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"Kanker servik yang juga dikenal dengan istilah kanker leher rahim merupakan salah satu dari jenis kanker yang paling umum diderita oleh wanita. Kanker ini dapat disembuhkan apabila kanker ini terdeteksi pada stadium awal dan diberikan perawatan yang sesuai. Salah satu cara untuk mencegah kanker servik agar tidak memasuki stadium lebih lanjut adalah dengan melakukan Pap Smear Test. Namun untuk melakukan Pap Smear Test diperlukan tingkat akurasi yang sangat tinggi, sehingga diperlukan tenaga ahli patologi untuk melakukannya.Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan harapan dan tujuan untuk mengembangkan metode segmentasi secara otomatis yang memberikan hasil segmentasi dengan cukup baik. Metode segmentasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah fuzzy c-means clustering. Proses pengenalan sel kanker yang dilakukan melalui beberapa tahapan proses yakni, penyeragaman intensitas keabuan, ekstraksi ciri, segmentasi daerah sel, deteksi sel tunggal, dan diakhiri dengan pengenalan kategori normal atau abnormal dari sel tersebut.Penelitian demi penelitian telah dilakukan untuk mendapatkan metode segmentasi yang optimal untuk melakukan pendeteksian sel kanker. Penelitian Titin Farida merupakan salah satu penelitian yang menerapkan metode segmentasi fuzzy cmeans clustering. Namun pada penelitian Titin Farida metode segmentasi yang digunakan masih bersifat semi-otomatis. Hal ini menyulitkan pengguna, karena pengguna harus menentukan parameter yang sesuai dengan karakteristik sel. Penelitian ini hendak melakukan modifikasi terhadap metode segmentasi ini agar dapat bekerja secara otomatis dan relatif lebih optimal."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini bertujuan untuk melihat faktor-faktor yang berhubungan denganpemeriksaan pap smear pada PUS di Puskesmas Belawan Kota Medan Tahun2011. Desain penelitian menggunakan cross sectional dengan sampel 150responden melalui wawancara menggunakan kuesioner. Menggunakan analisisunivariat dan analisis bivariat dengan uji statistik chi-square. Hasil penelitian,dalam tiga tahun terakhir 67.3% responden tidak melakukan pemeriksaan papsmear dan 32.7% responden melakukan pemeriksaan pap smear. Variabelpekerjaan, pengetahuan tentang KLR dan pap smear, informasi ketersediaansarana dan prasarana, kemampuan membayar biaya pap smear, dukungan suamidan keluarga memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan pemeriksaan pap smearpada PUS. Sosialisasi dan promosi kesehatan tentang pap smear perluditingkatkan untuk menurunkan morbiditas dan mortalitas akibat KLR

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ABSTRACTThis study aims to observe factors related to Pap Smear Investigation to PUS inPuskesmas Belawan City of Medan, 2011. Study design using cross sectional withnumber of samples are 150 respondents through questionnaire interview. Usingunivariate and bivariate analysis by statistical test of chi-square. Study result inlast three years showed that 67.3% respondents did not had a pap smearinvestigation and 32.7% respondent did. Occupation variable, knowledge aboutpap smear and ca.cervix, information of availability facility and infrastructure,able to pay pap smear cost, family and husband support has significantrelationship to pap smear investigation to PUS. Socialization and healthpromotion about pap smear need to be enhanced to decrease morbidity andmortality as a result of ca.cervix"

"[Penyakit Arteri Perifer (PAP) merupakan sumbatan aliran darah arteri selain koroner dan intrakranial. PAP dihasilkan dari proses atherosklerosis, emboli, trombus, dan inflamasi yang mengarah ke stenosis arteri. PAP asimptomatik menempati 3-10% populasi dunia, dan meningkat hingga 15-20% pada 70 tahun ke atas. Divisi kami mencatat 18,1-24,7% pasien kaki diabetik dengan PAP mengalami amputasi pada kurun waktu 3 tahun terakhir. Evaluasi ultrasonografi Doppler pada arteri utama ekstremitas bawah diharapkan mampu mendeteksi secara dini apakah pasien akan diamputasi atau tidak baik mayor maupun minor. Metode yang diambil adalah analitik komparatif kategorik independen dengan disain penelitian kohort retrospektif. Selama Januari 2010 hingga Desember 2011 didapatkan 24 pasien yang masuk kriteria inklusi. Arteri yang diperiksa a.femoralis, a.poplitea, a.tibialis posterior, dan a.dorsalis pedis dengan tampilan spektral mulai dari monofasik, bifasik, atau trifasik terutama dengan pelebaran spektral. Ultrasonografi salah satu modalitas ?operator dependent?, untuk mengurangi bias, peneliti menggunakan operator ultrasonografi adalah peneliti sendiri, trainee atau konsultan divisi kami. Hasil didapatkan spektral bifasik hingga monofasik pada a.femoralis 25,0%, a.poplitea 58,3%, a.tibialis posterior 41,6%, a.dorsalis pedis 45,8%, angka amputasi mayor dan minor masing-masing 4%. Perhitungan statistik didapatkan untuk a.femoralis p=0,054 (95% CI), a.poplitea p=0,006 (95% CI), a.tibialis posterior p=0,010 (95% CI), dan a.dorsalis pedis p=0,021 (95% CI). Secara statistik, prediksi amputasi dapat bermakna pada ultrasonografi Doppler pada a.poplitea, a.tibialis posterior, dan a.dorsalis pedis. Dapat ditarik kesimpulan pemeriksaan ultrasonografi Doppler penting dilakukan pada setiap pasien PAP untuk mengevaluasi secara khusus keadaan empat arteri utama ekstremitas bawah pasien dan untuk prediktor amputasi

