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"Penelitian ini akan mengenalisis penerapan prinsip foreseeability of harm dalam perjanjian internasional dan sengketa lingkungan internasional. Berangkat dari konsep necessity, prinsip foreseeability of harm memerlukan keseimbangan antara memprediksi kemungkinan kerugian dan mengambil langkah-langkah yang wajar untuk mencegahnya, memastikan bahwa negara bertindak secara bertanggung jawab tanpa terbebani secara tidak adil oleh konsekuensi yang tidak dapat diperkirakan. Namun, dalam perkembangannya sering kali ditemukan tantangan dan hambatan dalam penerapannya yang berkeadilan, bahkan menjadi perdebatan antara hakim-hakim yang meutus suatu perkara. Ditulis menggunakan metode penelitian doktrinal dan peninjauan pustaka, tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah melihat perbedaan terhadap penerapan prinsip ini dari setiap perjanjian internasional dan dalam setiap sengketa berkaitan dengan lingkungan. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga melihat secara spesifik metode yang digunakan oleh setiap perjanjian internasional dan penyelesaian kasus oleh pengadilan internasional, seperti kewajiban melakukan pengkajian dampak lingkungan sebelum melakukan suatu proyek, dan lain-lain. Akhir dari penelitian ini akan memberikan kesimpulan terhadap setiap pertanyaan yang diajukan dan saran untuk penerapannya di kemudian hari.

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This research will identify the application of the principle of foreseeability of harm in international agreements and international environmental disputes. Departing from the concept of necessity, the principle of foreseeability of harm requires a balance between predicting possible harm and taking reasonable steps to prevent it, ensuring that states act responsibly without being unfairly burdened by unforeseen consequences. However, in its development, challenges and obstacles are often found in its fair implementation, and it even becomes a debate between the judges who decide on a case. Written using doctrinal research methods and conducting a literature review, the main aim of this research is to see the differences in the application of this principle in every international agreement and in every dispute related to the environment. Apart from that, this research also looks specifically at the methods used by each international agreement and the resolution of cases by international courts, such as the obligation to carry out environmental impact assessments before carrying out a project, and so on. The end of this research will provide conclusions on each question asked and suggestions for future implementation. This research will identify the application of the principle of foreseeability of harm in international agreements and international environmental disputes. Departing from the concept of necessity, the principle of foreseeability of harm requires a balance between predicting possible harm and taking reasonable steps to prevent it, ensuring that states act responsibly without being unfairly burdened by unforeseen consequences. However, in its development, challenges and obstacles are often found in its fair implementation, and it even becomes a debate between the judges who decide on a case. Written using doctrinal research methods and conducting a literature review, the main aim of this research is to see the differences in the application of this principle in every international agreement and in every dispute related to the environment. Apart from that, this research also looks specifically at the methods used by each international agreement and the resolution of cases by international courts, such as the obligation to carry out environmental impact assessments before carrying out a project, and so on. The end of this research will provide conclusions on each question asked and suggestions for future implementation."

"Dalam proses penyusunan dan penilaian studi terdapat kecenderungan bahwa penilaian sering menimbulkan tekanan terhadap penilai, konsultan maupun pemrakarsa diluar kesepakatan dalam kerangka acuan.Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui efektivitas kinerja penyusunan dan penilaian di Komisi. Tekanan tersebut menjadikan suatu arah analisis melalui Evaluasi Kinerja Komisi yang dilakukan dengan Cara pendekatan terhadap Kinerja Penilai, Penyusun dan Pemrakarsa.Kinerja Penilai tergambar dengan melihat perilaku Komisi Penilai yang menyangkut kepemimpinan, kebijakan, sertifikasi, pendidikan, pengataman, risalah atau notulen rapat, rekomendasi atau janji, kerjasama maupun prosedur.Kinerja pemrakarsa menyangkut kondisi pemahaman terhadap rencana fisik, aspek lingkungan, AMDAL, pengendalian konsultan, perbaikan penyusunan, dan pemanfaatan Rencana Pengelolaan dan Pemantauan Lingkungan. Kriteria Konsultan menyangkut kondisi pengalaman, peran dan kemampuan ketua dan anggota tim, pendidikan, pengalaman, kursus, target waktu maupun target laporan.Disamping itu ada kendala non teknis dalam proses penyusunan maupun penilaian yang sering menghambat profesionalisme konsultan baik menyangkut dana, waktu, tenaga, terutama yang terkait dengan alokasi dana, waktu, tenaga, terutama yang terkait dengan alokasi biaya pembahasan dan campur tangan pihak tertentu yang mengurangi netralitas dalam proses penyusunan.Hasil penilaian yang baik memberikan kecenderungan bahwa hasil studi akan bermanfaat dalam kelangsungan pembangunan yang berkelanjutan. Hasil studi yang baik ditentukan oleh 3 indikator yaitu penyusunan oleh konsultan yang cermat analisisnya, penilaian yang terfokus dan pemahaman pemrakarsa dalam pemanfaatan rencana pengelolaan dan pemantauan lingkungan . Pemahaman aspek teknis dan aspek lingkungan yang berhubungan dengan rencana kegiatan yang akan dibangun sangat rendah hal ini akan mempengaruhi produk akhir dokumen studi.Penerapan hasil studi yang relatif rendah perlu menjadi koreksi bagi para pengambil kebijakan . Beberapa pendapat dan upaya untuk meningkatkan penyempurnaan sistem penilaian adalah melakukan sertifikasi terhadap penyusun, atau penilai baik secara perorangan maupun kelompok, khususnya peran organisasi profesi untuk mewujudkan sistem pengendalian terhadap kualitas dan mutu kelompok penyusun atau ketompok penilai. Penilaian lebih terkendali apabila peran serta organisasi profesi bersama-sama birokrasi .Daftar Pustaka : 44 (1987 - 2.004)

