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"ABSTRAKIndonesia adalah negara yang selalu menghadapi ancaman dari penyakitan inkesius, sama seperti negara tropis lain. Kuman-kuman yang menyebabkan penyakit tersebut, telah menjadi resisten. Ancaman dari kuman resisten telah berkembang, dan obat herbal harus dianggap sebagai salah satu obat alternatif. Indonesia adalah negara yang kultural dan mempunyai kekayaan tanaman dan rempah-rempah. Rempah-rempah ini bisa ditemui dimana-mana, dan dipakai oleh mayoritas masyarakat. Cengkeh Syzygium aromaticum , yang sering dipakai untuk mengobati infeksi local, adalah salah satu contohnya. Efeknya Syzygium aromaticum terhadap Methicillin-resistent Staphylococcus aureus, salah satu kuman etiologinya infeksi lokal dan sistemik, harus dipelajari. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efeknya ekstrak Syzygium aromaticum terhadap kultur Methicillin resistent Staphylococcus aureus MRSA . Penelitian ini mengunakan methode eksperimental. Parameter yang diukur di penelitian ini adalah Minimum Inhibitory Concentration MIC dan Minimum Bactericidal Concentration MBC . Methode yang digunakan untuk mencari konsentrasi minimal dibutuhkan untuk inhibisi bakteri MIC adalah broth dilution. Sampel dari broth dilution akan di inokulasi pada media agar, dan konsentrasi minimal dibutuhkan untuk membunuhi bakteri MBC akan bisa diukur. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa ekstrak bunga cengkeh Syzygium aromaticum mempunyai efek antimikrobial terhadap MRSA dan S aureus. MRSA MIC: 0.3906 , MBC: 0.3906 juga lebih sensitif terhadap extrak cengkeh, dibandingkan S aureus MIC: 0.7813 , MBC: 0.7813

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ABSTRACTIndonesia is under threat from infectious diseases. In addition, the microbes, which can be eliminated by common antibiotics, have become resistant. In response to antimicrobial resistance, the option of alternative medicine is also one that must be considered. Medicinal herbs are ubiquitously found and used by the people of Indonesia. The clove plant Syzygium aromaticum used in the study, is culturally used to relieve local infections. The purpose of the research is to investigate the effect of the extract of clove bud Syzygium aromaticum against cultured Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA . This is an experimental research to determine the effect of Clove S aromaticum on MRSA culture in vitro. The parameters being measured are the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration MIC and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration MBC . Using the broth microdilution method, we can semi quantitatively find the minimum concentration required to suppress the growth of bacteria, and then streaking the samples on agar media can determine the minimum concentration required to eliminate the microbe entirely. The research revealed that Clove Syzygium aromaticum bud extract has antimicrobial properties against MRSA and Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA MIC 0.3906 , MBC 0.3906 is more susceptible to aqueous clove extract, compared to Staphylococcus aureus MIC 0.7813 , MBC 0.7813 ."

"Background: Amikacin is one of the antibiotics of choice for sepsis and septic shock. Pharmacokinetic of amikacin can be influenced by septic condition with subsequent effect on its pharmacodynamic. At Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM), Jakarta, adult patients in the ICU were given standard amikacin dose of 1 g/day, however the achievement of optimal plasma level had never been evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate whether the optimal plasma level of amikacin was achieved with the use of standard dose in septic conditions.Methods: all septic patients admitted to the intensive care unit of a national tertiary hospital receiving standard dose of 1g/day IV amikacin during May-September 2015 were included in this study. Information of minimum inhibitory concentration MIC was obtained from microbial culture. Cmax of amikacin was measured 30 minutes after administration and optimal level was calculated. Optimal amikacin level was considered achieved when Cmax/MIC ratio >8.Results: average Cmax achieved for all patients was 86.4 (43.5-238) µg/mL with 87% patients had Cmax of >64 µg/mL.MIC data were available for 7 of 23 patients. MICs for identified pathogens were 0.75 - >256 µg/mL (K. pneumonia), 0.75 - >256 µg/mL(A. baumanii), 1.5 - >256 µg/mL (P. aeruginosa)and 0.75 - 16 µg/mL(E. coli). Four out of seven patients achieved optimal amikacin level.Conclusion: despite high Cmax, only half of the patients achieved optimal amikacin level with highly variable Cmax. This study suggests that measurement of Cmax and MIC are important to optimize septic patients management."