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Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is an occlusive disease of the blood flow artery beside coronary and intracranial artery. PAD is a result of atherosclerotic process, embolism, thrombus, and inflammation which toward of artery stenosis. Asymptomatic PAD counts 3-10% of worl population, and increasing until 15-20% in patient more than 70 years old. Our division counts 18.1-24.7% of diabetic foot patient with PAD undergoes amputation within this three years. Evaluation of duplex ultrasound in the main artery of lower extremity hopefully can detect whether patient will undergo limb salvage or limb loss, as early as possible, major or minor amputation. METHODS Research method is independent category comparative analytic with retrospective cohort design. Within January 2010 to December 2011, we collect 24 patients that rolled on inclusion criteria. We examined femoral, poplitea, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery, which showed monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic spectrum of duplex imaging of the ultrasound, and all of them has broadening spectrum.Ultrasound is an operator dependent modality, to decrease the bias of this research, operator of the ultrasound is researcher, fellowship doctors and consultants of our division. RESULTS Results are 25% in femoral artery, 58.3% in popliteal artery, 41.6% in posterior tibial artery, and 45.8% in dorsalis pedis artery, which counts for biphasic and monophasic spectrum. Amputation rate is 4% for each minor and major amputation. Statistic analysis for correlation of arterial spectrum with amputation are, femoral artery p=0,054 (95% CI), popliteal artery p=0,006 (95% CI), posterior tibial artery p=0,010 (95% CI), and dorsalis pedis artery p=0,021 (95% CI). CONCLUSION Based on statistic analysis, amputation can be significant in duplex imaging of popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery. Conslusion regards duplex imaging to be performed in four main arteries of lower extremity, to predict limb loss.;BACKGROUND Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is an occlusive disease of the blood flow artery beside coronary and intracranial artery. PAD is a result of atherosclerotic process, embolism, thrombus, and inflammation which toward of artery stenosis. Asymptomatic PAD counts 3-10% of worl population, and increasing until 15-20% in patient more than 70 years old. Our division counts 18.1-24.7% of diabetic foot patient with PAD undergoes amputation within this three years. Evaluation of duplex ultrasound in the main artery of lower extremity hopefully can detect whether patient will undergo limb salvage or limb loss, as early as possible, major or minor amputation. METHODS Research method is independent category comparative analytic with retrospective cohort design. Within January 2010 to December 2011, we collect 24 patients that rolled on inclusion criteria. We examined femoral, poplitea, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery, which showed monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic spectrum of duplex imaging of the ultrasound, and all of them has broadening spectrum.Ultrasound is an operator dependent modality, to decrease the bias of this research, operator of the ultrasound is researcher, fellowship doctors and consultants of our division. RESULTS Results are 25% in femoral artery, 58.3% in popliteal artery, 41.6% in posterior tibial artery, and 45.8% in dorsalis pedis artery, which counts for biphasic and monophasic spectrum. Amputation rate is 4% for each minor and major amputation. Statistic analysis for correlation of arterial spectrum with amputation are, femoral artery p=0,054 (95% CI), popliteal artery p=0,006 (95% CI), posterior tibial artery p=0,010 (95% CI), and dorsalis pedis artery p=0,021 (95% CI). CONCLUSION Based on statistic analysis, amputation can be significant in duplex imaging of popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery. Conslusion regards duplex imaging to be performed in four main arteries of lower extremity, to predict limb loss.;BACKGROUND Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is an occlusive disease of the blood flow artery beside coronary and intracranial artery. PAD is a result of atherosclerotic process, embolism, thrombus, and inflammation which toward of artery stenosis. Asymptomatic PAD counts 3-10% of worl population, and increasing until 15-20% in patient more than 70 years old. Our division counts 18.1-24.7% of diabetic foot patient with PAD undergoes amputation within this three years. Evaluation of duplex ultrasound in the main artery of lower extremity hopefully can detect whether patient will undergo limb salvage or limb loss, as early as possible, major or minor amputation. METHODS Research method is independent category comparative analytic with retrospective cohort design. Within January 2010 to December 2011, we collect 24 patients that rolled on inclusion criteria. We examined femoral, poplitea, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery, which showed monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic spectrum of duplex imaging of the ultrasound, and all of them has broadening spectrum.Ultrasound is an operator dependent modality, to decrease the bias of this research, operator of the ultrasound is researcher, fellowship doctors and consultants of our division. RESULTS Results are 25% in femoral artery, 58.3% in popliteal artery, 41.6% in posterior tibial artery, and 45.8% in dorsalis pedis artery, which counts for biphasic and monophasic spectrum. Amputation rate is 4% for each minor and major amputation. Statistic analysis for correlation of arterial spectrum with amputation are, femoral artery p=0,054 (95% CI), popliteal artery p=0,006 (95% CI), posterior tibial artery p=0,010 (95% CI), and dorsalis pedis artery p=0,021 (95% CI). CONCLUSION Based on statistic analysis, amputation can be significant in duplex imaging of popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery. Conslusion regards duplex imaging to be performed in four main arteries of lower extremity, to