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" Aimed at a broad philosophical community, including epistemologists, political philosophers, and philosophers of history, this title contributes to the interdisciplinary debate about conspiracy theories."

"ABSTRAKBeberapa penelitian terkini mengungkap bahwa konsumsi fakta bertema konspirasi didorong oleh motivasi untuk melindungi identitas sosial diri dalam situasi terancam. Terkait dengan makin populernya pandangan konservatif di Indonesia, sebuah penelitian mengenai teori konspirasi mengindikasikan kesalingterkaitan antara identifikasi sosial dan persepsi keterancaman dalam memprediksi kepercayaan teori konspirasi. Di sisi lain, kepercayaan terhadap teori konspirasi ditemukan terkait erat dengan kebutuhan kepastian jawaban, namun hubungan keduanya belum ditelaah secara mendalam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji hubungan antara need for cognitive closure NFC dengan kepercayaan konspirasi lebih jauh dengan melihat bagaimana identifikasi sosial dan persepsi keterancaman berperan dalam hubungan tersebut. Sebuah studi observasional pada 399 Muslim di Indonesia menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan langsung antara need for cognitive closure dengan kepercayaan konspirasi. Namun dalam persepsi keterancaman tinggi, individu dengan tingkat NFC rendah lebih memercayai konspirasi, dan dalam identifikasi sosial rendah, individu dengan tingkat NFC tinggi cenderung lebih memercayai konspirasi. Hasil penelitian ini menegaskan kepercayaan konspirasi sebagai upaya pemaknaan realitas melalui pemikiran terbuka, bukan sekadar simplifikasi melalui kategori-kategori sederhana.

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ABSTRACTSeries of investigations on conspiracy beliefs showed that the consumption of conspiracy themed facts was driven by social identity protection under threatening condition. Regarding the recent surge of conservatives in Indonesia, research on Indonesians resulted in an intertwined contribution of social identification and perceived threat in predicting conspiracy beliefs. However, despite the notion of conspiracy beliefs as a simplified understanding of reality, the relationship between desire for definite answer and conspiracy beliefs was inconsistent and largely undiscovered. This research aims to examine the relationship between need for cognitive closure NFC and belief in conspiracy theories further through social identification and perceived threat as situational factors. An observational study was conducted to 399 Indonesian Muslim. The result showed no direct relationship between NFC and generic conspiracist belief, but on participants with high perceived threat, people with low NFC tend to belief more in conspiracy theories than those who scored high in NFC. Moreover, on participants with low social identification toward Islam, people with high NFC tend to believe more in conspiracy theories. The result strengthen the notion that conspiracy theories is a manifestation of understanding reality through open mind, rather than mere simplification of reality through easily accessible categories."

"Dalam cerita detektif, insiden kematian seorang tokoh merupakan titik awal penyuguhan kemisterian cerita kepada para pembaca. Penelitian ini membahas konspirasi kejahatan yang terjadi dalam novel Manekin (2011) karya Abdullah Harahap. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan struktural, yakni pada alur, tokoh, dan latar. Hasil analisis mengungkapkan bahwa konspirasi kejahatan diungkap oleh pihak kepolisian dengan menggunakan metode investigasi standar dan memanfaatkan kekuatan supernatural tokoh. Dalam novel ini, terdapat dua tokoh yang memiliki kekuatan supernatural. Pihak kepolisan memanfaatkan kekuatan supernatural dua tokoh tersebut untuk menangkap para pelaku kejahatan. Para tokoh yang menjalankan konspirasi kejahatan dipimpin oleh seorang tokoh yang memiliki jabatan tinggi di masyarakat. Motif konspirasi kejahatan diungkap dengan cara menelusuri relasi tokoh, alur, dan latar insiden. Demikian, bahwa kekuatan supernatural yang dimiliki dua tokoh tersebut sangat membantu pihak kepolisian dalam mengungkap konspirasi kejahatan dalam novel ini.