"Latar Belakang : Siprofloksasin adalah salah satu antibiotik yang paling banyak digunakan untuk mengobati ISK yang paling sering disebabkan oleh Escherichia coli. Nilai konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM)/ minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) digunakan sebagai uji kepekaan kuantitatif yang rutin dilakukan di laboratorium mikrobiologi. Sehubungan dengan meningkatnya resistensi siprofloksasin pada pasien ISK, perlu dilakukan evaluasi batas ambang uji KHM/MIC sebagai dasar penentuan dosis siprofloksasin sesuai farmakokinetik dan farmakodinamiknya. Dilihat juga riwayat ISK berulang dan penggunaan antibiotika 3 bulan terakhir sebagai faktor risiko yang mempengaruhi terjadinya peningkatan nilai KHM/MIC.Metode : Studi potong lintang dengan eksperimental laboratorium dilakukan pada tahun 2019-2020. Isolasi uropatogen dilakukan pada 106 sampel urin pasien dengan diagnosis klinis ISK yang berobat ke Puskesmas dan RSUD di kota Tangerang Selatan, serta beberapa RS di Jakarta. Uji kepekaan dilakukan dengan melihat nilai KHM/MIC beberapa antibiotik untuk ISK. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji Mutant Prevention Concentration (MPC) siprofloksasin terhadap E. coli, dengan cara menilai konsentrasi siprofloksasin terendah yang mampu membunuh 1010 koloni E. coli yang ditumbuhkan pada agar Mueller-Hinton, yang diinkubasi pada suhu 370C sampai dengan 96 jam. Nilai MPC dibandingkan dengan peningkatan nilai KHM/MIC dan faktor risiko yang mempengaruhinya.Hasil : Hasil kultur urin ≥100.000 CFU/ml ditemukan pada 95 (89,6%) dari 106 pasien dewasa dengan diagnosis klinis ISK, yang terdiri dari 67,4% perempuan dan 32,6% laki-laki. E. coli merupakan penyebab terbanyak ISK yaitu 58,6%, dengan 36,2% isolat terdeteksi sebagai ESBL. Pola kepekaan siprofloksasin pada E. coli kurang dari 50%, dan lebih rendah lagi pada bakteri ESBL. Mutan E. coli ditemukan di semua isolat yang sensitif, terutama pada nilai KHM/MIC yang berada di batas ambang yang sensitif. Riwayat penggunaan antibiotik 3 bulan terakhir lebih tinggi risikonya dibandingkan riwayat ISK berulang untuk peningkatan nilai KHM/MIC pada mutan E. coli resisten siprofloksasin.Kesimpulan : Penggunaan siprofloksasin untuk pengobatan ISK harus digunakan secara bijak. Nilai batas ambang sensitif KHM/MIC perlu diturunkan untuk mencegah kegagalan terapi disebabkan keberadaan mutan E. coli resisten siprofloksasin. Riwayat penggunaan antibiotik 3 bulan terakhir dan ISK berulang berisiko untuk peningkatan nilai KHM/MIC pada mutan E. coli resisten siprofloksasin

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Background : Ciprofloxacin is one of the most widely used antibiotics to treat the UTIs commonly caused by Escherichia coli. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value is used as a quantitative susceptibility test, routinely carried out in the microbiology laboratory. Due to the increasing resistance of ciprofloxacin in UTI patients, it is necessary to evaluate the MIC threshold as a basis for determining the dose of ciprofloxacin accordingly to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Assessment of recurrent UTI and antibiotic used in the last 3 months is also conducted as risk factors affecting the increase of MIC value.

Methods : A cross-sectional study and laboratory experiments were conducted in 2019-2020. Isolation of uropathogen was conducted on 106 urine samples from patients with a clinical diagnosis of UTI who went to the community health centre and regional hospital in South Tangerang, as well as several hospitals in Jakarta. Susceptibility testing was performed to detect the MIC value of several antibiotics for UTIs. After that, the Mutant Prevention Concentration (MPC) test of ciprofloxacin was carried out against E. coli, by assessing the lowest ciprofloxacin concentration which was able to kill 1010 E. coli colonies grown on Mueller-Hinton agar, incubated at 370C for up to 96 hours. The MPC value is compared with the increasing MIC value and the risk factors that influence it.