predict limb loss.;BACKGROUND Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is an occlusive disease of the blood flow artery beside coronary and intracranial artery. PAD is a result of atherosclerotic process, embolism, thrombus, and inflammation which toward of artery stenosis. Asymptomatic PAD counts 3-10% of worl population, and increasing until 15-20% in patient more than 70 years old. Our division counts 18.1-24.7% of diabetic foot patient with PAD undergoes amputation within this three years. Evaluation of duplex ultrasound in the main artery of lower extremity hopefully can detect whether patient will undergo limb salvage or limb loss, as early as possible, major or minor amputation. METHODS Research method is independent category comparative analytic with retrospective cohort design. Within January 2010 to December 2011, we collect 24 patients that rolled on inclusion criteria. We examined femoral, poplitea, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery, which showed monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic spectrum of duplex imaging of the ultrasound, and all of them has broadening spectrum.Ultrasound is an operator dependent modality, to decrease the bias of this research, operator of the ultrasound is researcher, fellowship doctors and consultants of our division. RESULTS Results are 25% in femoral artery, 58.3% in popliteal artery, 41.6% in posterior tibial artery, and 45.8% in dorsalis pedis artery, which counts for biphasic and monophasic spectrum. Amputation rate is 4% for each minor and major amputation. Statistic analysis for correlation of arterial spectrum with amputation are, femoral artery p=0,054 (95% CI), popliteal artery p=0,006 (95% CI), posterior tibial artery p=0,010 (95% CI), and dorsalis pedis artery p=0,021 (95% CI). CONCLUSION Based on statistic analysis, amputation can be significant in duplex imaging of popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery. Conslusion regards duplex imaging to be performed in four main arteries of lower extremity, to predict limb loss.;BACKGROUND Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is an occlusive disease of the blood flow artery beside coronary and intracranial artery. PAD is a result of atherosclerotic process, embolism, thrombus, and inflammation which toward of artery stenosis. Asymptomatic PAD counts 3-10% of worl population, and increasing until 15-20% in patient more than 70 years old. Our division counts 18.1-24.7% of diabetic foot patient with PAD undergoes amputation within this three years. Evaluation of duplex ultrasound in the main artery of lower extremity hopefully can detect whether patient will undergo limb salvage or limb loss, as early as possible, major or minor amputation. METHODS Research method is independent category comparative analytic with retrospective cohort design. Within January 2010 to December 2011, we collect 24 patients that rolled on inclusion criteria. We examined femoral, poplitea, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery, which showed monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic spectrum of duplex imaging of the ultrasound, and all of them has broadening spectrum.Ultrasound is an operator dependent modality, to decrease the bias of this research, operator of the ultrasound is researcher, fellowship doctors and consultants of our division. RESULTS Results are 25% in femoral artery, 58.3% in popliteal artery, 41.6% in posterior tibial artery, and 45.8% in dorsalis pedis artery, which counts for biphasic and monophasic spectrum. Amputation rate is 4% for each minor and major amputation. Statistic analysis for correlation of arterial spectrum with amputation are, femoral artery p=0,054 (95% CI), popliteal artery p=0,006 (95% CI), posterior tibial artery p=0,010 (95% CI), and dorsalis pedis artery p=0,021 (95% CI). CONCLUSION Based on statistic analysis, amputation can be significant in duplex imaging of popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery. Conslusion regards duplex imaging to be performed in four main arteries of lower extremity, to predict limb loss.;BACKGROUND Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is an occlusive disease of the blood flow artery beside coronary and intracranial artery. PAD is a result of atherosclerotic process, embolism, thrombus, and inflammation which toward of artery stenosis. Asymptomatic PAD counts 3-10% of worl population, and increasing until 15-20% in patient more than 70 years old. Our division counts 18.1-24.7% of diabetic foot patient with PAD undergoes amputation within this three years. Evaluation of duplex ultrasound in the main artery of lower extremity hopefully can detect whether patient will undergo limb salvage or limb loss, as early as possible, major or minor amputation. METHODS Research method is independent category comparative analytic with retrospective cohort design. Within January 2010 to December 2011, we collect 24 patients that rolled on inclusion criteria. We examined femoral, poplitea, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery, which showed monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic spectrum of duplex imaging of the ultrasound, and all of them has broadening spectrum.Ultrasound is an operator dependent modality, to decrease the bias of this research, operator of the ultrasound is researcher, fellowship doctors and consultants of our division. RESULTS Results are 25% in femoral artery, 58.3% in popliteal artery, 41.6% in posterior tibial artery, and 45.8% in dorsalis pedis artery, which counts for biphasic and monophasic spectrum. Amputation rate is 4% for each minor and major amputation. Statistic analysis for correlation of arterial spectrum with amputation are, femoral artery p=0,054 (95% CI), popliteal artery p=0,006 (95% CI), posterior tibial artery p=0,010 (95% CI), and dorsalis pedis artery p=0,021 (95% CI). CONCLUSION Based on statistic analysis, amputation can be significant in duplex imaging of popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery. Conslusion regards duplex imaging to be performed in four main arteries of lower extremity, to predict limb loss., BACKGROUND