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In detective stories, the character’s death incident is the starting point for presenting the mystery story’s mystery to the readers. This study discusses the conspiracy of crimes that occurred in a novel titled Manekin (2011) by Abdullah Harahap. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method with a structural approach, including the plot, character, and setting. The result from the analysis found that the crime conspiracy was revealed by the police, using standard investigative methods, and exploiting the character supernatural powers. In this novel, there are two characters who have supernatural powers. The police used the supernatural powers of the two figures to arrest the perpetrators. The characters who run the crime conspiracy are led by a figure who has a high position in society. The motive of the crime conspiracy is revealed by tracing the relationship of the characters, plot, and incident background. Thus, the supernatural powers possessed by these two figures greatly helped the police in uncovering the crime conspiracy in this novel."

"Kebencian berbasis kelompok memiliki appraisal bahwa outgroup berwatak jahat dan sengaja menyakiti ingroup, memicu kecenderungan bertindak yang destruktif. Appraisal ini dipengaruhi oleh faktor jangka panjang yang terikat konteks. Mayoritas studi terdahulu berlatar konteks konflik intens berkepanjangan, padahal kebencian dapat terjadi dalam konteks politik karena peran ideologi. Di Indonesia, terjadi polarisasi antara ideologi agamis (mendukung kebijakan berbasis Syariat Islam) vs. sekuler. Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) telah lama dibenci karena dipersepsikan jahat dan anti-Islam. Penelitian ini bertujuan menyelidiki prediktor kebencian berbasis kelompok terhadap PKI melalui survei pada 217 WNI muslim. Menurut hipotesis ekstremisme ideologi, ekstremisme ideologi dicirikan oleh persepsi dunia yang kaku dan memicu intoleransi terhadap kelompok yang berseberangan. Peneliti menguji pengaruh ekstremisme ideologi (ideologi agamis), absolutisme moral (gaya kognitif hitam-putih), dan keyakinan konspirasi. Peneliti juga mengeksplorasi perbedaan interaksi antarvariabel dalam memprediksi kebencian chronic (sentimen jangka panjang) dan immediate (emosi intens jangka pendek). Berdasarkan analisis PLS-SEM, ketiga prediktor memprediksi kedua jenis kebencian. Keyakinan konspirasi memediasi pengaruh ideologi agamis, yang kemudian memediasi pengaruh absolutisme moral terhadap kebencian. Chronic hatred memediasi pengaruh ketiga prediktor terhadap immediate hatred. Chronic hatred diprediksi terutama oleh keyakinan konspirasi (dengan maupun tanpa ideologi agamis), sementara immediate hatred terutama oleh ideologi agamis pada individu dengan keyakinan konspirasi dan absolutisme moral sedang-tinggi. Persepsi ancaman dari PKI diduga lebih relevan dan mendesak bagi penganut ideologi agamis. Penelitian selanjutnya perlu menginvestigasi lebih jauh kebencian berbasis kelompok yang nyata dalam konteks politik.

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Group-based hatred contains appraisal that the outgroup is evil and intentionally hurts the ingroup, causing destructive action tendencies. This appraisal is affected by long-term factors that are context-specific. Previous studies mostly focused on intractable conflict, although hatred can also occur within political context because of ideology. In Indonesia, polarization emerges between religious vs. secular ideology. Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) has long been hated since it is perceived as evil and anti-Islam. This study aimed to investigate the predictors of group-based hatred against PKI through a survey toward 217 Moslem citizens. According to ideological extremism hypothesis, ideological extremism is characterized by rigid perception of the world and causes intolerance against perceived opposing groups. We examined the role of ideological extremism (religious ideology), moral absolutism (black-or-white cognitive style), and conspiracy belief. We further explored the difference between chronic (long-term sentiment) and immediate (short-term intense emotion) hatred in terms of interactions among predictors. According to PLS-SEM, all three variables predicted both types of hatred. Conspiracy belief mediated religious ideology, which mediated the influence of moral absolutism on hatred. Chronic hatred mediated the influence of predictors on immediate hatred. Chronic hatred was predicted especially by conspiracy belief (with or without the influence of religious ideology). Immediate hatred was predicted especially by religious ideology among individuals with low-moderate score of conspiracy belief and moral absolutism. Perceived threat from PKI is thus more relevant and urgent to the religious ideology adherents. Future studies should further investigate the evident group-based hatred in politics."