Results : Urine culture results of ≥100,000 CFU/ ml were found in 95 (89.6%) of 106 adult patients with a clinical diagnosis of UTI, consisting of 67.4% female and 32.6% male. E. coli was the most common cause of UTI, i.e. 58.6%, including 36.2% of the isolates detected as ESBL. The sensitivity pattern of ciprofloxacin against E. coli was less than 50%, and lower in ESBL bacteria. E. coli mutants were found in all sensitive isolates, especially in isolates with MIC value on the sensitivity threshold. Antibiotics used in the last 3 months had a higher risk than recurrent UTIs for increasing MIC values in E. coli mutants resistant to ciprofloxacin.

Conclusion : The use of ciprofloxacin for the treatment of UTIs must be used wisely. The sensitivity threshold of MIC value should be reduced to prevent treatment failure due to the presence of E. coli mutants resistant to ciprofloxacin. Antibiotics used for the last 3 months and recurrent UTIs are at risk for increasing of MIC values in E. coli mutants resistant to ciprofloxacin."

"Latar Belakang: Saat ini, terjadinya peningkatan angka penyakit infeksi di seluruh dunia termasuk di Indonesia masih merupakan masalah. Namun, di dalam praktik sehari-hari, masih terdapat banyak sekali penyalahgunaan antibiotik yang akhirnya menyebabkan masalah resistensi. Organisasi kesehatan dunia atau World Health Organization (WHO) menyatakan bahwa resistensi telah mencapai keadaan pada level berbahaya. Salah satu alternatif yang bisa dilakukan yaitu dengan memanfaatkan tanaman herbal. Salah satu tanaman herbal yang banyak digunakan yaitu cocor bebek (Kalanchoe Pinnata). Tanaman ini biasanya digunakan untuk mengobati infeksi pada kulit, diare dan infeksi saluran kemih. Oleh karenanya, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antimikroba tanaman ini terhadap bakteri penyebab tersering penyakit infeksi.Metode: Penelitian dilakukan di Departemen Mikrobiologi FKUI. Isolat yang digunakan yaitu E. coli ATCC 25922 dan E. coli isolat klinis (No. 178). Metode uji kepekaan menggunakan broth dilution method untuk menentukan MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration), selanjutnya dilakukan penentuan MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration).Hasil: Kalanchoe pinnata terbukti mempunyai aktivitas antimikroba terhadap E. coli. Dari hasil penelitian yang telah dikerjakan tidak terdapat perbedaan MIC dan MBC Kalanchoe pinnata terhadap isolat E. coli ATCC 25922 dan isolat klinik patogen (No. 178) (MIC= 14.4 g/dL dan MBC= 28.8 g/dL).

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Background: Nowadays, the increasing number of infectious diseases worldwide including Indonesia has become a major problem. However, in daily practice, there are many improper uses of antibiotics, so that it causes resistant problems. World Health Organization (WHO) stated that antibiotics resistance has reached the dangerous level. One of the alternatives that can be done is to utilize herbal plants. One of the plants that has been commonly used is Kalanchoe pinnata (cocor bebek). Therefore, this study was aimed to explore the antimicrobial activity of Kalanchoe pinnata against bacteria that often cause infectious diseases.

Methods: The research is conducted at the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia. Kalanchoe pinnata was challenged with E. coli ATCC 25922 and wild strain E. coli (178) isolated from clinical specimen. Broth dilution method was utilized to determine the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration), moreover we also determined the MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration).

Results: This study revealed that Kalanchoe pinnata has antimicrobial activity against E. coli. There is no difference between MIC and MBC of Kalanchoe pinnata against E. coli ATCC and clinical pathogen isolates (MIC= 14.4 g/dL and MBC= 28.8 g/dL). "

"Porphyromonas gingivalis merupakan bakteri penyebab penyakit periodontal. Aloe vera memiliki khasiat antibakteri karena kandungan senyawa fenol. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui efektivitas antibakteri Aloe vera terhadap Porphyromonas gingivalis. Dilakukan metode ekstraksi maserasi dan infundasi terhadap Aloe vera untuk menarik senyawa aktif antibakteri. Uji antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode dilusi (KHM dan KBM) dan difusi (zona hambat).Hasil metode dilusi menunjukkan nilai KHM sebesar 70% dan tidak terdapat nilai KBM. Sedangkan, metode difusi menunjukkan zona hambat tertinggi sebesar 1,75 mm pada konsentrasi 90%. Kesimpulan, infusum lidah buaya mengandung senyawa aktif fenol, tanin dan antrakuinon serta memiliki sifat bakteriostatik dan tidak bersifat bakterisidal terhadap Porphyromonas gingivalis secara in vitro.