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is an occlusive disease of the blood flow artery beside coronary and intracranial artery. PAD is a result of atherosclerotic process, embolism, thrombus, and inflammation which toward of artery stenosis. Asymptomatic PAD counts 3-10% of worl population, and increasing until 15-20% in patient more than 70 years old. Our division counts 18.1-24.7% of diabetic foot patient with PAD undergoes amputation within this three years. Evaluation of duplex ultrasound in the main artery of lower extremity hopefully can detect whether patient will undergo limb salvage or limb loss, as early as possible, major or minor amputation.

METHODS

Research method is independent category comparative analytic with retrospective cohort design. Within January 2010 to December 2011, we collect 24 patients that rolled on inclusion criteria. We examined femoral, poplitea, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery, which showed monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic spectrum of duplex imaging of the ultrasound, and all of them has broadening spectrum.Ultrasound is an operator dependent modality, to decrease the bias of this research, operator of the ultrasound is researcher, fellowship doctors and consultants of our division.

RESULTS

Results are 25% in femoral artery, 58.3% in popliteal artery, 41.6% in posterior tibial artery, and 45.8% in dorsalis pedis artery, which counts for biphasic and monophasic spectrum. Amputation rate is 4% for each minor and major amputation. Statistic analysis for correlation of arterial spectrum with amputation are, femoral artery p=0,054 (95% CI), popliteal artery p=0,006 (95% CI), posterior tibial artery p=0,010 (95% CI), and dorsalis pedis artery p=0,021 (95% CI).

CONCLUSION

Based on statistic analysis, amputation can be significant in duplex imaging of popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery. Conslusion regards duplex imaging to be performed in four main arteries of lower extremity, to predict limb loss.]"

"The lack of interest from the public and health workers, such as nurses to carry out a pap test, is one of the triggers of cervical cancer cases. The purpose of this study was to identify the implementation of pap tests and barriers of nurses in Bandung, West Java. This study used a cross-sectional descriptive study design with a sample of 286 married nurses. Data collection was conducted during two months. The analysis was conducted by the Fisher exact test or chi-square test. The results showed that the level of education and religion had a significant relationship with the pap test behavior (p= 0,000; p= 0.031). The most perceived barrier was that respondents felt uncomfortable with the male examiners. So it was recommended to provide female examiners in the ob-gyn section in the hospitals and to improve the nurses' perceptions with pap test."

"Kanker serviks adalah kanker genital kedua yang paling sering terjadi pada perempuan dan bertanggung jawab untuk 6% dari semua kanker pada perempuan di Amerika Serikat. Deteksi dini dengan Pap smear merupakan salah satu cara pencegahan kanker serviks. Ini merupakan cara menunmkan angka kematian akibat kanker serviks. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan tingkat pengetahuan wanita usia subur tentang kanker serviks dengan motivasi melakukan Pap smear di wilayah Kelurahan Tugu, Depok. Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif korelatif dengan desain potong lintang melibatkan 108 responden yang diambil dengan teknik random sampling dengan menggunakan kuisioner sebagai alat pengumpul data. Analisa data menggunakan uji Chi Square dan T independent. Penelitian ini memperoleh basil bahwa ada perbedaan motivasi melakukan pemeriksaan Pap smear antara status ekonomi rendah, sedang dan tinggi (p: 0,00; α: 0,05), ada perbedaan motivasi melakukan pemeriksaan Pap smear antara tingkat pendidikan rendah dan tinggi (p: 0,019; α: 0,05), ada perbedaan motivasi melakukan pemeriksaan Pap smear antara responden yang mempunyai pengetahuan kurang dan baik (p: 0,002; α: 0,05). Namun, tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang signifikan antara usia dan jenis pekerjaan responden dengan motivasi melakukan pemeriksaan Pap smear. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan untuk peneliti selanjutnya agar mengeksplorasi faktor-faktor lain yang dapat mempenganthi motivasi melakukan pemeriksaan Pap smear dengan menggunakan desain dan instrumen yang lebih baik serta menggunakan jumlah sampel yang lebih besar. Bagi institusi pendidikan hendaknya mahasiswa perlu diberikan materi yang cukup tentang kanker serviks dan pentingnya Pap smear untuk bekal melakukan penyuluhan ke masyarakat. Pelayanan kesehatan perlu juga mengadakan pemeriksaan Pap smear secara gratis atau bins dengan mengadakan pelayanan pemeriksaan IVA (Inspeksi Visual dengan Asarn Asetat) secara gratis serta memberikan pendidikan kesehatan bagi masyarakat mengenai kanker serviks."