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There is an indication that grading often leads grading commissions pressure to consultant and pioneer out side the frame works. This research to understand the effectiveness of structuring work and grading in the commission.

Pressure needs analysis direction trough working evaluation of the commission that that is carried out by approaching grading team work, composer and initial person.

The works off grading team work trough viewing attitude of grading team work in the line with leadership, policy certification, education, experience, minute of meeting, recommendation or promise, collaboration as well as procedure.

The criteria of pioneer involves understanding the condition of physical plan, environmental aspect, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), consultant controlling, renewing structure and utilizing Planning Assessment and Monitoring Assessment.

The criteria of consultant involves experience condition, the role and capability of leader and team members, education, experiences, training, time target and report target.

Besides, there is no technical obstacle either instructuring or in grading process that often block consultant professionalism. Connected with fund, time energy, as well as environmental management particularly fund allocation, discussion, and intervention in structuring process.

The result of a good research would indicate that the study would give input to the on going and continuous development.

The result of the determined by 3 indicators, namely, consultant structuring who has sharp analysis. Consistent grading and pioneers understanding in implementation.

The understanding of technical and environmental aspect related with very low environment of this case would influence the final product of the study document.

Some efforts to improve the grading system perfection are to carry out consultant certification, grading as well as structuring either individually or in group, when it if is still trough governmental administration it needs organization feasibility certification to value. The grading is more controlled if it is not on governmental administration, but on accredited professional organization."

"Amdal merupakan instrumen yang penting dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup di Indonesia. Dengan diaturnya Amdal dalam sistem hukum, diharapkan berbagai keputusan tentang penyelenggaraan kegiatan atau usaha didasari oleh suatu kajian mengenai dampak penting yang ditimbulkan. Namun penerapan Amdal tidak selalu berjalan dengan baik, dalam berbagai kasus ditemui pihak yang merasa dirugikan akibat pejabat yang menerbitkan keputusan tata usaha negara yang mensyaratkan Amdal, berdasarkan Amdal yang tidak partisipatif, tidak ilmiah, tidak sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan, atau bahkan tidak dilengkapi Amdal sama sekali. Salah satu langkah yang dapat dilakukan oleh pihak yang merasa dirugikan oleh suatu keputusan tata usaha negara adalah mengajukan gugatan ke pengadilan tata usaha negara untuk memohon pembatalan keputusan tata usaha negara. Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa permasalahan Amdal dipertimbangkan oleh hakim sebagai dasar untuk membatalkan berbagai keputusan tata usaha negara yang mencakup keputusan kelayakan lingkungan hidup, izin lingkungan, izin perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup, dan izin usaha. Lebih jauh lagi, penelitian ini juga menunjukan bahwa keberadaan Amdal tidak menghalangi gugatan administratif. Melainkan suatu keputusan tata usaha negara tetap dapat dibatalkan oleh hakim apabila Amdal yang mendasarinya tidak sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan dan kaidah-kaidah ilmiah.

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Environmental Impact Assessment is an important instrument in Indonesian environmental management system. Since Environmental Impact Assessment is regulated in the legal system, it is expected that decisions about human activities and business be based on a study regarding major environmental impact. Unfortunately the implementation of Environmental Impact Assessment are not always going well, in many cases people feels harmed by decisions as authority takes decisions based on a problematic Environmental Impact Assessment that fails to accommodate public participation, unscientific, unlawful, fails to asses various environmental impacts, or even without Environmental Impact Assessment at all. One of the option that can be taken by those whose harmed is starting an administrative claims using administrative courts to abort administrative decisions based on those problematic Environmental Impact Assessment. This study shows that the court has acknowledge problems in Environmental Impact Assessment as a reason to abort administrative decisions including keputusan kelayakan lingkungan hidup, izin lingkungan, izin perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup, and izin usaha. Further, this study also shows that having an Environmental Impact Assessment does not deny administrative claims. A administrative decisions can be aborted by administrative judge if there is a problem in the Environmental Impact Assessment is unlawful or unscientific."