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Porphyromonas gingivalis is the main etiologic agent of periodontal disease. Aloe vera has antibacterial effect because of its phenolic compound. The aim of this study is to investigate the antibacterial effectivity of Aloe vera on Porphyromonas gingivalis. The study was performed by extracting Aloe vera using maceration and infusion extraction methods in order to attract the antibacterial active compounds. The test method of the antibacterial effect was carried out by dilution method (MIC and MBC) and diffusion method (inhibition zone).The results of dilution method showed that MIC value was at 70% concentration while MBC value could not be determined. The largest inhibition zone of the diffusion method was 1,75 mm at 90% concentration. In summary, Aloe vera infuse contained antibacterial active compounds such as phenol, tannin and anthraquinone and showed bacteriostatic effect on Porphyromonas gingivalis, in vitro."

"ABSTRAK Latar belakangKematian akibat sepsis dan syok septik pada pasien rawatan Intensive Care Unit (ICU) yaitu 20-30%. Pemberian antibiotik empirik yang tepat merupakan salah satu langkah awal yang sangat penting. Amikasin merupakan salah satu antibiotik terpilih untuk tata laksana sepsis di ICU RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM). Saat ini belum pernah dilakukan penelitian mengenai ketercapaian kadar terapi amikasin dengan menggunakan dosis standar amikasin pada pasien sepsis dewasa di ICU RSCM, sehingga studi ini menjadi penelitian pertama di Indonesia.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ketercapaian kadar amikasin optimal pada pasien ICU RSCM.MetodeData dikumpulkan secara potong lintang melalui observasi terhadap hasil pemeriksaan kadar plasma amikasin, pengukuran minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) dan perhitungan rasio Cmax/MIC pada pasien sepsis di ICU RSCM periode Mei-September tahun 2015.Hasil penelitianProporsi pasien sepsis dengan kadar amikasin optimal ialah sebesar 57% (4/7). Kadar puncak amikasin yang dapat dicapai dengan dosis 1000 mg sekali sehari tanpa menghiraukan berat badan ialah median 86,4 (43,5-238) µg/mL. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan 87% pasien dengan kadar puncak amikasin di atas 64 µg/mL, meskipun amikasin 1000 mg tersebut lebih rendah dari dosis yang dianjurkan untuk sepsis (25 mg/kgBB). Sebagian besar (78,3 %) subyek pada kenyataannya menerima dosis 15-25 mg/kgBB, dengan pemberian 1000 mg amikasin tanpa memperhatikan berat badan. Bakteri yang banyak ditemukan dari hasil kultur pasien sepsis di ICU RSCM, yaitu K. pneumoniae, A. baumanii, P. aeruginosa dan E. coli. Rentang nilai MIC untuk patogen tersebut berturut-turut yaitu 0,75 - >256 µg/mL, 0,75 - >256 µg/mL, 1,5 - >256 µg/mL dan 0,75 - 16) µg/mL. Sebanyak 84% isolat K. pneumoniae masih sensitif terhadap amikasin, diikuti oleh 63% untuk A. baumanii, 47% P. aeruginosa dan 100% untuk E. coli.KesimpulanOptimalitas amikasin terhadap bakteri Gram negatif penyebab sepsis bergantung kadar puncak dan MIC bakteri. Kadar puncak plasma amikasin yang dicapai dengan dosis 1000 mg sekali sehari sangat bervariasi. Pemberian amikasin dengan dosis per kgBB dapat dipertimbangkan. Kepekaan beberapa bakteri Gram negatif terhadap amikasin mulai menurun dengan rentang MIC yang cukup lebar. Pengukuran ketercapaian kadar optimal dalam terapi definitif dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan keberhasilan terapi.ABSTRACT BackgroundThe mortality caused by sepsis and septic shock in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is 20-50%. The important first step to reduce this conditions is to give the right empirical antibiotics. Amikacin is one of the antibiotics of choice for the sepsis and septic shock in ICU of Cipto Mangunkusumo (CM) Hospital. Studies on the amikacin plasma level in adult patients being given amikacin in ICU RSCM has never been done.The objective of this study is to explore the plasma level of amikacin in septic patients in CM Hospital.MethodsThis was a cross sectional study. Data on plasma amikacin level, microbiological culture, measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and amikacin optimal level in septic patients admitted to ICU of RSCM during May-September 2015.ResultsThe proportion of septic patients that achieve amikacin optimal level was 57% (4/7). Peak amikacin level that can be reached with 1 gram per day dose was 86,4 (43,5-238) g/mL. Although amikacin was given less than recommended dose for sepsis (25 mg/body weight), 87% patients was found to have peak amikacin level > 64 µg/mL. Most (78.3%) of the patients received amikacin with dose range 15-25 mg/kgBW, in which patients was given 1000 mg of amikacin regardless of the body weight. The organisms commonly identified from the microbiological culture septic in patients in ICU of RSCM were K. pneumoniae, A. baumanii, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. The MIC for these pathogen were 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 1.5 - >256 µg/mL and 0.75 ? 