"sebuah survey awereness yang dilakukan oleh yayasan kanker indonesia (YKI) terhadap sekitar 138 ribu perempuan mengungkapkan faktanya. seperti dilansir dalam laporan, sekitar 93% perempuan menyadari bahaya resiko dari kanker serviks, namun hanya 7% diantaranya yang mewujudkan kesadaran itu melalui pemeriksaan pap smear.kanker serviks/kanker leher rahim (cervix) yang menghubungkan rahim (uterus) dengan ilang senggama diagian organ dalam organ reproduksi perempuan. pemeriksaan rutin lewat pap smear setidaknya dapat mendeteksi dini apabila ada sel abnormal di area serviks yang kelak berkembang menjadi kanker."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang dan tujuan : Hubungan seksual anal reseptive usia muda pada LSL meningkatkan penularan infeksi Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), infeksi Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), dan infeksi menular seksual lainnya sehingga dapat menimbulkan abnormalitas sitologi anus. Kekerapan hubungan seksual anus pada LSL menyebabkan trauma berulang pada anus juga menimbulkan abnormalitas sitologi anus. Hal ini menyebabkan LSL rentan menderita kanker anus. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kemungkinan terdapatnya hubungan antara coitarche, kekerapan hubungan seksual anal receptive dan infeksi HIV terhadap abnormalitas gambaran sitologi anus dengan anal pap smear. Metode: Penelitian ini berdesain potong lintang pada 99 LSL di Puskesmas Pasar Rebo, Jakarta Timur. Dilakukan wawancara tentang coitarche, kekerapan hubungan seksual anal receptive, dan jumlah pasangan. Juga pemeriksaan fisis, pemeriksaan serologis HIV dan pengambilan spesimen anal swab untuk pemeriksaan sitologi anus. Hasil: Proporsi gambaran abnormal sitologi adalah 15,2% dan seluruhnya ASCUS, tidak ditemukan LSIL dan HSIL. Gambaran abnormal sitologi anus berdasarkan kelompok usia coitarche dan kelompok pasangan seksual anal receptive seumur hidup terbanyak adalah usia coitarche >19 tahun dan pasangan seumur hidup < 24 orang. Gambaran abnormal sitologi anus pada kelompok berdasarkan jumlah pasangan dalam 3 bulan terakhir dan kekerapan hubungan seksual perminggu adalah sebanding. Pada 51 SP HIV positif didapatkan 17,6% ASCUS dan pada 48 SP HIV negatif didapatkan 12,5% ASCUS. LSL dengan gambaran klinis kutil peri anus ditemukan 30,3% ASCUS (RP 5,30; 95%IK 1,6417,19) Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara usia coitarche, kekerapan hubungan seksual anal receptive, dan infeksi HIV dengan abnormalitas sitologi anus.

