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"Mutasi PNG merupakan mutasi titik di luar gugus globin alfa. Polimorfisme menyebabkan terbentuknya promotor baru sebagai situs pengikatan faktor transkripsi GATA-1yang diduga menurunkan laju transkripsi normal globin alfa. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keberadaan mutasi PNG di populasi lain di Indonesia, sehingga hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan untuk melengkapi standar diagnosis dalam mendeteksi mutasi penyebab thalasemia alfa berdasarkan latar belakang etnik. Teknik yang digunakan dalam mendeteksi mutasi PNG adalah PCR-RFLP. Hasil PCR-RFLP pada 399 sampel pembawa sifat thalassemia alfa menunjukan hasil positif pada populasi Timika, namun hasil negatif ditunjukkan pada semua sampel DNA populasi Gayo, Sumba, dan Ternate. Frekuensi mutasi PNG di populasi Timika (Papuan) adalah 18,1% (28 dari 154 sampel). Prevalensi malaria yang tinggi di wilayah Indonesia Timur tidak menunjukan korelasi positif terhadap keberadaan mutasi PNG di populasi Sumba dan Ternate. Hal yang menarik dari penelitian ini adalah mutasi PNG ditemukan hanya pada kelompok individu yang terinfeksi P.falciparum tetapi tidak pada kelompok individu yang terinfeksi P. vivax. Hasil penelitian menunjukkn bahwa mutasi PNG umum ditemukan di wilayah timur Indonesia. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat mendasari penelitian lanjutan untuk mendeteksi mutasi PNG di populasi di Indonesia, khususnya pada populasi Maluku.

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Papua New Guinea (PNG) mutation is a point mutation which occured in noncoding region of alpha globin cluster. The polymorphism promotes an additional recognition site for transcription factor (GATA-1) which presumed downregulates alpha globin synthesis. The aim of this research is for detecting PNG mutation in another population in Indonesia, thus the result will be used for completing standard diagnosis in detecting alpha thalassemia mutation based on ethnic background. The method used in detecting PNG mutation was PCR-RFLP. Detection of 399 samples (MCH <80 fL) using PCR-RFLP method showed positive result for Timika population. However negative result were found in Gayo, Sumba, and Ternate population. PNG mutation frequency in Timika (Papuan ethnic) population is 18.1% (28 of 154 samples). High malaria prevalence in East Indonesia didn’t show positive correlation for the absence of PNG mutation in Sumba and Ternate population. Interestingly, PNG mutation only found in a group which is P. falciparum malaria infected, but not in P. vivax infected. However, PNG mutation is common in eastern Indonesia population. This research lead to further research in detecting PNG mutation in other Indonesia population, especially in Maluku population."

"The Indonesian government's effort to maintain its sovereignty and territorial integrity by making its boundaries as front yard consenquently encourages it to strengthen the economic condition of people who live there which for the moment is less - developed, particularly, along the border of Indonesia and PNG...."

"Border problems Indonesia and papua New Guinea (PNG) facing seem similar with other bordering countries. They lack of comprehensive legal and institutional arrangements and implementing agencies,and also poor basic infrastructures at the border pots...."

"Holding summit meetings with Russian President Dmtry Medvedev in Moscow on September 29 2008,President Lee Myung - Bak upgraded Korea-Russia relations from a "comprehensive partnership based on mutual trust" to one a "strategic and cooperative partnership"

"What security problems did Indonesia currently face along its borders with Papua new Guinea (PNG)? This research found that the border area of Indonesia's most - Eastern province Papua, which is difficult to be controlled due to its specific topography condition and lack of security appartus, had potential threats coming from transnational crimes such as illegal logging and fishing , as well as illegal traffcking in persons and separatist movements...."