16 µg/mL, respectively. Most (84%) of K. pneumoniae isolates was still sensitive to amikacin, while 63% A. baumanii isolate, 47% of P. aeruginosa, and 100% of E. coli were sensitive to amikacin.ConclusionsAmikacin?s efficacy to eradicate Gram negative microorganism causing sepsis depend on peak level and MIC of the microorganism. By giving 1000 mg dose per day of amikacin, highly variable peak plasma concentration of the drug was observed. Therefore, amikacin dosing based on weight might be useful to reduce the wide variation. In this study, we found that sensitivity of some Gram negative pathogen are decreasing, with wide range of MIC. Evaluation of optimal level for definitive therapy might be useful to reach more successful treatment.;BackgroundThe mortality caused by sepsis and septic shock in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is 20-50%. The important first step to reduce this conditions is to give the right empirical antibiotics. Amikacin is one of the antibiotics of choice for the sepsis and septic shock in ICU of Cipto Mangunkusumo (CM) Hospital. Studies on the amikacin plasma level in adult patients being given amikacin in ICU RSCM has never been done.The objective of this study is to explore the plasma level of amikacin in septic patients in CM Hospital.MethodsThis was a cross sectional study. Data on plasma amikacin level, microbiological culture, measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and amikacin optimal level in septic patients admitted to ICU of RSCM during May-September 2015.ResultsThe proportion of septic patients that achieve amikacin optimal level was 57% (4/7). Peak amikacin level that can be reached with 1 gram per day dose was 86,4 (43,5-238) g/mL. Although amikacin was given less than recommended dose for sepsis (25 mg/body weight), 87% patients was found to have peak amikacin level > 64 µg/mL. Most (78.3%) of the patients received amikacin with dose range 15-25 mg/kgBW, in which patients was given 1000 mg of amikacin regardless of the body weight. The organisms commonly identified from the microbiological culture septic in patients in ICU of RSCM were K. pneumoniae, A. baumanii, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. The MIC for these pathogen were 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 1.5 - >256 µg/mL and 0.75 ? 16 µg/mL, respectively. Most (84%) of K. pneumoniae isolates was still sensitive to amikacin, while 63% A. baumanii isolate, 47% of P. aeruginosa, and 100% of E. coli were sensitive to amikacin.ConclusionsAmikacin?s efficacy to eradicate Gram negative microorganism causing sepsis depend on peak level and MIC of the microorganism. By giving 1000 mg dose per day of amikacin, highly variable peak plasma concentration of the drug was observed. Therefore, amikacin dosing based on weight might be useful to reduce the wide variation. In this study, we found that sensitivity of some Gram negative pathogen are decreasing, with wide range of MIC. Evaluation of optimal level for definitive therapy might be useful to reach more successful treatment.;BackgroundThe mortality caused by sepsis and septic shock in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is 20-50%. The important first step to reduce this conditions is to give the right empirical antibiotics. Amikacin is one of the antibiotics of choice for the sepsis and septic shock in ICU of Cipto Mangunkusumo (CM) Hospital. Studies on the amikacin plasma level in adult patients being given amikacin in ICU RSCM has never been done.The objective of this study is to explore the plasma level of amikacin in septic patients in CM Hospital.MethodsThis was a cross sectional study. Data on plasma amikacin level, microbiological culture, measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and amikacin optimal level in septic patients admitted to ICU of RSCM during May-September 2015.ResultsThe proportion of septic patients that achieve amikacin optimal level was 57% (4/7). Peak amikacin level that can be reached with 1 gram per day dose was 86,4 (43,5-238) g/mL. Although amikacin was given less than recommended dose for sepsis (25 mg/body weight), 87% patients was found to have peak amikacin level > 64 µg/mL. Most (78.3%) of the patients received amikacin with dose range 15-25 mg/kgBW, in which patients was given 1000 mg of amikacin regardless of the body weight. The organisms commonly identified from the microbiological culture septic in patients in ICU of RSCM were K. pneumoniae, A. baumanii, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. The MIC for these pathogen were 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 1.5 - >256 µg/mL and 0.75 ? 16 µg/mL, respectively. Most (84%) of K. pneumoniae isolates was still sensitive to amikacin, while 63% A. baumanii isolate, 47% of P. aeruginosa, and 100% of E. coli were sensitive to amikacin.ConclusionsAmikacin?s efficacy to eradicate Gram negative microorganism causing sepsis depend on peak level and MIC of the microorganism. By giving 1000 mg dose per day of amikacin, highly variable peak plasma concentration of the drug was observed. Therefore, amikacin dosing based on weight might be useful to reduce the wide variation. In this study, we found that sensitivity of some Gram negative pathogen are decreasing, with wide range of MIC. Evaluation of optimal level for definitive therapy might be useful to reach more successful treatment."