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ABSTRACTBackground and aim: Anal receptive intercourse at younger age among MSM could increase transmission of HIV infection, HPV infection, and other sexually transmitted disease and could cause abnormalities of anal cytology. Frequent anal receptive intercourse in MSM would cause repeated trauma to anus and this process accelerate anal cytology abnormalities. This will put MSM at high risk of anal cancer. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship among coitarche, frequency of anal receptive intercourse in MSM and HIV infection to anal cytology abnormalities using anal Papsmear. Methods: This is a cross sectional study in 99 MSM at puskesmas Pasar Rebo, Jakarta Timur. Interview about coitarche, frequency of anal receptive intercourse, number of sexual anal receptive patner, physical examination, HIV serology, anal swab specimens for anal cytology examination were done. Results: The proportion of the abnormal cytology was 15.2% and all were ASCUS. Neither LSIL nor HSIL were found. Abnormal cytology based on coitarche, were found more in the > 19 years age group. Abnormal cytology based on lifetime anal receptive sexual patner numbers, were more in < 24 patners. Abnormal anal cytology based on number of sexual patners in the past 3 months and frequency of weekly sexual intercourse wereequal. In 51 MSM with HIV positive group there was 17.6% ASCUS and in 48 MSM with HIV negative group there was 12.5% ASCUS. In MSM with perianal wart, 30.3% were ASCUS (PR 5.30; 95%CI 1.64-17.19) Conclution: There is no significant difference between coitarche age, frequency of anal receptive intercourse, and HIV infection with abnormal anal cytology. ;Background and aim: Anal receptive intercourse at younger age among MSM could increase transmission of HIV infection, HPV infection, and other sexually transmitted disease and could cause abnormalities of anal cytology. Frequent anal receptive intercourse in MSM would cause repeated trauma to anus and this process accelerate anal cytology abnormalities. This will put MSM at high risk of anal cancer. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship among coitarche, frequency of anal receptive intercourse in MSM and HIV infection to anal cytology abnormalities using anal Papsmear. Methods: This is a cross sectional study in 99 MSM at puskesmas Pasar Rebo, Jakarta Timur. Interview about coitarche, frequency of anal receptive intercourse, number of sexual anal receptive patner, physical examination, HIV serology, anal swab specimens for anal cytology examination were done. Results: The proportion of the abnormal cytology was 15.2% and all were ASCUS. Neither LSIL nor HSIL were found. Abnormal cytology based on coitarche, were found more in the > 19 years age group. Abnormal cytology based on lifetime anal receptive sexual patner numbers, were more in < 24 patners. Abnormal anal cytology based on number of sexual patners in the past 3 months and frequency of weekly sexual intercourse wereequal. In 51 MSM with HIV positive group there was 17.6% ASCUS and in 48 MSM with HIV negative group there was 12.5% ASCUS. In MSM with perianal wart, 30.3% were ASCUS (PR 5.30; 95%CI 1.64-17.19) Conclution: There is no significant difference between coitarche age, frequency of anal receptive intercourse, and HIV infection with abnormal anal cytology. , Background and aim: Anal receptive intercourse at younger age among MSM could increase transmission of HIV infection, HPV infection, and other sexually transmitted disease and could cause abnormalities of anal cytology. Frequent anal receptive intercourse in MSM would cause repeated trauma to anus and this process accelerate anal cytology abnormalities. This will put MSM at high risk of anal cancer. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship among coitarche, frequency of anal receptive intercourse in MSM and HIV infection to anal cytology abnormalities using anal Papsmear. Methods: This is a cross sectional study in 99 MSM at puskesmas Pasar Rebo, Jakarta Timur. Interview about coitarche, frequency of anal receptive intercourse, number of sexual anal receptive patner, physical examination, HIV serology, anal swab specimens for anal cytology examination were done. Results: The proportion of the abnormal cytology was 15.2% and all were ASCUS. Neither LSIL nor HSIL were found. Abnormal cytology based on coitarche, were found more in the > 19 years age group. Abnormal cytology based on lifetime anal receptive sexual patner numbers, were more in < 24 patners. Abnormal anal cytology based on number of sexual patners in the past 3 months and frequency of weekly sexual intercourse wereequal. In 51 MSM with HIV positive group there was 17.6% ASCUS and in 48 MSM with HIV negative group there was 12.5% ASCUS. In MSM with perianal wart, 30.3% were ASCUS (PR 5.30; 95%CI 1.64-17.19) Conclution: There is no significant difference between coitarche age, frequency of anal receptive intercourse, and HIV infection with abnormal anal cytology. ]"

"ABSTRAKKanker serviks adalah jenis kanker yang paling banyak ditemukan padawanita dan masih menduduki peringkat pertama di Indonesia diantara tumor ganasginekologik. Menurut WHO dalam Kompas (2010), saat ini kanker serviksmenempati peringkat teratas diantara berbagai jenis kanker yang menyebabkankematian pada wanita di dunia. Indonesia merupakan Negara dengan jumlahpenderita kanker serviks tertinggi di dunia. Di Indonesia setiap tahun terdeteksilebih dari 15.000 kasus kanker serviks. Sekitar 8.000 kasus diantaranya berakhirdengan kematian. Di Kabupaten Buleleng ditemukan kematian karena kankerserviks sebanyak 13 orang pada tahun 2009. Di Wilayah kerja PuskesmasTejakula II pada tahun 2008 ditemukan kematian karena kanker serviks satuorang, meningkat menjadi tiga orang pada tahun 2009. Hal ini disebabkan karenakanker serviks terlambat dideteksi sehingga keberhasilan pengobatan sangatminim. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungandengan perilaku Pap Smear pada wanita usia subur di Desa Pacung, wilayah kerjaPuskesmas Tejakula II tahun 2011. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatifdengan desain cross sectional, populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh wanitausia subur yang bertempat tinggal di Desa Pacung, dengan jumlah sampel 210orang. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan yang bermaknaantara faktor predisposisi [pekerjaan (OR=3,33; CI 95%, 1,54-7,22), pengetahuantentang kanker leher rahim (OR=6,43; CI 95%, 2,27-18,2), pengetahuan tentangPap Smear (OR=9,15; CI 95%, 4,57-18,3), sikap terhadap Pap Smear (OR=6,25;CI 95%, 3,19-12,2), persepsi terhadap Pap Smear (OR=23,57; CI 95%, 9,97-55,7)dan persepsi terhadap peranan petugas kesehatan (OR=19,54; CI 95%, 4,58-83,35)], faktor pemungkin [ jarak fasilitas kesehatan (OR=3,77; CI 95%, 1,97-7,17),biaya (OR=2,07; CI 95%, 1,15-3,73) dan akses informasi (OR=51,43; CI 95% ,12,11-218,35)], faktor penguat [dukungan sosial (OR=86,02; CI 95%, 25,3-292,32)], ancaman terhadap kanker leher rahim (OR=28,47; CI 95%, 11,97-67,73)dan manfaat Pap smear yang dirasakan (OR=4,4; CI 95%, 1,75-11,05) denganperilaku Pap Smear pada wanita usia subur di Desa Pacung wilayah kerjaPuskesmas Tejakula II. Dari hasil penelitian ini disarankan agar puskesmasmeningkatkan upaya promosi kesehatan tentang kanker leher rahim dan PapSmear sehingga ibu mau melakukan pemeriksaan Pap Smear secara teratur.

