMSE difference below 0.5%. The RTP method with optimal time points accurately calculates eTIAC.

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Penelitian ini menganalisis akurasi estimasi time-integrated activity coefficient (eTIAC) dalam Reduced-Time-Points (RTP) fitting menggunakan metode Bayesian dengan data biokinetik [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 di ginjal. Data dikumpulkan pada 1, 24, 48, 72, dan 168 jam (h) pasca injeksi (p.i.) dari 10 pasien metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer (mHSPC) sebagai data All-Time-Point (ATP). Kombinasi dua, tiga, dan empat TP dalam metode RTP diekstrak dari ATP. Data di fitting menggunakan fungsi sum-of-exponential (SOE). ATP fitting menghasilkan parameter dan Scaled data variance, yang digunakan untuk menghitung referensi TIAC (rTIAC) dan informasi awal untuk RTP fitting. Tiga metode yang diselidiki: Efek pembobotan varians (absolut [BFa] rerata dan median estimated fractional standard deviation [eFSD], dan Pembobotan relatif [BFr]); TP optimal dalam RTP fitting; Efek parameter laju sirkulasi darah (lambda bc) dalam fungsi SOE. Perhitungan root-mean-square errors (RMSE) membandingkan eTIAC dengan rTIAC. Hasil: BFa median eFSD adalah pembobotan varians terbaik. TP optimal adalah 48 h p.i. Kombinasi RTP fitting terbaik adalah dua-TP, tiga-TP, dan empat-TP adalah [1h, 72h], [1h, 24h, 72h], [1h, 24h, 72h, 168h] dengan RMSE 3,28%, 1,9%, dan 0,89%, berturut-turut. Penambahan lambda bc memiliki perbedaan RMSE di bawah 0,5%. Metode RTP dengan TP optimal dapat secara akurat menghitung eTIAC."

"Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan model fungsi sum of exponential (SOE) terbaik dan membandingkan parameter fixed effect, random effect dan Area Under Curve (AUC) yang diperoleh pada NONMEM dan Matlab. Penelitian ini menggunakan data dari 10 pasien kanker prostat yang menerima injeksi ~3 GBq. Setlah diinjeksikan, dilakukan pemeriksaan menggunakan SPECT/CT pada waktu 1, 24, 48, 72, dan 168 jam. Data tersebut di-fitting menggunakan 54 fungsi SOE. Model fungsi terbaik ditentukan dengan kriteria nilai pembobotan Corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc). Fungsi terbaik yang dapat mendeskripsikan distribusi biokinetik data pada Organ at Risk (OAR) ditunjukkan fungsi f6f untuk ginjal, fungsi f4c untuk kelenjar ludah, dan fungsi f5g untuk hati. Perbedaan nilai parameter yang di fitting antara NONMEM dan Matlab memiliki nilai yang relatif besar hingga 1070%. Namun, perbedaan AUC pada NONMEM dan Matlab memiliki nilai yang kecil yaitu di bawah 1.5%.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the best sum of exponential (SOE) function model and compare the fixed effect, random effect and Area Under Curve (AUC) parameters obtained in NONMEM and Matlab. This study used data from 10 prostate cancer patients who received ~3 GBq injection. After injection, SPECT/CT was performed at 1, 24, 48, 72, and 168 hours. The data were fitted using 54 SOE functions. The best function model was determined by weighting the Corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc). The best function that can describe the biokinetic distribution of data on Organ at Risk (OAR) is shown by the function f6f for kidney, function f4c for salivary gland, and function f5g for liver. The difference in the fitted parameter values between NONMEM and Matlab has a relatively large value of up to 1070%. However, the difference in AUC in NONMEM and Matlab has a small value which is below 1.5%."

"Permasalahan IUU Fishing menimbulkan respon berupa dikonvensikannya PSMA yang mengusung pendekatan port state measures dalam mencegah dan memberantas IUU Fishing. Hal ini kemudian menjadi sangat signifikan bagi negara-negara di kawasan Asia Tenggara, yang industri perikanannya mengalami permasalahan IUU Fishing. Penerapan PSMA di kawasan ini kemudian menjadi penting untuk dikaji untuk dapat mengetahui sejauh mana upaya pencegahan dan pemberantasan IUU Fishing di kawasan tersebut telah terwujud. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penelitian ini kemudian akan menganalisis mengenai bagaimana PSMA mengatur mengenai pencegahan dan pemberantasan IUU Fishing, bagaimana implementasi PSMA dalam hukum nasional negara Thailand, Vietnam, Filipina, dan Indonesia, serta bagaimana praktik Indonesia dalam melaksanakan ketentuan PSMA terhadap kapal yang terlibat IUU Fishing sejauh ini. Dalam menganalisis permasalahan tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan metode kepustakaan dengan tipologi deskriptif untuk menjelaskan bagaimana PSMA mencegah dan memberantas IUU Fishing dan mengetahui serta membandingkan penerapannya di negara-negara di Asia Tenggara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PSMA mencegah dan memberantas IUU Fishing dengan menentukan standar-standar minimum ketat yang perlu ditetapkan oleh port state, yang mencakup seluruh runtutan kegiatan kapal asing dalam mendaratkan tangkapannya ke pelabuhan sebelum masuk ke pasar. Kemudian, diketahui juga bahwa hukum nasional Thailand, Vietnam, Filipina, dan Indonesia sudah mengatur pelaksanaan PSMA yang mencerminkan alur port state measures, namun belum sepenuhnya mencakup seluruh aspek yang diatur PSMA. Untuk Indonesia sendiri, pelaksanaan PSMA belum dapat dievaluasi karena belum ada kapal perikanan asing yang melakukan permohonan masuk pelabuhan, serta terkendala tumpang tindih kewenangan antar kementerian, dan kekosongan hukum terkait pelabuhan yang tidak ditunjuk sebagai pelaksana PSMA.

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The problem of IUU Fishing triggered the creation of PSMA, which advocates port state measures approach in preventing, deterring, and eliminating IUU fishing. This becomes a very significant matter for countries in the Southeast Asia region, whose fishing industry is experiencing problems with IUU fishing. The implementation of PSMA in this area then becomes important to analyze in order to find out how far efforts to prevent and eradicate IUU fishing in the area have been realized. This study will analyze how PSMA regulates the prevention and eradication of IUU Fishing, how PSMA is implemented in Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Indonesia’s legal systems, and how Indonesia has practiced implementing PSMA provisions on vessels involved in IUU Fishing. In analyzing these problems, this study uses a literature method with a descriptive typology to explain how PSMA prevents and eradicates IUU Fishing and to find out and compares its application in Southeast Asian countries. The results show that PSMA prevents and eradicates IUU fishing by determining strict standards which needs to be set by the port state, which encompasses the entire sequence of activities that foreign ships go through in landing their catches to ports before entering the market. Then, it was also known that the national laws of Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Indonesia had already regulated the implementation of PSMA which reflected the flow of port state measures, but yet to all aspects in PSMA. For Indonesia itself, the implementation of PSMA cannot be evaluated yet because no foreign fishing vessels have applied for port entry, and are constrained by overlapping authorities between ministries, and legal vacuum related to ports that are not appointed as PSMA implementers."