"one of the problems in infection theraphy is the existence of drugs resistence strains for most of antimicrobial drugs currrently used in clinic practice. ...."

"Latar Belakang Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) adala bakteri penyebab berbagai penyakit, mulai dari faringitis, pioderma, serta penyakit pasca Streptococcus seperti demam rematik dan glomerulonefritis. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa beberapa strain S. pyogenes telah resisten terhadap beberapa antibiotik sehingga diperlukan terapi baru. Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) adalah tanaman herbal yang berpotensi menghambat pertumbuhan berbagai bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) dari ekstrak etanol 70% C. asiatica terhadap S. pyogenes untuk mengevaluasi potensinya sebagai agen antibakteri. Metode Nilai Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) diukur menggunakan metode broth dilution dimana pada 10 tabung akan ditambahkan berbagai konsentrasi ekstrak C. asiatica mulai dari 750 hingga 1,46 mg/ml. Setelah penambahan 1 μl S. pyogenes dengan kekeruhan McFarland 0,5, tabung-tabung tersebut diinkubasi selama 24 jam pada suhu 35°C. Kekeruhan tabung kemudian diamati; kaldu yang tetap jernih menandakan terhambatnya pertumbuhan bakteri, sedangkan kaldu yang keruh menandakan adanya pertumbuhan bakteri. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) adalah konsentrasi ekstrak terendah yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri. Hasil MIC ditemukan pada konsentrasi 375 mg/ml, yang merupakan konsentrasi ekstrak terendah yang efektif menghambat pertumbuhan S. pyogenes. Pada konsentrasi yang lebih rendah, tabung tetap terlihat keruh. Hasil ini konsisten dalam tiga percobaan terpisah, yang semuanya dilakukan secara duplo. Kesimpulan Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ekstrak etanol 70% dari daun C. asiatica memiliki sifat antibakteri terhadap S. pyogenes pada konsentrasi 375 mg/ml.