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ABSTRACTCervical cancer is the most pregnant cancer of women and it still becomesthe first rank of gynecology’s cancer in Indonesia. World Health Organization(WHO) reported that cervical cancer is on top position among other kinds ofcancer that cause women’s mortality in the world. Indonesia has the largestnumber of women suffered from cervix cancer in the world. More than 15.000cases of cervical cancer founded every year in Indonesia and approximately 8.000women among them were died due to the desease. In Buleleng Regency werefound 13 mortalities caused by cervical cancer in 2009. The Mortality whichcaused by cervical cancer in the area of Tejakula II public health center increasefrom one death cases in 2008 become three mortalities in 2009. All thosemortality caused by the delay in cervical cancer detection. The study wasintended to determine factors related with Pap Smear behavior on reproductiveage women in Pacung village, Tejakula II public health center area in 2011. Thisstudy is a quantitative study use cross sectional study design. The population ofthis study was the whole reproductive age women live in Pacung village, (210samples). The result of the present study shows that there is relationship amongpredisposition factors [ occupation of women (OR=3.33; 95% CI,1.54-7.22),cervical cancer knowledge (OR=6.43;95% CI, 2.27-18.2), Pap Smear knowledge(OR=9.15; 95% CI, 4.57-18.3), attitude to Pap Smear (OR=6.25; 95% CI, 3.19-12.2), perception on Pap Smear (OR=23.57; 95% CI, 9.97-55.7) and theperception existences of medical officers (OR=19.54; 95% CI, 4.58-83. 35)],enabling factors [the distance to medical facilities (OR=3.77; 95% CI, 1.97-7.17),cost (OR=2.07; 95% CI, 1.15-3.73) and information access (OR= 51.43; 95% CI,12.11-218.35)], reinforcing factor [social support (OR=86.02; 95% CI, 25.3-292.32)], threat of cervical cancer (OR=28.47; 95% CI, 11.97-67.73) andperception on benefit of Pap smear (OR=4.4; 95% CI, 1.75-11.05) with PapSmear behavior on reproductive age women in Pacung village, Tejakula II publichealth center area. The study suggested that public health center increase thehealth promotion regarding cervical cancer and Pap Smear so the women will doPap Smear examination regularly."

"Derasnya arus informasi di media sosial berdampak pada kemunculan berita palsu dan menyebabkan konflik di masyarakat. Oleh karena itu, beberapa negara mengeluarkan regulasi untuk mengatur berita palsu, termasuk Singapura dengan kebijakan POFMA (Protection of Falsehood and Manipulation Act). POFMA diberlakukan kepada oposisi hingga masyarakat umum. POFMA juga diberlakukan pada masa Pemilihan Umum 2020 yang dimenangkan oleh partai berkuasa People’s Action Party (PAP) dalam kondisi Pandemi Covid-19. Penelitian ini berargumen bahwa POFMA dimanfaatkan oleh PAP sebagai salah satu cara untuk mempertahankan kekuasaannya. Sebelum POFMA dibentuk, PAP telah melakukan kontrol politik terhadap oposisi dalam struktur negara dan media massa serta masyarakat umum dengan pembentukan lembaga, skema pemilu, dan kebijakan yang membatasi kebebasan. Penelitian ini dianalisis menggunakan teori three pillars of stability milik Gerschewski yang membahas tiga pilar penting yang saling berkaitan untuk mempertahankan stabilitas rezim, yaitu pilar legitimasi, kooptasi, dan represi. Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data yang bersumber dari studi pustaka berupa buku, jurnal, dokumen resmi, dan website. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pilar legitimasi didapatkan melalui survei persepsi masyarakat terhadap berita palsu, green paper, public hearing, dan dukungan masyarakat setelah POFMA disahkan. Masyarakat mendukung POFMA karena berperan dalam mengatasi berita palsu terutama dalam isu kepentingan publik. Pilar kooptasi dapat dilihat melalui kooptasi perusahaan media sosial, POFMA Office, dan civil servants. Pilar represi diperlihatkan melalui topik kasus yang diberlakukan POFMA, jenis koreksi yang dikeluarkan, dan pihak-pihak yang mendapat pemberlakuan POFMA. Kata kunci: POFMA, Mempertahankan Kekuasaan PAP, Pemilihan Umum 2020.

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The rapid flow of information on social media has an impact on the emergence of fake news and causes conflict in society. Therefore, several countries have issued regulations to regulate fake news, including Singapore with the POFMA (Protection of Falsehood and Manipulation Act) policy. POFMA applies to the opposition until the general public. POFMA was also implemented during the 2020 General Election which was won by the ruling People's Action Party (PAP) during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study argues that POFMA is used by PAP as a way to maintain its power. Before POFMA was formed, the PAP had exercised political control over the opposition in the state structure and the mass media as well as the general public by establishing institutions, electoral schemes, and policies that limited freedom. This study was analyzed using Gerschewski's theory of three pillars of stability which discusses three important interrelated pillars to maintain regime stability, namely the pillars of legitimacy, co-optation, and repression. The research uses qualitative methods with data collection sourced from literature studies in the form of books, journals, official documents, and websites. The results showed that the pillars of legitimacy were obtained through a survey of public perceptions of fake news, green papers, public hearings, and community support after POFMA was ratified. The community supports POFMA because it plays a role in overcoming fake news, especially in issues of public interest. The pillar of co-optation can be seen through the co-optation of social media companies, POFMA Office, and civil servants. The pillars of repression are shown through the topics of the cases imposed by POFMA, the types of corrections issued, and the parties to whom POFMA is enforced. Keywords: POFMA, Maintaining PAP's Power, General Election 2020."

"Di Indonesia kebanyakan pasien kanker serviks datang pada stadium lanjut (62%) yang merupakan 66% dari penyebab kematian ginekologik. Pemeriksaan Pap Smear merupakan salah satu cara untuk mendeteksi secara dini kanker serviks sehingga penanganan kanker serviks dapat dilakukan sebelum menyebar ke luar rahim.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peranan faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan mereka terlambat memeriksakan diri di RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta. Penelitian ini memadukan metoda kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Data primer diambil dengan menggunakan kuesioner, wawancara mendalam dan membaca catatan dokumen.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel-variabel yang berhubungan seeara statistik dengan keterlambatan pasien kanker serviks memeriksakan diri adalah pengetahuan, sikap, ketersediaan pelayanan Pap Smear dan dorongan suami. Biaya dan dorongan petugas kesehatan tidak berhubungan secara statistik tetapi penting khususnya penghasilan untuk membayar biaya pemeriksaan. Ketersediaan pelayanan Pap smear merupakan variabel yang dominan mempengaruhi variabel dependen.Berdasarkan wawancara mendalam dapat disimpulkan bahwa memang tidak tersedianya pelayanan Pap Smear disamping kurangnya pengetahuan yang menjadi penyebab informan terlambat memeriksakan diri dengan alasan tidak ada satupun petugas kesehatan atau orang lain yang menyampaikan informasi mengenai Pap Smear dan kanker serviks.Mempertimbangkan hasil penelitian maka disarankan kepada semua pihak yang terkait untuk meningkatkan upaya penanganan kanker serviks melalui KIE secara terkoordinir lintas sektoral kepada masyarakat umumnya, terutama kepada wanita masa reproduksi dan lansia agar memperhatikan pelayanan deteksi dini (Pap Smear).

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An Analysis on the Delay of Cervix Cancer Patient in Examining Their selves in The National Hospital of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, JakartaIn Indonesia most of the cervix cancer patients come to see doctors after advanced stadium (62 %) which 66 % ended with gynecological death. The smear test is a method to detect the cervix cancer earlier before spreading outside the uterus.

The purpose of this research is to identify factors related to the delay of the health examination in The National Hospital of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta. This research combines quantitative and qualitative methods by using questionnaire, in-depth interview and examine medical records to supplement the primary data.

The research result indicates variables related statistically with the cancer patient delay are; knowledge, attitudes, the availability of the Pap smears service, and the husband's support. Financial problem and encouragement from the health providers are not related statistically but it is important especially the income. The availability of Pap smear service plays as a dominant variable in affecting the dependent variable.

Based on depth interview it is concluded that the unavailability of Pap smear services despite the lack of knowledge has caused the informant did not use the early detection service (Pap smear) with reason there was no health provider or other people gave information about the Pap smear and cervix cancer.

Considering the research result, it is suggested that all related parties improve the handling of the cervix cancer through Communication, Information and Education (KIE), which is coordinated through cross sector way to the public, especially KIE should be focused on women during their reproductive term and the elder women so that they will pay more attention to early detection service (Pap smear)."