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Introduction Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) can cause various infections, from pharyngitis, pyoderma, and post-streptococcal diseases such as rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. Previous studies have shown that some strains of S. pyogenes have become resistant to several antibiotics, requiring new therapies. Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) is an herbal plant that has the potential to inhibit the growth of various bacteria. This study aims to measure the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 70% ethanol extract of C. asiatica against S. pyogenes to evaluate its potential as an antibacterial agent. Method The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value was measured using the broth dilution method where 10 tubes were added with various concentrations of C. asiatica extract ranging from 750 to 1.46 mg/ml. After the addition of 1 μl of S. pyogenes with a McFarland turbidity of 0.5, the tubes were incubated for 24 hours at 35°C. The turbidity of the tubes was then observed; broth that remained clear indicated inhibition of bacterial growth, while turbid broth indicated bacterial growth. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of extract that can inhibit bacterial growth. Results The MIC was found at a concentration of 375 mg/ml, which is the lowest concentration of extract that effectively inhibits the growth of S. pyogenes. At lower concentrations, the tubes remained cloudy. These results were consistent across three separate experiments, all of which were performed in duplicate. Conclusion This study found that 70% ethanol extract of C. asiatica leaves has antibacterial properties against S. pyogenes at a concentration of 375 mg/ml."

"Albertisia papuana Becc termasuk tumbuhan tropis dari famili Menispermaceae. Tumbuhan ini dikenal berkhasiat obat, diantaranya sebagai antibiotik/antibakteri. Selain tumbuhan, mikroorganisme termasuk jamur endofit juga dapat menghasilkan antibiotik. Jamur endofit termasuk mikroorganisme yang hidup pada tumbuhan inangnya. Jamur endofit di alam jumlahnya melimpah (1,5 juta dibandingkan tumbuhan sekitar 300 ribuan). Jamur endofit dapat memproduksi metabolit bioaktif yang beragam. Di lain sisi, jamur endofit belum tereksplorasi secara maksimal. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menskrining dan mengisolasi senyawa bioaktif dari jamur endofit dari tumbuhan A. papuana sebagai antibiotik. Dari kegiatan penelitian didapatkan 15 isolat jamur endofit yaitu dari bagian batang 8 isolat dan daun 7 isolat. Dari skrining aktivitas antibakteri dengan metode TLC bioassay didapatkan informasi 2 isolat jamur endofit yang bersifat paling aktif yaitu DAP KRI-5 dan BAP KRI-8. Dari pemisahan dan pemurnian didapatkan 2 buah senyawa murni dari DAP KRI-5 yaitu F4.3, dan F2.3.9. Hasil dari elusidasi struktur menggunakan spektr. 1H dan 13C-NMR; UV-Vis; dan GC-MS menunjukkan F4.3 adalah C6H6O3 yaitu floroglusinol. Floroglusinol mempunyai aktivitas antibakteri melawan S. aureus sama kuatnya dengan klorampenikol dengan nilai MIC yaitu 64 𝜇g/mL, namun sampel F4.3 bersifat parsial sebagai antibakteri. Berdasarkan spektr. 1H dan 13C-NMR, 2D NMR dengan DEPT; HMBC; HMQC; dan 1H-1H COSY, spektr. UV-Vis dan IR, dan ToF ESI-MS menunjukkan F2.3.9 mempunyai rumus molekul C30H37NO6 yaitu sitokalasin D.

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Albertisia papuana Becc is tropical plants that belong to the family of Menispermaceae. It was known as medicine, such as an antibiotic/antibacteria. Besides plants, microorganisms including endophytic fungi also can produce antibiotics. Endophytic fungi live in their host plant. Endophytic fungi have abundant number in the world (1.5 million compared to approximately 300 thousands of plant). They can produce diversity of bioactive metabolites. The other hand, they have not been maximized exploration yet. This study was conducted for screening and isolating of bioactive compounds of endophytic fungi from A. papuana as antibiotics. This research activities obtained 15 isolates of the endophytic fungi. The isolates are from the stem and leaf, 8 and 7 isolates respectively.

Screening of antibacterial activity with TLC bioassay obtained two isolates which have the most active as antibacterial, there are DAP KRI-5 and BAP KRI-8. Separation and purification obtained two pure compounds from KRI DAP-5, there are F4.3, and F2.3.9. The results of structure elucidation by spectr. 1H and13C-NMR, UV-Vis, and GC-MS showed F4.3 is C6H6O3, phloroglucinol. Phloroglucinol has antibacterial activity against S. aureus as well as chloramphenicol with MIC value are 64 𝜇g/mL, but F4.3 partially activity as antibacterial agent. Based on spectr. 1H and 13C-NMR, 2D NMR with DEPT; HMBC; HMQC; and 1H-1H COSY, spectr. UV-Vis and IR, and ToF ESI-MS showed F2.3.9 is C30H37NO6, cytochalasin D."